Energy StoragePub Date : 2026-01-14DOI: 10.1002/est2.70340
Wentao Chen, Shaopeng Shen, Biao Ma, Danhua Li, Mingxuan Liu, Shijie Zhang, Chenglong Jiang, Lei Liu, Shiqiang Liu, Fang Wang
{"title":"Comparative Study on Thermal Runaway and Gas Generation Behavior Between Sodium Ion Battery and Lithium Iron Phosphate/Ternary Lithium Ion Battery","authors":"Wentao Chen, Shaopeng Shen, Biao Ma, Danhua Li, Mingxuan Liu, Shijie Zhang, Chenglong Jiang, Lei Liu, Shiqiang Liu, Fang Wang","doi":"10.1002/est2.70340","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70340","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Sodium-ion batteries (SIB) exhibit enormous application potential in energy storage applications due to their abundant sodium resources, low cost, and superior low-temperature rate performance. However, public reports on the study of thermal runaway (TR) coupled with gas generation characteristics in SIB remain relatively limited. This study conducts a comparative investigation into the TR and gas generation characteristics of SIB, lithium iron phosphate (LFP)/graphite batteries, and nickel-cobalt-manganese/graphite batteries (NCM). The study quantifies the gas volume and composition generated during TR of the three battery types and employs the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) to compare the disaster risks of TR in SIB, LFP, and NCM. The results show that at the same state of charge (SOC), SIB and NCM exhibit lower TR onset temperatures but significantly higher instantaneous pressures than LFP. Their gas production is approximately 2.84 and 2.72 that of LFP, respectively, posing greater challenges for gas-induced disaster prevention at the system level. The gas compositions during TR are similar across the three systems, with LFP showing higher H<sub>2</sub> content and lower CO/CO<sub>2</sub> content. SIB and NCM have higher lower explosive limits (LEL), lower upper explosive limits (UEL), and narrower explosive ranges, indicating lower explosion risks. Comprehensive evaluation suggests that SIB and NCM present lower overall hazard levels than LFP under the same SOC, though risks in certain characteristic parameters cannot be ignored. These findings are expected to provide references for the safety design of large-capacity multisystem batteries, thereby enhancing their safety in commercial applications.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146007438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Energy StoragePub Date : 2026-01-14DOI: 10.1002/est2.70342
Rezvane S. Mirsane, Amir Etemad-Shahidi, Mohammad J. Sanjari, Rodney A. Stewart
{"title":"Site Selection of Onshore Wind and Solar Farms With Hydrogen Energy Storage: A Review","authors":"Rezvane S. Mirsane, Amir Etemad-Shahidi, Mohammad J. Sanjari, Rodney A. Stewart","doi":"10.1002/est2.70342","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70342","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Onshore wind farms (OWF) and onshore solar farms (OSF) are essential to the global transition to renewable energy. Their complementary generation patterns enhance power supply stability and improve grid reliability. Co-located projects can optimize land use and share infrastructure, reducing costs while increasing efficiency. This systematic literature review (SLR) evaluates the key criteria for identifying suitable OWF and OSF sites by examining studies that have applied Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM). GIS has been used to analyze spatial constraints and map potential locations, while MCDM has been used to rank sites based on multiple factors. The review also assesses legislative and environmental restrictions to eliminate unsuitable locations, followed by a comprehensive assessment of technical, economic, environmental, and socio-political evaluation criteria to determine the most viable sites. The most commonly identified exclusion zones in the reviewed studies were settlements, protected areas, and water bodies. The most frequently used evaluation criteria included wind and solar resource availability, slope, proximity to the electrical grid, access to transportation networks, distance to demand or residential areas, land-use constraints, and public acceptance. Complementary to the SLR, a critical review of the site selection factors for augmenting hydrogen energy storage (HES) to OWF-OSF sites was conducted. The review highlights key considerations for incorporating hydrogen storage into co-located OWF-OSF systems based on their specific applications in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/est2.70342","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146002004","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Energy StoragePub Date : 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1002/est2.70335
Bilal Abbas, Muhammad Ali, Tayyaba Ghani, Jamil Ahmad, Azaz Nigah
{"title":"Synthesis of Rare Earth Doped SrTiO3 Ceramic Capacitors for Energy Storage Applications","authors":"Bilal Abbas, Muhammad Ali, Tayyaba Ghani, Jamil Ahmad, Azaz Nigah","doi":"10.1002/est2.70335","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70335","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>High performance Sr<sub>1−<i>x</i></sub>Gd<sub><i>x</i></sub>TiO<sub>3</sub> (<i>x</i> = 0–0.030) GST ceramic capacitors were prepared by ball milling and sintering. Phase structure and microstructure were explored, the dielectric characteristics dependence was studied in relation to frequency and temperature, high voltage breakdown testing, and PE testing were also carried out. By Gd doping at different compositions, lattice contraction/expansion occurred depending on the substitution sites of Gd<sup>3+</sup> ions. By Gd doping, the single cubic perovskite structure was retained, and the grain structure was refined by doping with Gd<sup>3+</sup> ions. A good set of dielectric properties was achieved for 2.0 GST, which included a very high dielectric constant of 4800, high capacitance of 1500 pF, low dielectric loss of 0.05 with good break-down strength of 5.12 kV/mm, and highest volumetric energy density of 558 kJ/m<sup>3</sup>.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145969677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Energy StoragePub Date : 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1002/est2.70329
Vineet Singh, Vaibhav Trivedi, V. R. Mishra
{"title":"Optimization and Numerical Analysis of an Air and Phase Change Material Cooled Lithium-Ion Battery Pack","authors":"Vineet Singh, Vaibhav Trivedi, V. R. Mishra","doi":"10.1002/est2.70329","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70329","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Increasing demand for fast charging in electric vehicles requires battery cooling. This research article explored the outcome of air cooling and phase change material (PCM) on battery thermal management at several charging rates. Initially, the numerical investigation was carried out on two different models of the air and PCM (paraffin wax, n-eicosane, and copper foam) cooling. Outcomes of the air-cooling show that air cooling is not feasible for higher charging rates, especially more than 2 C. Consequently, response surface methodology was used to determine the consequence of air inlet velocity, air inlet temperature, and charging rates on the temperature of the battery pack. The optimum conditions for air cooling are heat generation 42 102 W/m<sup>3</sup>, air inlet velocity 0.5 m/s, and inlet air temperature 20°C, for which the responses are, namely, maximum cell temperature 332.62 K, cooling efficiency 9.73%, pressure drop 6.53 Pa, and outlet air temperature 313.92 K. The copper foam gives a lower temperature and also maintains uniformity in the maximum cell temperature as associated to other PCM. The PCM materials fail to cool all the cells uniformly due to the lesser thermal conductivity of the PCM materials. The current simulation study validated with the experimental study of previous researchers, which shows that the copper foam gives better performance than the composite PCM. At 50 min of charging, the copper foam and CPCM enhance the maximum cell temperature up to 66°C and 71°C. The copper foam performed best at the 3 C charging with 50 min, at which the maximum cell temperature was 339 K.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145964345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Enhanced Oxygen Evolution Reaction by Cobalt Oxalate Recovered From Spent Lithium-Ion Battery and Performance of Re-Synthesized LiCoO2","authors":"Bhagyashree Uppin, Dinesh Patil, Ganganagappa Nagaraju, Jayappa Manjanna","doi":"10.1002/est2.70339","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70339","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The development of an efficient and eco-friendly spent lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) recycling strategy is vital for economic and environmental sustainability. This study reports a green, efficient and economic method to convert the cathode portion of spent LIB (LiCoO<sub>2</sub>) into a high-performance nonprecious Co-oxalate (CoC<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O) electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). Here, LiCoO<sub>2</sub> collected from the spent LIB cathode was leached in oxalic acid and gallic acid (200:20 mM) mixture at 80°C using a solid-to-liquid ratio of 2 g/L for 1 h. Soon after the dissolution of Co and Li, in situ precipitation of CoC<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> 2H<sub>2</sub>O was observed in the reaction mixture and soluble Li was precipitated as Li<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> and LiHC<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> H<sub>2</sub>O when stoichiometric excess of Na<sub>2</sub>CO<sub>3</sub> and oxalic acid were added, respectively. The recovered CoC<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>·2H<sub>2</sub>O deposited on stainless steel plate was utilized as an anode for electrochemical OER. It showed an overpotential of 320 mV at 10 mA cm<sup>−2</sup>, a low Tafel slope (49 mV dec<sup>−1</sup>) and stable performance over 12 h. Furthermore, the battery grade LiCoO<sub>2</sub> was re-synthesized using the stoichiometric amounts of LiHC<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> H<sub>2</sub>O and CoC<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> 2H<sub>2</sub>O. The re-synthesized LiCoO<sub>2</sub> showed almost 100% coulombic efficiency with a minimal capacity loss. Thus, we have demonstrated an effective recovery and reuse of cathode material for energy devices.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145983533","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Energy StoragePub Date : 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1002/est2.70333
Mahmut Serdar Şişecioğlu, Fatma Kilic Dokan, Erkan Yilmaz, M. Serdar Onses, Ertugrul Sahmetlioglu
{"title":"Ultraviolet-Driven Improvements in the Electrochemical Performance of LaNiO3 and NdNiO3","authors":"Mahmut Serdar Şişecioğlu, Fatma Kilic Dokan, Erkan Yilmaz, M. Serdar Onses, Ertugrul Sahmetlioglu","doi":"10.1002/est2.70333","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70333","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Photo-assisted supercapacitors represent a promising strategy for efficient solar energy utilization by enabling simultaneous energy harvesting and storage. In this study, LaNiO<sub>3</sub> and NdNiO<sub>3</sub> perovskite materials were investigated as photoactive electrode candidates due to their favorable photoelectronic properties and the unique role of rare earth elements. Comprehensive material characterizations were performed using FESEM, STEM, EDX, XRD, FT-IR, Raman, BET, and UV–Vis analyses. Electrochemical performance was evaluated under UV illumination (20 W, 365 nm) and dark conditions. Cyclic voltammetry (CV) measurements at 100 mV/s revealed a 9% increase in areal capacitance for LaNiO<sub>3</sub> and a more substantial 14% enhancement for NdNiO<sub>3</sub> under UV light. This performance improvement is attributed to enhanced electron–hole pair generation, particularly in NdNiO<sub>3</sub>, whose band gap lies closer to the UV region. These results underscore the potential of rare earth-based perovskites in advancing photo-assisted supercapacitor technology. The findings contribute to the development of next-generation energy storage systems capable of directly integrating solar energy.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145983534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Energy StoragePub Date : 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1002/est2.70338
Alfonso Mayrén, José Jarib Alcaraz-Espinoza, Arturo Hernández-Sánchez, Ignacio González, Guadalupe Ramos-Sánchez
{"title":"Chitosan-Organic Acids Functionalized as an Effective Sustainable and Scalable Binder for Lithium Sulfur Batteries","authors":"Alfonso Mayrén, José Jarib Alcaraz-Espinoza, Arturo Hernández-Sánchez, Ignacio González, Guadalupe Ramos-Sánchez","doi":"10.1002/est2.70338","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70338","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This research focuses on enhancing chitosan's role as a binder in lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries through its modification with carboxylic acids. The structural analyses using FTIR and XRD reveal that incorporating specific poly-substituted acids alters chitosan's molecular alignment and polymorph formation, inducing a mixture of Type I and Type II polymorphs. Mechanical testing shows that the Ch + Lactic binder provides improved toughness and ductility, properties essential for accommodating volume changes during Li-S battery cycling. The electrochemical characterization demonstrates that chitosan-aliphatic binders, particularly the Ch + Lactic binder, lead to higher specific capacities (e.g., 930 mAh·g<sup>−1</sup> at C/10), improved rate capability, and notable long-term cycling stability (0.057% capacity fade per cycle) compared to pristine chitosan. This enhanced performance is linked to more effective polysulfide management and structural integrity. Post-mortem SEM analysis confirms the mechanical stability of the optimized cathodes, which remain crack-free even after extensive cycling. This work illustrates that careful selection of carboxylic acids can effectively tailor chitosan's properties, contributing to the development of better performance of Li-S battery technologies.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145983433","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Energy StoragePub Date : 2026-01-09DOI: 10.1002/est2.70318
TaeHwan Song, Ji-Woon Ko, JongHun Lee, Jong Hyeon Peck, Qian Chen, Youn Cheol Park, SeungJin Oh
{"title":"Comprehensive Evaluation of Barium Hydroxide Octahydrate for Reliable Thermal Energy Storage: Supercooling Suppression and Corrosion Compatibility","authors":"TaeHwan Song, Ji-Woon Ko, JongHun Lee, Jong Hyeon Peck, Qian Chen, Youn Cheol Park, SeungJin Oh","doi":"10.1002/est2.70318","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70318","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study presents a comprehensive experimental evaluation of the reliability and thermal stability of a barium hydroxide octahydrate (BHO)-based phase change material (PCM) with a phase change temperature of 78°C, focusing on supercooling suppression and corrosion resistance. Eight nucleating agents were added to PCM samples at varying mass fractions to evaluate their efficacy for supercooling suppression, which was statistically evaluated across 30 thermal cycles. Corrosivity was additionally assessed through long-term immersion tests using five metals commonly used in thermal energy storage applications. As a result, among the nucleating agents, strontium hydroxide octahydrate (1.0 wt%) exhibited the most effective and consistent suppression capability, achieving a normalized weighted score of 0.996. SUS304 and SUS316 showed negligible mass loss (< 0.1%) and minimal surface degradation. In addition, DSC analysis revealed that contact with reactive metals reduced latent heat and altered melting behavior, indicating impaired thermal performance. It was concluded that strontium hydroxide octahydrate combined with SUS304 or SUS316 provides a promising and durable solution for thermally stable latent heat storage applications of BHO.</p>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/est2.70318","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145993857","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Energy StoragePub Date : 2026-01-07DOI: 10.1002/est2.70330
Yogesh Yadav, Sandeep Kumar Yadav, Vivek Vijay, Ambesh Dixit
{"title":"Crystal System Classification of Phosphate Cathode Materials Using Machine Learning for Advanced Lithium-Ion Battery","authors":"Yogesh Yadav, Sandeep Kumar Yadav, Vivek Vijay, Ambesh Dixit","doi":"10.1002/est2.70330","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70330","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We employed machine learning classification algorithms to predict the crystal systems, specifically triclinic, monoclinic, and orthorhombic, associated with Li–P–TM–O; (TM = Mn, Fe Co, Ni, V) based-phosphate cathodes. Feature evaluation revealed that cathode properties depend on the crystal structure, and optimized classification strategies yield better predictability. Gradient Boosting Machines, Extremely Randomized Trees, and Random Forest-based ensemble machine learning algorithms have demonstrated the best predictive capabilities for crystal systems in the Monte Carlo cross-validation test. Additionally, sequential forward selection (SFS) is performed to find the utmost critical features influencing the accuracy of prediction for different machine learning models, with Volume, Band gap, and Sites as input features. The ensemble machine learning algorithms with 80.69% for Random Forest, 78.96% for Extremely Randomized Tree, and 80.40% for Gradient Boosting Machine approaches lead to the maximum accuracy toward crystallographic classification with stability, and the predicted materials can be the possible cathodes for lithium ion batteries. More importantly, the present approach can be extended to other groups of materials.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145963783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Energy StoragePub Date : 2026-01-07DOI: 10.1002/est2.70323
M. Ameen, Javed Iqbal, M. Awais Qarni, Sobia Jabeen, Ming Xiao, Hamza Nawaz, Naeem Ahmad
{"title":"High Conductivity and Surface-Activated Calcium Ferrite–Carbon Nanotube Composites for Advanced Supercapacitor Applications","authors":"M. Ameen, Javed Iqbal, M. Awais Qarni, Sobia Jabeen, Ming Xiao, Hamza Nawaz, Naeem Ahmad","doi":"10.1002/est2.70323","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/est2.70323","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Advancements in electrode materials with a high potential window and elevated energy density are essential to meet the growing demands of high-performance supercapacitors. Ferrites are a promising family of electrode materials. Among them, calcium ferrite (CaFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>) has excellent structural stability. However, the low specific capacitance and high agglomeration rate of CaFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> limit its applications. The addition of carbonaceous material to the ferrite host matrix is expected to modify the supercapacitor electrode characteristics. CaFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub> has not been explored yet as a composite of CNTs. In this work, robust (CaFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>)<sub>1-x</sub>(CNTs)<sub>x</sub> nanocomposites are synthesized through a simple sol–gel method via an ex-situ approach with extraordinary electrochemical properties. The prepared nanocomposites have unambiguously shown a polycrystalline nature, defective vibrational bonding, and a tuned band gap towards the low-frequency region due to the formation of heterojunctions, confirmed through XRD, FTIR, XPS, UV, and PL. The electrochemical studies reveal that the (CaFe<sub>2</sub>O<sub>4</sub>)<sub>0.8</sub>(CNTs)<sub>0.2</sub> nanocomposites have the highest specific capacitance of 530.54 Fg<sup>−1</sup> at 0.5 Ag<sup>−1</sup> with the lowest ohmic and solution resistance, along with remarkable cyclic stability and columbic efficiency, making them an efficient electrode material.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11765,"journal":{"name":"Energy Storage","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145963905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}