Environmental Control in Biology最新文献

{"title":"Identifying and Modelling the Dynamic Response of Leaf Water Content to Water Temperature in Hydroponic Tomato Plant","authors":"D. Yumeina, T. Morimoto","doi":"10.2525/ECB.55.13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.55.13","url":null,"abstract":"Hydroponic culture techniques have several potential advantages over soil culture techniques for cultivation, e.g., technical ease of flexible control of the root-zone environment (Gale and Ben-Asher, 1983; Raviv and Lieth, 2007). Promoting growth and producing high quality plants can also be expected through optimal control of the root-zone environment. In order to realize an effective control such as an optimal control, it is important to make a dynamic model of plant response to root-zone environment and then understand the dynamic and static characteristics between these two variables in more detail. In the root-zone environment in hydroponics, water temperature is one of the major manipulating factors for controlling plant growth and development, because it is easy to control using a heater and a cooler. Optimal control of water temperature brings about good fruit ripening with no reduction in growth or fruit set. Ikeda and Osawa (1984) reported that root temperature is an important factor that directly affects plant growth. Root temperature also affects many physiological processes such as respiration (Jensen, 1960), water absorption (Unger and Danielson, 1967), nutrient uptake (Hussain and Maqsood, 2011) and water movement and transpiration (Gray, 1941). Davis and Lingle (1961) elicited increased growth with warmed roots (25 30°C) and decreased growth when roots were cooled below 15°C (Martin and Wilcox, 1963). Although water temperature has been shown to affect plant growth, the physiological basis for the dynamic response in controlling the plant production system has not been thoroughly investigated. Leaf water content, on the other hand, is one of the most important control factors for optimizing growth in plants, because it significantly affects both the quantity and quality of plants (Nonami, 1998). It is, however, difficult to directly and continuously measure the dynamic change in leaf water content of an intact whole plant, without damaging the plant. Leaf thickness is used as a sensitive indicator for estimating leaf water content of plants. Meidner (1990), Syverrtsen and Levy (1982) and Búrquez (1987) used indirect methods for monitoring water status based on using displacement transducers to measure swelling and shrinkage in a wide range of plant tissue such as in leaves. In this study, therefore, the leaf water content was estimated from leaf thickness. An eddy current-type displacement sensor allows the leaf thickness to be measured in a continuous and non-destructive manner. Many researchers have modelled the process of water movement in plants, including root water uptake, using mathematical approaches (Gardner, 1991; Roose and Fowler, 2004; Doussan et al., 2006; Foster and Miklavcic, 2013). They applied mathematical equations to build models of the static relationships between input factors and output factors. However, it is thought that modeling the dynamic behaviors of the physiologicalecological proc-","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"39 1","pages":"13-20"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82738663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Supplemental Lighting on Growth and Medicinal Compounds of Japanese Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica Thunb.)","authors":"S. Hikosaka, Nanami Iwamoto, E. Goto, Chang Ching-Hui","doi":"10.2525/ECB.55.71","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.55.71","url":null,"abstract":"Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica Thunb.) is an evergreen climbing vine, naturally distributed in Japan and East Asia. Its dried buds and leaves are used as a traditional crude drug in Japan and many Asian countries (Pradhan et al., 2009; Wang et al., 2009; Park et al., 2012). In Japan, these drugs are known as ‘Kinginka’ (flower buds) and ‘Nindou’ (leaves). The majority of crude drugs used in Japan, including those produced from Japanese honeysuckle, are imported from overseas, i.e., China, as wild plants. However, the price of crude drugs in China has recently risen due to the increase in prices of farm and natural products, the shortage of labor, and the rise of labor cost (Kang, 2008; 2011). Additionally, the increased demand for crude drugs in China and European countries has caused a severe shortage of crude drug resources (Kang, 2008; Koike et al., 2012). Recently, fresh buds and leaves of Japanese honeysuckle have been recognized as an important medicinal remedy (Kang et al., 2010; Seo et al., 2012) and they are used in the food and cosmetic industries (Dung et al., 2011; Shang et al., 2011) worldwide. The main medicinal compounds in the flower buds of Japanese honeysuckle are polyphenols such as chlorogenic acid and luteolin (Lee et al., 2010). These compounds have numerous functions (Shang et al., 2011), including antiviral, anticancer (Pradhan et al., 2009; Park et al., 2012), anti-inflammatory (Kang et al., 2010), and antioxidant activities (Dung et al., 2011; Ohno et al., 2012; Seo et al., 2012). It is well known that the contents of many secondary metabolites (medicinal compounds) present in fresh plants decrease through the process of drying. Therefore, high concentrations of medicinal compounds in fresh plants of Japanese honeysuckle have been recognized as valuable. However, wild Japanese honeysuckle withers and lacks flower buds during the winter season. A year-round cultivation of Japanese honeysuckle for fresh flower buds and leaves is expected to solve these problems by providing a stable supply of these resources on the world market. Greenhouse cultivation is an effective method for steady production of medicinal plants because, through the control of optimal environmental conditions, plant growth is promoted, harvest period is prolonged, and the quality of medicinal compounds is stabilized. Additionally, the amount of agro-chemicals (pesticides and fungicides) applied during the cultivation of medicinal plants is reduced, resulting in high-quality crude drugs. Furthermore, greenhouse cultivation of Japanese honeysuckle, if possible, will allow altering the concentration and composition of medicinal compounds by controlling the environmental factors. The main flowering season of wild Japanese honeysuckle grown in the fields in China is from May to September (Wang et al., 2009), suggesting that Japanese honeysuckle is neither a short-day nor a long-day plant.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"33 1","pages":"71-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80786614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phytoextraction Efficiency of Cadmium and Zinc by Arum (Colocasia esculenta L.) Grown in Hydroponics","authors":"Md. Shoffikul Islam, M. Kashem, K. Osman","doi":"10.2525/ECB.55.113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.55.113","url":null,"abstract":"Heavy metals reach soils through natural pedogenic (or geogenic) processes and anthropogenic activities. Often the concentrations of heavy metals released into the soil system by pedogenic processes are low and are largely related to the origin and nature of the parent material. However, anthropogenic activities primarily associated with industrial processes, manufacturing and the disposal of domestic and industrial waste materials are the major sources of metal enrichment in soils (Adriano, 2001). Unlike pedogenic input, metals added through anthropogenic activities often have high bioavailability. Metal uptake and accumulation from soils by plants are influenced by such factors as plant species, soil metal concentration, soil properties, rapid transport within the plant, the proliferation of roots in metal hotspots within the soil etc. (Adriano, 2001). Among the heavy metals, cadmium (Cd) is non-essential to biota, more mobile and bioavailable, potentially toxic to humans at lower concentrations than those toxic to plants (Kabata-Pendias and Pendias, 1992; Singh and McLaughlin, 1999). Zinc (Zn) is essential in trace amounts for plants but its concentrations found in contaminated soils frequently exceed those required by the plant and soil organisms, and thus create danger to animal and human health (Greenland and Hayes, 1981; Alkorta et al., 2004). Cd and Zn concentrations in some industrial sites of Bangladesh are found to range from 0.1 1.8 and 53 477 mg kg -1 , respectively (Kashem and Singh, 1999) which are above the background level for Cd (0.01 0.2) and Zn (68 mg kg -1 ) in soil (Domingo and Kyuma, 1983; Singh and Steinnes, 1994). However, the concentrations of Cd and Zn in vegetables grown in agricultural soils adjacent to the industrial areas of Bangladesh were observed in the range of 1.0 4.7 and 16.5 67.1 mg kg dry weight, respectively by Ahmad and Goni (2010) and 0.4 0.8 and 98 244 mg kg -1 dry weight, respectively by Kashem and Singh (1999). These values exceed the acceptable tolerance level for FAO/WHO standard of 0.3 mg Cd kg dry weight and 60 mg Zn kg dry weight (Codex Alimentarious Commission, 1984). It is therefore, important to develop methods to cleanup Cd and Zn contaminated soils. Phytoremediation, where hyperaccumulators are used to take up large quantities of pollutants from contaminated soils has been touted as a promising alternative for the generally expensive and disruptive conventional remediation techniques to reduce environmental health risks posed by Cd and Zn contaminated sites (McGrath et al., 2002). To date, about 700 species of plants have been reported to be hyperaccumulators of different contaminants (Xi et al., 2010), of which a good number of species have been considered as Cd and Zn hyperaccumulators (Raskin and Ensley, 2000). However, successful phytoextraction requires that these plants are capable of producing high biomass while accumulating large amounts of contaminants in the biomass from the soil (L","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"4 1","pages":"113-119"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87436147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forcing Culture of Witloof Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.) Using Fermentation Heat of Cow Manure","authors":"T. Kumano, H. Araki","doi":"10.2525/ECB.54.157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.54.157","url":null,"abstract":"This research investigated the feasibility of witloof chicory production with fermentation heat of cow’s manure, in Hokkaido, during semi-cold and cold seasons. Forcing culture experiments were conducted in semi-cold season (once, April to May, 2013) and cold season (twice, March, 2014; March, 2015). In each experiment, cow compost produced through solid-liquid separator (water content; 72.6%) was used as heat sources. Temperature of outside air, indoor air, compost container, forcing chambers (soil and air) and heat exchangers were recorded. Through all experiments, compost temperature was maintained up to 30°C, and it showed potential to be used as a heat source for chicory forcing culture. In semi-cold season, temperatures of forcing chambers (6.3 (cid:4) 0.9 (cid:4) 0.65 m) were maintained stably, and average air temperature of forcing chamber reached 17.2°C in average, and marketable etiolated heads (Chicon) were obtained after 22 d. In cold season, air temperature of forcing chamber (3.0 (cid:4) 0.9 (cid:4) 0.65 m) was maintained stably (10.6°C in 2014, 14.4°C in 2015, in average), and marketable heads were obtained after 15 to 19 d. The results indicated that witloof chicory forcing culture in semi-cold and cold seasons by using cow manure fermentation heat as heat sources is indeed possible.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"51 5","pages":"157-163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72417991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New Discussion on Boysen-Jensen's Photosynthetic Response Curves Under Plant Canopy and Proposal of Practical Equations for Monitoring and Management of Canopy Photosynthesis","authors":"Yuta Okamoto, A. Haraguchi, Takuya Suzuki, T. Kawano","doi":"10.2525/ECB.54.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.54.7","url":null,"abstract":"The name of Peter Boysen-Jensen brightly shines in the history of plant biology, especially as one of pioneering researchers studying the actions of plant hormones during phototropic responses as reviewed elsewhere (Pennazio, 2002; Enders and Strader, 2015), although the significance of some key experiments are questioned today (Yamada et al., 2000). Apart from plant growth regulation by light and/or plant hormones, Boysen-Jensen has two wellacknowledged contributions to photosynthetic studies, namely, a series of study on the photosynthetic assimilation and the study on the plant canopy structure. As reviewed elsewhere (Hirose, 2005), Boysen-Jensen have pointed out that the increase in dry mass reflects the photosynthetic assimilation of carbon dioxide (Boysen-Jensen, 1918; Boysen-Jensen and Müller, 1929a; 1929b), and he also deeply studied the photosynthesis under plant canopy structure in which the leaves of self and non-self origins are layered and compete for light (Boysen-Jensen, 1929; 1932). The most important factors to be discussed when relating the structural feature of plant canopy and functioning photosynthesis might be the utility of light at different positions within the canopy structure, as photosynthetic rate must be a function of light availability on site. The concept on the competition for light within plant community proposed by Boysen-Jensen is now the basis for understanding the eco-physiological behaviors of plants such as temperature-responsive onset of vegetation growth under competitive inter-species canopy (Dunnett and Grime, 1999).","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"28 1","pages":"7-16"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73226310","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Uses of X-ray 3D-Computed-Tomography to Monitor the Development of Garlic Shooting Inside the Intact Cloves","authors":"Diego Comparini, Toshihiko Kihara, T. Kawano","doi":"10.2525/ECB.54.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.54.39","url":null,"abstract":"X-ray high resolution three-dimensional computed tomography (XHR3DCT) is a non-invasive technique to monitor the inner morphology of an object. It permits to obtain a series of horizontal stack of the structure that allows its 3D reconstruction of images by a computer post-processing analysis. This technology is commonly used for medical analysis on human or rarely on animals and its utilization in the plant field has been recently discussed. As we are engaged in the investigation on the possibility to use XHR3DCT for monitoring the storage quality and/or post-harvest development of fresh produces such as vegetables, here we report on minimal demonstration performed on garlic bulbs. In particular, immediately after the harvest from the soil, cloves of garlic bulbs have been maintained under different conditions differed in temperature and humidity, with and without irradiation by red (660 nm) or infra-red (735 nm) lights. At an intermediate time, some cloves have been non-invasively monitored by XHR3DCT to predict the changes in the size (volume) of growing inner shoots (sprouts). To determine the sprout volume based on the XHR3DCT-scanned images, several mathematical approaches have been tested. With approximation of the garlic sprout shape as a parabolic cone, estimation of shoot volume could be readily achieved. By analyzing the inner shoot size in garlic clove kept under different conditions, increase in the shoot size under red light or under higher temperature and relative humidity could be monitored non-invasively, suggesting that XHR3DCT can be used for monitoring of inner structure within the clove of garlic without damaging the samples. Future applications of this technique in during post-harvest managements of a wide range of fresh produces are expected.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"27 1","pages":"39-44"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80101438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Growth Inhibition of the Ralstonia solanacearum Wild-type Strain in a Culture Filtrate of Phenotypic Conversion Mutant Strain","authors":"Hiroki Nakahara, Taro Mori, H. Matsusaki, N. Matsuzoe","doi":"10.2525/ECB.54.133","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.54.133","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"41 1","pages":"133-138"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88399766","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Twofold Increase in Strawberry Productivity by Integration of Environmental Control and Movable Beds in a Large-scale Greenhouse","authors":"K. Hidaka, K. Dan, Yuta Miyoshi, H. Imamura, T. Takayama, M. Kitano, K. Sameshima, M. Okimura","doi":"10.2525/ECB.54.79","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.54.79","url":null,"abstract":"In Japanese strawberry production, over 90% of farmers employ forcing culture in which fruits are harvested from winter to the following spring using June-bearing cultivars. However, production areas are continuously declining for Japanese strawberry production. The average yield from domestic strawberry production in 2012 was about 3 kg m 2 (t / 10a). The average yields in the main production districts of Tochigi and Fukuoka in 2012 was about 4 kg m 2 according to statistical data from the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries in Japan. To reverse the decline in Japanese strawberry production, there is an increasing trend for strawberry production in large-scale industrial facilities. Techniques to obtain consistently high yields are required in large-scale greenhouse production. In strawberry production, many factors contribute to fruit yield (Hidaka et al., 2014a). Fruit yield per unit land area is determined by the number of plants and the fruit yield per individual plant. The former is influenced by cultivation systems, and the average planting density of the conventional bench culture system with stationary beds is about 8 plants m 2 (8,000 plants / 10 a) in Japan. To achieve high planting density, many types of the movable bed systems, e.g., the lateral movable type (Nagasaki et al., 2013), the circulative movable type (Hayashi et al., 2011) and the vertically movable type (Hidaka et al., 2012), have been developed. These lateral, circulative and vertically movable bed systems enable efficient use of the greenhouse space, and result in 1.5, 2.5 and 4 times planting densities as compared with the conventional bench culture system, respectively. The fruit yield per individual plant is influenced by many factors, such as unit fruit weight, fruit number per plant, flower bud, photosynthate partitioning, leaf photosynthesis, and water and nutrient uptake by roots. These factors are affected by the environment (e.g., light intensity, photoperiod, temperature, CO2 concentration, humidity, and wind velocity) and the genetic potential of each cultivar. In our previous studies, we explored the development of a supplementary lighting technique, i.e., selection of an effective light source (Hidaka et al., 2013) and determination of the optimum photoperiod for supplemental lighting (Hidaka et al., 2014b). Furthermore, we compared the effect of supplemental lighting among cultivars and observed a remarkable increase in yield in the June-bearing cultivar ‘Benihoppe’ (Hidaka et al., 2015). To achieve an even higher increase in fruit yield, a combinational approach to environmental control, considering not only the light environment but also CO2 concentration and air temperature, for example, is required. Kawashima (1991) reported the effect of CO2 en-","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"41 1","pages":"79-92"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80654161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of High Air Temperature on Anthocyanin Concentration and the Expressions of Its Biosynthetic Genes in Strawberry ‘Sachinoka’","authors":"K. Matsushita, Takumi Sakayori, T. Ikeda","doi":"10.2525/ECB.54.101","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.54.101","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"8 1","pages":"101-107"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79793347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Light Intensity and Light/Dark Period on Iridoids in Hedyotis diffusa","authors":"Kazuki Higashiuchi, Y. Uno, S. Kuroki, Masaki Hisano, Tomoka Mori, C. Wong, P. Leung, C. Lau, H. Itoh","doi":"10.2525/ECB.54.109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.54.109","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":"77 1","pages":"109-116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83312811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}