Environmental Control in Biology最新文献

{"title":"Inflorescence Developmental Stage-Specific High Temperature Effect on Petal Pigmentation in Chrysanthemum","authors":"T. Puangkrit, T. Narumi-Kawasaki, T. Takamura, S. Fukai","doi":"10.2525/ECB.56.99","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.56.99","url":null,"abstract":"serious problem. To determine the effect of high temperature on the pigmentation, inflorescence development was divided into five stages. Plants were exposed to both 20 and 30 ℃ during various developmental stages of inflorescence. HPLC analysis showed the main anthocyanins of pink flower chrysanthemum (cv. Pelican) were cyanidin 3-O-(6 ≤ -O-monomalonyl- b -glucopyranoside) and cyanidin 3-O-(3 ≤ ,6 ≤ -O-dimalonyl- b -glucopyranoside). The content of the two anthocyanins at 20 ℃ was much higher than that at 30 ℃ . In the inflorescence exposed to 30 ℃ during bud break to vertical stage, pigmentation was not enhanced, even though the plants were subjected to 20 ℃ from the vertical stage to 1-week-old. On the other hand, when the plants were exposed to 30 ℃ during vertical stage to 1-week-old, pigment content decreased drastically, even though the inflorescence was kept at 20 ℃ from the bud break to vertical stage. The results indicate that the petal extension to vertical stage is the most temperature sensitive and important for pigmentation. Expression of the anthocyanin biosynthesis-related genes ( CmplCHS1 , CmplCHS2 , CmplCHI , CmplF3H2 , CmplC3’H , CmplDFR1 , CmplDFR2 , and CmplANS ) was depressed at 30 ℃ compared with those at 20 ℃ .","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81736147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ascorbic Acid Retention in Fresh-Cut Broccoli Florets during Hyperbaric Storage","authors":"N. Liamnimitr, M. Thammawong, S. Takeya, S. Matsuo, K. Nakano","doi":"10.2525/ECB.56.113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.56.113","url":null,"abstract":"We investigated the efficacy of hyperbaric storing for preserving ascorbic acid (AsA) in fresh-cut broccoli florets. The samples were stored in a container pressurized at 0.3 and 2.1 MPa of air at 8 ℃ for 14 d. Florets stored under atmospheric pressure (0.1 MPa) were used as a control. We assayed AsA content, enzyme activities involved in AsA degradation and recycling, including ascorbate peroxidase (APX), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), and glutathione reductase (GR), as well as antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT). Changes in partial pressure of O 2 and CO 2 in the storage container were also determined. AsA content was successfully maintained for 14 d under both of our hyperbaric treatments and was approximately twice as high as the AsA content in the control treatment. Activities of CAT, APX, GR and SOD increased at 0.3 MPa, except DHAR, whereas florets stored at 2.1 MPa showed almost no enzymatic activity. The respiration was slowed down in florets stored under hyperbaric conditions. Our results suggest that the physiological response of fresh-cut broccoli florets to the hyperbaric condition varied with the magnitude of pressure applied, especially the enhancement of CAT enzyme activity leads to the AsA retention at 0.3 MPa.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76589764","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Storage Conditions on the Postharvest Quality Changes of Fresh Mango Fruits for Export during Transportation","authors":"E. Yasunaga, S. Fukuda, M. Nagle, W. Spreer","doi":"10.2525/ECB.56.39","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.56.39","url":null,"abstract":"Mango has a high nutritional value and is one of the most popular tropical fruits in the world (Sivakumar et al., 2011). Fresh mango fruit is also popular in Japan, marketed at a high price. Major mango production areas in Japan are located in Okinawa and Miyazaki in Kyushu. Total mango production in Japan was 3,664 tons in 2014 (MAFF, 2014), while a double amount of mango fruits (totaled 7,354 tons) were imported in 2014 (Japan fresh produce import-export and safety association, 2017). Of the imported mangoes, Mexico ranked the first in both amount (38.7%) and price (31.2%), followed by Philippines (17.7% in amount (ranked 2nd); 16.0% in price (ranked 4th)), Thailand (16.7% in amount (ranked 3rd); 19.8% in price (ranked 2nd)) and Taiwan (10.3% in amount (ranked 4th); 17.7% in price (ranked 3rd)). The Tokyo Customs reported (2015) that mango fruits were imported through the Narita airport (33.2%), the Port of Yokohama (23.8%), the Port of Tokyo (17.9%), and the Haneda Airport (16.7%), which exceeds 90% of total import in Japan. This report indicates that more than 40% of mango fruits were transported by ship in which postharvest quality loss is highly expected due to a long transportation time. However, little study has been conducted to assess the postharvest quality loss or ripening process of fresh mango fruits during a long distance distribution (Kienzle et al., 2011; 2012; Yasunaga et al., 2012; 2013a; 2013b). In our previous research, we have investigated the quality changes of fresh mango fruit before and after distribution (Yasunaga et al., 2013a), in which fruit quality at harvest were different between orchards in Thailand and Japan, mainly because of the distances to the final destination. While postharvest quality changes were reported, the results were limited to the two points in time, namely at harvest and after distribution. Because postharvest ripening is controlled by storage temperature, it is necessary to investigate the effects of temperature on the quality changes of fresh mango fruits exported for a long distance market. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of storage conditions on the postharvest quality changes of fresh mango fruit exported from Thailand to Japan. In addition to the monitoring of distribution conditions, two laboratory experiments under three different temperature conditions (i.e., 15, 25 and 35°C) were conducted at before and after distribution to better understand postharvest ripening processes during long-distance transportation. Results are compared with respect to postharvest quality changes under different distribution conditions for a better quality control system of fresh mango fruit for export.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74195115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"De novo Short Read Assembly and Functional Annotation of Eleocharis vivipara , a C 3 /C 4 Interconvertible Sedge Plant","authors":"Daijiro Harada, K. Yamato, K. Izui, M. Akita","doi":"10.2525/ECB.56.81","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.56.81","url":null,"abstract":"More than 90% of terrestrial plant species possess the C3 photosynthetic system, while only about 3% undergo C4 photosynthesis. Nevertheless, C4 plants are responsible for 25% of the annual total terrestrial plant biomass production (Langdale, 2011; Sage and Zhu, 2011). Compared with C3 plants, C4 plants generally exhibit higher CO2 assimilation abilities (about 1.5 2-fold higher in individual blades), higher yields per growing area (approximately 2 3-fold) and higher water and nitrogen use efficiencies (Black, 1979). The productivity of major C3 crops, such as rice, wheat and soybean, could be greatly increased if the CO2 concentrating mechanism of C4 photosynthesis could be introduced into these C3 plants through genetic engineering. Such attempts have been made by various investigators (Häusler et al., 2002; Miyao et al., 2011), but no promising results have been obtained thus far. For example, several genes encoding C4 photosynthesis-related enzymes were successfully overexpressed individually or in combination in mesophyll cells of rice plants, but the transgenic plants did not perform C4-like photosynthesis and their growth rate was not accelerated appreciably (Taniguchi et al., 2008). These observations imply the introduction of genes for CO2-concentrating proteins is not sufficient to confer the C4 photosynthetic framework to C3 plants. In fact, two functionally differentiated cell types mesophyll cells and bundle-sheath cells and their structural arrangement called Kranz anatomy are required to concentrate CO2 and deliver it to ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase. This CO2 concentration system has been thought to be essential for C4 photosynthesis. To convert C3 plants into C4 ones, all genes that are related to cellular and functional C4 differentiation, including those associated with C4 metabolism, transport of C4-related compounds and development of Kranz anatomy, must be identified and introduced into C3 plants (Covshoff and Hibberd, 2012). To identify the genes required for C4 photosynthesis, a straightforward approach was comparative analysis of C4 and C3 plants. However, identification of the key C4 photosynthetic genes is difficult because many of them are species-specific even among C4 model plants (e.g., Zea mays and Sorghum bicolor). Although the genera Flaveria and Cleome include both C3 and C4 species and have attracted much attention as alternative systems (Brown et al., 2005; Külahoglu et al., 2014), there are still speciesspecific genes, which makes it difficult to identify the core functional set of C4 photosynthetic genes (Gowik et al., 2011). Eleocharis vivipara (Cyperaceae), first investigated by Ueno et al. (1988) is an amphibious leafless sedge. This plant develops Kranz anatomy and shows C4 biochemical traits under terrestrial conditions, and performs NADdependent malic enzyme (NAD-ME)-type C4 photosynthesis. Interestingly, under submerged conditions, it grows without Kranz anatomy and exhibits C3 bioc","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79479782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of tomato photosynthetic potential based on the chlorophyll fluorescence of leaflets sealed with transparent film or Vaseline.","authors":"K. Nada, S. Kitade, S. Hiratsuka","doi":"10.2525/ECB.56.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.56.7","url":null,"abstract":"When chlorophyll fluorescence is measured on leaves with restricted gas exchange by a transparent film or Vaseline seal, the obtained electron transport rate in photosystem II (J PSIIseal ) was reported show a positive linear correlation with the maximum photosynthetic activity. This is because in a sealed leaf, the CO 2 substrate for ribulose-1,5-bisphosphate-carboxylase/oxygenase is derived primarily from photorespiration. Our objective was to clarify whether the J PSIIseal also corresponds to photosynthetic activity in tomato leaflets. The J PSIIseal of a leaflet had a positive linear relationship with the gross photosynthetic rate at 30 mmol mol (cid:4) 1 oxygen. This suggests that the J PSIIseal represents the photosynthetic carbon fixation activity. Maintaining a tight seal with the transparent film was difficult because of the gap between the film and leaflet during transpiration. In contrast, the tight seal with Vaseline enabled measurements for at least 30 min. Additionally, the measurements could be completed faster for the Vaseline-sealed leaflets. The variation in the J PSIIseal of tomato leaflets increased with increasing leaf age. The leaf J PSIIseal (i.e., calculated based on 10 (cid:1) 13 leaflets) decreased with increasing leaf age. We propose that chlorophyll fluorescence measurements for Vaseline-sealed leaflets may be useful for comprehensive analyses of tomato leaf photosynthetic characteristics.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89473912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of program library using an open-source hardware for implementation of low-cost greenhouse environmental control system","authors":"K. Yasuba, Hidehito Kurosaki, T. Hoshi, T. Okayasu, Yoshiyuki Tanaka, T. Goto, Y. Yoshida","doi":"10.2525/ECB.56.107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.56.107","url":null,"abstract":"A program library for use on open-source hardware was developed in order to construct a low-cost environmental control system for greenhouses. The library facilitated the development of environmental sensing and control devices that conform to the protocols of the Ubiquitous Environment Control System (UECS). The open-source hardware used was the “Arduino Ethernet” and the “Arduino Mega 2560 with Ethernet Shield” microcontroller boards. UECS is a system for controlling greenhouse environments that communicates information via a local area network, and devices utilizing the library that we developed can perform the UECS defined communication tasks automatically. With the help of this library, device developers no longer need to program the communications aspects of the device and can concentrate on programming setting and control logic of the device. The library occupies about 29 kilobytes of the read only memory area of the target board. The library and associated open-source microcontroller boards are powerful tools for developing low-cost environmental control systems.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72641076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Possible Roles of Near-infrared Light on the Photosynthesis in Synechocystis sp. PCC6803 under Solar Simulating Artificial Light","authors":"Kota Oshita, Takuya Suzuki, T. Kawano","doi":"10.2525/ECB.56.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.56.17","url":null,"abstract":"Solar simulating light (SSL) has been widely used for evaluating the performance of photovoltaic cells and algal photosynthesis. Green plants and algae utilize chlorophylls, thus, the chlorophyll-targeting light components mostly contribute to photosynthesis. In contrast, near infrared (NIR) light hardly energizes photosynthesis. Since SSL spectrum covers a wide range of light from ultraviolet to NIR, we examined the roles of NIR components in SSL during photosynthetic O 2 evolution in Synechocystis (sp. PCC6803), by selectively and step-wisely eliminating the NIR using several NIR-cut filters. Here, the effects of intact SSL spectrum and the NIR-cut filtered SSL spectra (lacking NIR light greater than 690, 710, 750, or 810 nm) were examined. We observed that the 750 nm shortpass filter lowered the maximal photosynthetic velocity ( P max ), and concomitantly, the Michaelis constant-like value for light intensity ( K j ), whereas no significant change was observed with the 810 nm shortpass filter. We concluded that the 750 (cid:1) 810 nm band may contain the photosynthesis-stimulating NIR component acting differently from the known phenomenon (Emerson effect). In contrast, Synechocystis unexpectedly regained the photosynthetic performance by eliminating all range of NIR ( (cid:6) 710 nm), suggesting that 710 (cid:1) 750 nm far-red band corresponding to the absorption band for bacterial phytochrome is possibly inhibitory to photosynthesis.","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73353469","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spatiotemporal Analysis of Localized Circadian Arrhythmias in Plant Roots","authors":"N. Seki, Yusuke Tanigaki, A. Yoshida, H. Fukuda","doi":"10.2525/ECB.56.93","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.56.93","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83233490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of Elevated CO 2 on Growth of the Industrial Sweetpotato Cultivar CX-1","authors":"G. Runion, S. Prior, T. Monday, J. Ryan-Bohac","doi":"10.2525/ECB.56.89","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.56.89","url":null,"abstract":"Atmospheric CO2 concentrations have been steadily rising each year, from approximately 315 ppm in 1958 to 385 ppm in 2009 (Keeling et al., 2009), and are continuing to rise, with some estimates showing an increase to 700 ppm by the end of this century (Meehl et al., 2007). Generally, increases in CO2 are largely attributed to anthropogenic causes, including fossil fuel combustion and land use changes such as deforestation and urbanization (Hegerl et al., 2007). It is well established that elevated CO2 increases growth and yield of most plant species (Kimball, 1983). This added growth and yield is primarily attributed to increased rates of photosynthesis and water use efficiency (Rogers and Dahlman, 1993; Amthor, 1995). Growth in elevated CO2 induces a partial closure of leaf stomatal guard cells resulting in reduced transpiration and water loss (Jones and Mansfield, 1970) which increases water use efficiency for plants with both C3 and C4 photosynthetic pathways (Prior et al., 2011). However, research has shown that biomass response to atmospheric CO2 enrichment is generally greater for plants with a C3 (33 40% increase) vs. a C4 (10 15% increase) photosynthetic pathway (Kimball, 1983; Poorter, 1993; Prior et al., 2003; 2005). Plants with a C3 photosynthetic pathway show both increased water use efficiency and increased photosynthesis, while the CO2concentrating mechanism used by C4 plants limits their photosynthetic response to CO2 enrichment (Amthor and Loomis, 1996). Sweetpotatoes [Ipomoea batatas (L.) Lam.] have a C3 photosynthetic pathway and, like most plants, have a positive growth response to elevated CO2 (Bhattacharya et al., 1985; Biswas et al., 1996). In fact, total storage root dry weight response to CO2 enrichment can exceed the general range for C3 plants. Bhattacharya et al. (1985) reported increases of 87% at 675 mol mol 1 and 172.6% at 1,000 mol mol 1 for dry weight of ‘Georgia Jet’ storage roots. Biswas et al. (1996) reported total storage root dry weight increases of 44% and 75% at 665 mol mol 1 for two growing seasons. These large increases are not surprising since it is known that plants with a strong sink for photosynthate, such as sweetpotato storage roots, can respond to a greater degree than plants with other growth habits (Idso et al., 1988). In addition to use as a food crop, sweetpotato storage roots have been shown to be a good source material for bioethanol production (Qiu et al., 2010). In fact, Ziska et al. (2009) reported that sweetpotatoes (cv. Beauregard) have the ability to out-produce other sources of crop plant bioethanol (e.g., corn, potatoes, sugar cane, and sugar beets) in both Maryland and Alabama. Recently, several “industrial cultivars” of sweetpotatoes have been bred specifically for bioethanol production. For example, storage roots of the industrial sweetpotato cultivar CX-1 (Ryan-","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91195958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationships between the Number of First-Flush Flowers and Leaf Water Potential or Leaf ABA Content Affected by Varying Degrees of Water Stress in Meiwa Kumquat (Fortunella crassifolia Swingle)","authors":"N. Iwasaki, Y. Nakano, Kaori Suzuki, A. Mochizuki","doi":"10.2525/ECB.55.59","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2525/ECB.55.59","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11762,"journal":{"name":"Environmental Control in Biology","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87845849","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}