Environmental Control in Biology最新文献

{"title":"Potential Involvement of Cell Cycle-Related Genes in the Arrest of Stamen Development of Female Flowers During Sex Expression in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)","authors":"S. Yamasaki, Ryusei Yamakuchi, S. Yamanaka, Kazuto Manabe","doi":"10.2525/ECB.55.105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.55.105","url":null,"abstract":"Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) has been used as a model higher plant for the study of sex expression (Galun, 1961; Shifriss, 1961; Kubicki, 1969a; 1969b; Malepszy and Niemirowicz-Szczytt, 1991). Sex expression in cucumber plants is genetically controlled by the F and M genes. These genes interact to produce four different sex phenotypes: gynoecious (M-F-), monoecious (M-ff), hermaphroditic (mmF-), and andromonoecious (mmff). Gynoecious cucumber plants produce only female flowers; monoecious plants produce both male and female flowers; hermaphroditic plants produce bisexual flowers with both staminate and pistillate organs; and andromonoecious plants produce bisexual and male flowers. Of these various sex phenotypes, monoecious is the most common type of sex expression in cucumber plants. Morphologically, all flower buds in monoecious cucumber plants contain both stamen and pistil primordia at the early stage of their differentiation, and later develop into male or female flowers. Pistil development is arrested in flower buds destined to become male flowers, whereas stamen development is arrested in flower buds that become female flowers (Kubicki, 1969c; Yamasaki et al., 2005). Sex differences are thus established by the selective arrest of sexual organ primordia in monoecious cucumber plants. In cucumber, sex expression can be regulated not only by the genetic loci described above, but also by plant hormones and environmental conditions (Atsmon and Galun, 1960; Shifriss and George, 1964; Frankel and Galun, 1977; Takahashi et al., 1983; Durand and Durand, 1984). In particular, production of the plant hormone ethylene is highly correlated with femaleness in cucumber plants, for example, gynoecious cucumber plants produce more ethylene than monoecious plants (George, 1971; Rudich et al., 1972; Trebitsh et al., 1987). In addition, inhibitors of ethylene biosynthesis or ethylene action suppress the development of female flowers and induce male flowers (Beyer, 1976; Atsmon and Tabbak, 1979; Takahashi and Suge, 1980; Takahashi and Jaffe, 1984; Yamasaki et al., 2000; Yamasaki and Manabe, 2011). Furthermore, application of ethylene to monoecious cucumber plants promotes the formation of female flowers (MacMurray and Miller, 1968; Iwahori et al., 1970; Takahashi and Suge, 1980; 1982; Yamasaki et al., 2000). These physiological phenomena were confirmed at the molecular level. Two genes (CSACS1G and CS-ACS2) which encode a key enzyme in the ethylene biosynthesis pathway, 1-aminocyclopropane-1carboxylic acid (ACC) synthase, were identified as being related to sex expression in cucumber plants. The CSACS1G gene, which exists in gynoecious cucumber plants but not in monoecious cucumber plants, was closely linked to the F gene (Trebitsh et al., 1997). The CS-ACS2 gene","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82764220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Local CO2 Enrichment on Strawberry Cultivation during the Winter Season","authors":"Yuta Miyoshi, K. Hidaka, T. Okayasu, D. Yasutake, M. Kitano","doi":"10.2525/ECB.55.165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.55.165","url":null,"abstract":"Carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration is one of the most important environmental factors in crop production. Within the range of suitable CO2 concentration for crops, an increase of CO2 concentration results in an increase in net crop photosynthesis (Cure and Acock, 1986; Keutgen et al., 1997) and thereby promotes photosynthate translocation, which directly controls the crop yield and quality (Troughton and Currie, 1977; David et al., 2014). Therefore, in greenhouse horticulture, CO2 enrichment is commonly used to realize high crop productivity (Kawashima et al., 2008). In strawberry production, CO2 enrichment has been practiced since the 1970s (Kato et al., 2015), and is used widely today in strawberry-cultivation greenhouses (Wada et al., 2010). In areas of scant solar radiation during the winter season, daytime enrichment of CO2 increased crop yield by 40% (Kawashima, 1991), while in areas of abundant solar radiation, early morning enrichment of CO2 increased crop yield by 16% (Shigeno et al., 2001). The effect of CO2 enrichment on increasing yield is well established; however, a normative CO2 enrichment strategy has not been determined (Mizukami et al., 2011). Moreover, a previous study revealed the ineffectiveness of industrystandard methods for enriching CO2 (Miyoshi et al., 2013). At our experimental site in the northern Kyushu area during the winter strawberry production season, CO2 was generally enriched in the greenhouse using a fuel-burning CO2 generator only early in the morning. CO2 concentrations inside the greenhouse began to increase with the beginning of CO2 enrichment and reached a maximum of approximately 2,000 ppm. However, beginning greenhouse ventilation to cool the greenhouse rapidly decreases the CO2 concentration inside the greenhouse. Consequently, the CO2 concentration decreases to outdoor levels before noon, when photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) becomes sufficient for strawberry crop photosynthesis. Thus, greenhouse ventilation renders CO2 enrichment ineffective with regard to increasing photosynthesis in the strawberry crop. In this study, we propose a new local CO2 enrichment system. The system enriches CO2 in close proximity to the crops and thereby enables efficient control of CO2 concentration even when the greenhouse ventilation system is active. We applied the system to a strawberry greenhouse with ventilation windows to examine the effect of this local CO2 enrichment. We also examined the effects of CO2 enrichment system on physiological functions such as photo-","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83992892","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Photosynthetic and Transpiration Rates of Three Sedum Species Used for Green Roofs","authors":"Takanori Kuronuma, Hitoshi Watanabe","doi":"10.2525/ECB.55.137","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.55.137","url":null,"abstract":"Sedum species are the most commonly used vegetative plants in extensive green roofs worldwide. Green roof technology provides several environmental benefits, for example, cooling and insulation of buildings (Wong et al., 2003; Sailor, 2008), mitigation of the urban heat-island effect (Susca et al., 2011), stormwater management (Villarreal and Bengtsson, 2005; Getter et al., 2007; Rowe, 2011), carbon sequestration and reduction of air pollution (Yang et al., 2008; Getter et al., 2009), and habitat provision for other organisms (Kadas, 2006). These benefits result from the presence of living plants and growth medium on green roofs. Studying the physiological traits of green roof plants is the key to understanding the environmental benefits of green roofs. Sedum species use the crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) photosynthetic pathway, which plays a crucial role in their growth under drought conditions (Yamori et al., 2014; Way and Yamori, 2014). In addition, several Sedum species have been described as “inducible” CAM plants (Lee and Griffiths, 1987; Gravatt and Martin, 1992). They are actually C3 plants with an ability to switch their carbon metabolism to the CAM pathway in response to drought stress (Sayed, 2001). This suggests that the physiological responses of Sedum species to soil water regimes severely affect the carbon sequestration and the cooling effect of a Sedum green roof. However, the investigation of Sedum species in green roofs has tended to focus primarily on their drought tolerance (Monterusso et al., 2005; VanWoert et al., 2005; Nagase and Dunnett, 2010; Thuring et al., 2010), and less attention has been paid to their physiological traits in wet conditions. The aim of the present study was to investigate the physiological responses of three Sedum species to different soil water regimes, and compare their photosynthetic and transpiration rates with those of two other commonly used green roof plants. In addition, we discuss the influence of soil water regimes on the environmental benefits of the Sedum green roofs.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81518686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimization of Light-Dark Cycles of Lactuca sativa L. in Plant Factory","authors":"Chihiro Urairi, H. Shimizu, H. Nakashima, J. Miyasaka, K. Ohdoi","doi":"10.2525/ecb.55.85","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ecb.55.85","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87993503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Effect of Excessive Application of K2O during Root Production on Plant Growth, Mineral Concentration and Yield of Edible Part in Witloof Chicory (Cichorium intybus L.)","authors":"T. Kumano, H. Araki","doi":"10.2525/ECB.55.147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.55.147","url":null,"abstract":"level of ruminants with considerable probability. There is a possibility to use forage chicory as the material for removing the extra K in the soil, not for the feed crops. However, reports on the potassium uptake capacity of witloof chicory is limited and detailed information is necessary for using witloof chicory as a K-scavenger. The present study describes the efforts to examine the plant growth and K absorption capacity of witloof chicory and the change of soil chemical profiles during growing pe-riods. The witloof type chicory was considered, comparing to forage type chicory, under K 2 O rich conditions, growing with a modelled K 2 O accumulated soils that were made by excessive application of chemical fertilizers. Experimental forcing cultures were also conducted in order to verify the influence of stress caused by K 2 O rich conditions on the yield and quality of the edible part of witloof chicory. Under a high-K stressful condition in a greenhouse pot cultivation, the biomass production and the K absorption capacity of witloof chicory ( Cichorium intybus L.) were compared with forage chicory. The root biomass of witloof chicory was greater than that of forage chicory among all treatments, indicating that witloof chicory has a certain level of tolerance against high K stressful conditions. As K 2 O application increased, the biomass, in top and root, tended to decrease in both types, however, there was not a significant negative impact on the yield or quality of the obtained roots in witloof type at the treatments under 2,000 kg ha (cid:4) 1 level. The K-uptake amount per plant of witloof chicory was 40% to 58% greater comparing forage chicory, at the K 2 O treatments from 1,000 to 2,000 kg ha (cid:4) 1 . The quality of the etiolated heads, obtained after the forcing culture, could be kept at the same level of the commercially available fresh products when the K 2 O application was lower than 2,000 kg ha (cid:4) 1 . Through this experiment, witloof chicory showed its potential to be utilized as a remedy for K accumulated soils, concurrently, obtaining an agricultural income from the forcing culture by using roots which absorbed K from soils.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76616717","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Basis for Selecting Light Spectral Distribution for Evaluating Leaf Photosynthetic Rates of Plants Grown under Different Light Spectral Distributions","authors":"K. Murakami, R. Matsuda, K. Fujiwara","doi":"10.2525/ECB.55.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.55.1","url":null,"abstract":"The photosynthetic rate is one of the most important and fundamental aspects for plant growth. In many studies this rate is measured, evaluated, and compared among the leaves of plants cultivated under different conditions. The measured rates are also used to calculate other photosynthesis-related indices, such as photosynthetic light-, water-, and nitrogen-use efficiencies. In agricultural and horticultural researches, the effectiveness of treatments is sometimes discussed based on the measured photosynthetic rates and calculated indices. A number of researches have reported that the relative spectral photon flux density (PFD) distribution (i.e. the spectral distribution normalized to the peak or mean value) of light used for measurement (i.e. measuring light or actinic light) affects leaf net photosynthetic rates (Pn) (e.g. McCree, 1972; Inada, 1976). To eliminate this direct effect from the comparison, Pn is usually measured under a common spectral distribution of measuring light irrespective of growth conditions in agricultural and horticultural studies. One of the most widely-used measuring lights is a mixture of blue and red light (BR-light) provided by light-emitting diodes (LEDs) installed in commercial photosynthesis analysis systems (e.g. LI-6400, LI-COR Inc., Lincoln, NE, USA; GFS-3000, Heinz Walz GmbH, Effeltrich, Germany). The use of artificial light sources enables precise control of the spectral distribution of measuring light on the leaf, and therefore, ensures reproducibility and reliability among experiments. Walters (2005) noted that photosynthetic rates measured with a relative spectral distribution of light different from that of the growth light do not necessarily reflect the functioning of photosynthesis under the actual growth conditions. Indeed, we have demonstrated this problem in Pn measurements in our recent experiment (Murakami et al., 2016). In that experiment, cucumber seedlings were grown under white LED (300 mol m 2 s ) without and with supplemental far-red (FR) LED light (70 mol m 2 s ) (W and WFR, respectively), and the Pn of the leaves was subsequently compared under BR-light and under light with a relative spectral distribution approximating to that of sunlight (‘artificial’ sunlight) at a photosynthetic PFD (PPFD) of 300 mol m 2 s . The mean Pn of W-grown-leaves (mean ± SE: 12.2 ± 0.5 mol m 2 s ) was 36% greater than that of WFR-grown-leaves (8.9 ± 0.7 mol m 2 s ) under BR-light (95% confident interval: +0.6 to +5.9, P = 0.027), while the mean value of W-grown-leaves (10.1 ± 0.5 mol m 2 s 1 ) were comparable to or 3% smaller than that of WFR-grown-leaves (10.4 ± 0.3 mol m 2 s ) under the artificial sunlight (95% confident interval: –1.9 to +1.3, P = 0.65) (Murakami et al., 2016). Based on the results obtained from measurement under BR-light, the prospective leaf photosynthetic rate (i.e. leaf photosynthetic rates after the measurements) of WFR-grown-plants may","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86552493","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening the Allelopathic Activity of 14 Medicinal Plants from Northern Thailand","authors":"P. Suwitchayanon, K. Kunasakdakul, H. Kato‐Noguchi","doi":"10.2525/ECB.55.143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.55.143","url":null,"abstract":"Allelopathy is a phenomenon of chemical interactions among plants, and allelochemicals are chemicals released from one plant into the environment via volatilization, root exudation, leachates, and plant decomposition. The allelochemicals influence the germination and growth of neighboring plants in either an inhibitory or stimulatory manner (Rice, 1984). In recent years, allelochemicals have been studied and tested as bioherbicides for weed control. Medicinal plants have been widely studied in the search for potential natural active compounds (Batish et al., 2007; Gilani et al., 2010). The allelopathic activity of 239 medicinal plants was evaluated and 223 were found to have allelopathic activities (Fujii et al., 2003). The allelopathic activity of numerous medicinal plants has also been reported (Syed et al., 2014; Synowiec and Nowicka-Po e , 2016). Thailand is located in Southeast Asia and has a tropical climate, resulting in a wide diversity of plant species. About 80% of at least 10,000 forest tree and herbal plant species in Thailand are recognized for their medicinal properties (Thitiprasert et al., 2007). Many of the species dominate and form colonies with few or no other plant species around them. Their strong ability to garner natural resources such as nutrients and water may allow them to establish colonies. Their allelopathic ability may also be involved in establishing colonies. The selected 14 Thai medicinal plants in this study are common plants in northern Thailand and grow as colonies in nature. All of them have important medicinal properties, but rarely study in allelopathic activity. The present study, therefore, aimed to evaluate the allelopathic activity of 14 Thai medicinal plants on the seedling growth of lettuce for the purpose of developing natural herbicides in the future.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84240949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dynamics of Photosynthate Loading in Strawberries Affected by Light Condition on Source Leaves","authors":"Yuta Miyoshi, T. Hidaka, K. Hidaka, T. Okayasu, D. Yasutake, M. Kitano","doi":"10.2525/ECB.55.53","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.55.53","url":null,"abstract":"desired to establish a system for efficient environmental control based on physiological functions of crops. Translocation of photosynthate from leaves to fruits is a major physiological determinant for size and sugar content of strawberries. It is therefore essential to clarify the response of photosynthate loading to surrounding environment. In this study, we focused on light condition which strongly influences the photosynthesis, and analyzed effects of irradiation on dynamics of photosynthate loading. Furthermore, aiming at the estimation of dynamics of photostnthate loading in cultivation field, we simulated daily amount of photosynthate loading by kinetic model using a saturable Michaelis-Menten component in combination with an unsaturable component obeying first-order kinetics.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79563051","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Application of Transpiration Integrated Model to Simulation of Dynamics of Ion Absorption by Tomato Roots Growing in Soil-less Culture","authors":"Ryosuke Nomiyama, D. Yasutake, Y. Sago, M. Kitano","doi":"10.2525/ECB.55.29","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.55.29","url":null,"abstract":"ion absorption in the case of soil-less culture et al., 2012). However, this model has not yet been applied to the simulation of root ion absorption. Quantitative evaluation of root ion absorption is expected to contribute to sustainable nutrient management, for example, addition of fertilizer corresponding to the absorptive demand of roots. In this study, we conducted a soil-less culture experiment in a greenhouse in which tomato plants were grown, in order to simulate the dynamics of root ion absorption throughout the experiment by means of the transpiration integrated model. We examined the validity of the simulation in the respective time periods of the entire day, the daytime, and the nighttime, in which the impacts of transpiration on root ion absorption were different. The aim of this study was to apply the transpiration integrated model proposed by Sago et al. (2011c) to the simulation of the day-to-day dynamics of root ion absorption of tomato plants in soilless culture. Quantitative data on root ion absorption during the daytime and nighttime were obtained using a nutrient film technique (NFT) soilless culture system in which tomato plants were cultivated, and the data were analyzed using the transpiration integrated model. The identified model parameters could represent the characteristics of root ion absorption. The day-to-day dynamics of root ion absorption were simulated reliably in the daytime, but the simulation of the nighttime ion absorption was difficult. Nevertheless, the nighttime ion absorption accounted for a small portion of the daily ion absorption, and the transpiration integrated model was found to be effective for evaluating the root ion absorption over the entire day. This model is expected to be applicable to the simulation of root ion absorption in NFT soil-less culture for sustainable nutrient management.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81681931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"PGPR Improves Yield of Strawberry Species under Less-Fertilized Conditions","authors":"T. Kurokura, S. Hiraide, Yoshitake Shimamura, K. Yamane","doi":"10.2525/ECB.55.121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.55.121","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80199695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}