Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata最新文献

{"title":"Host–pathogen interaction between the African fig fly, Zaprionus indianus, and its external mycobiome under laboratory conditions","authors":"Aanchal Sharma,&nbsp;Seema Ramniwas,&nbsp;Girish Kumar,&nbsp;Khem Raj","doi":"10.1111/eea.13457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.13457","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The African fig fly, <i>Zaprionus indianus</i> Gupta (Diptera: Drosophilidae), is an ecologically diverse pest species that interacts with and feeds on various microbial pathogens including bacteria and yeast found in decomposing fruits. However, the interaction of <i>Z. indianus</i> with its microbial community and microbial pathogens is obscure. To determine the presence of fungal pathogens, we collected wild <i>Z. indianus</i> from the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent. Based on molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis, <i>Debaryomyces hansenii</i> (Zopf) Lodder &amp; Kreger-van Rij (isolate ziha1) was the most commonly observed fungus associated with <i>Z. indianus</i>. Furthermore, we identified two more opportunistic fungal pathogens: <i>Aspergillus flavus</i> Link (isolate zias2), and <i>Pichia kudriavzevii</i> Boidin, Pignal &amp; Besson (isolate zibd3). The interaction of isolated fungi with <i>Z. indianus</i> was evaluated in terms of larval mortality, adult emergence, and fecundity. <i>Debaryomyces hansenii</i> ziha1 resulted in 90% emergence rate for adults, and did not cause significant mortality in the larval stage. In contrast, <i>A. flavus</i> zias2 and <i>P. kudriavzevii</i> zibd3 showed a significant reduction in fecundity and caused 99% and 74% larval mortality of <i>Z. indianus</i>, respectively. In the laboratory oviposition preference assay, mated females of <i>Z. indianus</i> preferred <i>D. hansenii</i> ziha1 supplemented food with a positive oviposition index compared to the uninfected control and compared to food infected with <i>P. kudriavzevii</i> zibd3 or <i>A. flavus</i> zias2. These findings underscore <i>Z. indianus</i>' potential to act as a reservoir for both symbiotic and pathogenic fungal species, some of which may be further harnessed for effective fruit fly pest control strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":11741,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","volume":"172 9","pages":"863-872"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141967479","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life history and overwintering in multi- and univoltine species of family Tephritidae in a subtropical region of northwestern Argentina","authors":"Andrea Moyano,&nbsp;Guido Van Nieuwenhove,&nbsp;Viviana Diaz,&nbsp;Solana Abraham,&nbsp;Sergio Ovruski,&nbsp;Juan Rull","doi":"10.1111/eea.13459","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.13459","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Among phytophagous insects, life history often evolves as a strategy to cope with seasonality in host plant availability. Whereas specialization often leads to dormancy, aestivation, or longevity, polyphagous species bridge between periods of host availability by exploiting alternative host plants. The aim of the present work was to characterize the life histories of four species of specialist and generalist uni- and multivoltine frugivorous fruit flies – <i>Ceratitis capitata</i> Wiedemann, <i>Anastrepha fraterculus</i> Wiedemann, <i>Rhagoletis blanchardi</i> Aczel, and <i>Rhagoletotrypeta pastranai</i> Aczel (all Diptera: Tephritidae) – inhabiting in sympatry in Las Yungas phytogeographical province in Tucumán (northwestern Argentina). For this purpose, infested host plant fruits were sequentially collected during two consecutive years, and flies recovered from these fruits were subjected to demographic experiments to establish longevity and overwintering mechanisms. The results indicated that life cycles were tightly related to host fruit availability, where multivoltine species sequentially exploit different host plants over the year, whereas univoltine species must undergo pupal dormancy to reach the next host fructification period and may extend the duration of dormancy when climatic conditions are acyclic and unpredictable. The present study may broaden knowledge about diapausing Tephritidae in subtropical regions and may contribute to an increased conceptual basis for the improvement of pest control strategies, such as the sterile insect technique (SIT).</p>","PeriodicalId":11741,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","volume":"172 9","pages":"837-848"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141968271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Diel vibrational activity of Halyomorpha halys and its implications for enhancing bimodal traps","authors":"Jalal M. Fouani,&nbsp;Mattia Bonet,&nbsp;Valentina Zaffaroni-Caorsi,&nbsp;Rachele Nieri,&nbsp;Vincenzo Verrastro,&nbsp;Gianfranco Anfora,&nbsp;Valerio Mazzoni","doi":"10.1111/eea.13454","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.13454","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The brown marmorated stink bug, <i>Halyomorpha halys</i> (Stål) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) is an invasive insect pest that has caused significant economic losses in a myriad of agricultural crops in Europe and the USA. The communication as well as the control of this pest largely rely on semiochemicals (e.g., pheromones) and semiophysicals (e.g., substrate-borne vibrations). Nevertheless, the nocturnal activity of <i>H. halys</i> is still largely unknown. In the present study, the diel vibrational communication of <i>H. halys</i> was investigated in controlled laboratory and semi-field conditions. Moreover, the relevance of this ecological trait for integrated pest management (IPM) strategies was assessed by extending playback periods of bimodal (i.e., pheromones + vibrational playbacks) traps to 24 h, and comparing it to the current trap model (solar panel, about 12 h of playback) and a control (no playback, only pheromone). We found that <i>H. halys</i> did not exhibit discernible differences of vibrational activity between photophase and scotophase, with the exception of signal type 2 that in laboratory conditions was predominately emitted within nocturnal and morning hours (i.e., 20:00–12:00). Additionally, the calling activity was negatively affected by warmer (&gt;32 °C) and windier (&gt;7 m s⁻¹) conditions in semi-field settings. Bimodal traps that were power-supplied for 24 h captured significantly more males than the other groups, and more females than the control group. Results suggest that the nocturnal vibrational activity of <i>H. halys</i> should be accounted for within IPM strategies by activating the bimodal traps also during the scotophase.</p>","PeriodicalId":11741,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","volume":"172 12","pages":"1166-1175"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eea.13454","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142642416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sex-specific consequences of host shift for morphology and fluctuating asymmetry in a seed beetle: an experimental evolution approach","authors":"Aleksa Rončević,&nbsp;Uroš Savković,&nbsp;Mirko Đorđević,&nbsp;Lea Vlajnić,&nbsp;Biljana Stojković,&nbsp;Sanja Budečević","doi":"10.1111/eea.13453","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.13453","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Morphological plasticity may be induced by altering host plants and commonly it is sex-specific in phytophagous insects. It is hypothesized that stress in insects caused by a host shift leads to morphological changes and developmental destabilization, which may be identified by fluctuating asymmetry. We performed reciprocal transplant experiments in eight replicated populations of the seed beetle <i>Acanthoscelides obtectus</i> (Say) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, Bruchinae) adapted to common bean (<i>Phaseolus vulgaris</i> L., Fabaceae) as its ancestral host and chickpea (<i>Cicer arietinum</i> L., Fabaceae) as a suboptimal host. Using methods of geometric morphometrics we assessed the effects of the short- and long-term host shift on size and shape variation of beetles of both sexes. We also tested the hypothesis that fluctuating asymmetry is lower when the beetles develop within seeds of the ancestral host. Our results showed that females respond more plastically related to their body size and shape of the abdomen, particularly during a short-term host shift, suggesting that females have a greater importance in maintaining the population on a new host. The level of fluctuating asymmetry is lowest in males that have evolved for generations on bean indicating that they have the most canalized development, so we suggested that symmetry in <i>A. obtectus</i> is maintained by sexual selection. Even if the beetles are adapted to a suboptimal host over many generations, they stabilize their development after returning to the ancestral host. Our work indicates that host shifts may change morphological aspects of the beetles in a sex-specific manner and consequently influence their developmental trajectories.</p>","PeriodicalId":11741,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","volume":"172 8","pages":"751-760"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141556714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Foliage and ground spiders respond differently to a semi-natural habitat-vineyard gradient","authors":"G. Pompozzi,&nbsp;S. Copperi,&nbsp;F. Fernández Campón,&nbsp;S. Lagos Silnik,&nbsp;B. Alzugaray,&nbsp;E. Albrecht,&nbsp;S. Roig-Juñent","doi":"10.1111/eea.13455","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eea.13455","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Natural vegetation in and around crops effectively increases predators. Semi-natural habitats (SNHs; non-crop vegetation) surrounding crops provide refuge and resources. However, the function of SNHs may depend on several factors, and the response of natural predators may vary among crops and regions. Here, we examined the spider community in a SNH and at an adjacent vineyard in a semi-arid region of Argentina. We collected spiders in a gradient from an adjacent SNH, towards the vineyard at three distances from the SNH using two techniques: beating and pit-fall traps. We collected spiders in December and February during two consecutive years at two strata: in vegetation and on the ground. In vegetation, spider abundance significantly decreased from SNH towards the interior of the vineyard at 80 m. On the ground, spider abundance was also significantly higher in SNH. However, after decreasing at the 5 and 20 m sites inside the vineyard, the abundance increased at 80 m. For foliage spiders, species richness followed the same pattern as abundance, whereas ground spider richness significantly increased from SNH to the interior of the vineyard. Species composition also showed different tendencies between foliage and ground spiders. The foliage spider community differed between SNH vs. all the vineyard sites. Contrarily, at the ground stratum, SNH was similar in composition to the edge of the vineyard, and they both differed from the other vineyard sites. We found that the adjacent SNH influenced the spider community in the vineyard and that this effect depended on the distance from that habitat and the association of the community to various strata. These results highlight the importance of studying the whole community of spiders when aiming to increase predator abundance to enhance biological control in this kind of crop. In addition, we found species that may act as indicators of native vegetation which has important implications for the management of natural habitats in this region.</p>","PeriodicalId":11741,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","volume":"172 8","pages":"720-729"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140653747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Arthropods in the spotlight – identifying predators of vineyard pest insects with infrared photography","authors":"Jo Marie Reiff,&nbsp;Konrad Theiss,&nbsp;Christoph Hoffmann,&nbsp;Martin H. Entling","doi":"10.1111/eea.13456","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eea.13456","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Grape berry moths, particularly <i>Lobesia botrana</i> Denis &amp; Schiffermüller (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae), and vinegar flies, such as <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i> Meigen and <i>Drosophila suzukii</i> Matsumura (Diptera: Drosophilidae), are important vineyard pests, causing severe quality loss of grapes. Several arthropod taxa may be involved in the natural control of these pests. However, the role of arthropod predators in the natural control of vineyard pests remains unclear. We investigated 32 vineyards in the Palatinate region, southwest Germany, under organic and conventional management, which in both cases received either full or reduced fungicide applications (2 × 2 design). Predation of <i>L. botrana</i> eggs and pupae and <i>D. melanogaster</i> pupae on sentinel cards exposed in the vineyards was observed with infrared cameras. In total, nine predator taxa could be identified. The most dominant predator was the European earwig, <i>Forficula auricularia</i> L. (Dermaptera: Forficulidae), with 90% of all predation events. We conclude that <i>F. auricularia</i> is likely a key predator of vineyard pests, and that special attention should be paid to maintain it at high population densities.</p>","PeriodicalId":11741,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","volume":"172 9","pages":"818-826"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eea.13456","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140671418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of substrate-borne vibrational signals in the sexual communication of the painted bug, Bagrada hilaris","authors":"Marica Scala,&nbsp;Chiara Peccerillo,&nbsp;Jalal M. Fouani,&nbsp;Rachele Nieri,&nbsp;Nuray Baser,&nbsp;Vincenzo Verrastro,&nbsp;Massimo Cristofaro,&nbsp;Gianfranco Anfora,&nbsp;Valerio Mazzoni","doi":"10.1111/eea.13450","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eea.13450","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The invasive alien stink bug <i>Bagrada hilaris</i> (Burmeister) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), native to eastern-southern Africa and central-southern Asia, poses significant economic threats to agroecosystems due to its polyphagous diet with a preference for brassicaceous crops. Current control methods using broad-spectrum insecticides are expensive and often result in significant negative ecological impacts, as well as posing a health risk to consumers. This study provides a detailed description of the mating behavior of <i>B. hilaris</i>, with the aim to ascertain whether substrate-borne vibrations have a role in premating phases. Such knowledge may contribute to the development of alternative biorational control techniques employing vibrational strategies. Virgin adults were tested individually or in pairs on different substrates, that is, a loudspeaker membrane and a bean plant. Vibrations emitted by males and females were recorded using a laser Doppler vibrometer, and the following spectral and temporal parameters were analyzed: fundamental frequency, emission time, repetition time, and signal modulation. Three distinct types of vibration emitted by males and females were identified: a male vibrotype (MV-1), a female vibrotype (FV), and a copula signal exclusively emitted by males (MS-2). MV-1 and FV were emitted prior to genitalia contact, whereas MS-2 was emitted within the mounting and engagement phases. Statistical analysis revealed significant transitions in behavioral phases for couples that achieved mating. By analyzing the walking behavior, there was an inverse relationship between motility and signal emission when comparing the two sexes, which suggests that males might engage in a form of searching behavior. These findings provide insight into the crucial role of vibrational communication to achieve mating in <i>B. hilaris</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":11741,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","volume":"172 12","pages":"1141-1153"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eea.13450","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140680515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Defence functions of mucus secreted from the larval body surface of the moth Phauda flammans","authors":"Da-Xing Lu,&nbsp;Xiong Zhao He,&nbsp;Hong-Yi Li,&nbsp;Zuo-Jun Liu,&nbsp;Neng Yang,&nbsp;Xiao-Yun Wang,&nbsp;Xia-Lin Zheng","doi":"10.1111/eea.13452","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eea.13452","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Many invertebrates and vertebrates secrete mucus from their body surface, which plays a crucial role in protecting themselves from attacks by microorganism or predators. This study reports on the potential functions of mucus secreted from the body surface of larvae of the moth <i>Phauda flammans</i> (Walker) (Lepidoptera: Phaudidae). We tested whether the mucus could inhibit the growth of the fungus <i>Beauveria bassiana</i> PfBb (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. (Hypocreales) and attract and/or deter predators such as the crazy ant, <i>Paratrechina longicornis</i> (Latreille) (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), and the predatory bug <i>Eocanthecona furcellata</i> (Wolff) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae). Our results showed that de- and rehydrated mucus concentrations of 0.5–1.0 mg mL⁻¹ had an inhibitory effect on the conidial germination and colony growth of <i>B. bassiana</i> PfBb; however, <i>P. flammans</i> mucus did not significantly affect fungal sporulation. Raw mucus and mucus concentrations of 1.0–4.0 mg mL⁻¹ attracted <i>P. longicornis</i> workers in a Y-tube olfactometer, whereas the physical viscosity of raw mucus hindered their foraging for food in a laboratory test. The <i>E. furcellata</i> adults did not display a preference for the odour of <i>P. flammans</i> mucus. Therefore, <i>P. flammans</i> mucus may inhibit pathogenic microorganisms and attract or repel predators, but the mucus does not act as a complete deterrent.</p>","PeriodicalId":11741,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","volume":"172 8","pages":"730-737"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140681657","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Predicting the potential distribution of Perina nuda under climate change in China","authors":"Xinjie Mao,&nbsp;Huisen Zheng,&nbsp;Songkai Liao,&nbsp;Hongjian Wei,&nbsp;Haoyu Lin,&nbsp;Qi Wang,&nbsp;Hui Chen","doi":"10.1111/eea.13451","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eea.13451","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Perina nuda</i> (Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) is an important leaf-feeding pest of <i>Ficus</i> species. It significantly affects the growth and reproduction of <i>Ficus</i> species, the economic prospects of growers, and the beauty of urban gardens. This study employed the MaxEnt model to predict and analyze the potential distribution of <i>P. nuda</i> in China, utilizing global distribution data and the correlation between the distribution of <i>P. nuda</i> and environmental variables. The results showed that the dominant environmental variables influencing the distribution of <i>P. nuda</i> included the warmest quarterly precipitation, coldest monthly minimum temperature, annual precipitation, and wettest monthly precipitation. The potential distribution area of <i>P. nuda</i> in China under current climatic conditions is 158 × 10⁴ km², accounting for 16.4% of the total area of the country. According to the SSP5-8.5 scenario in 2050, the potential distribution area of <i>P. nuda</i> is projected to reach 200 × 10⁴ km², an increase of 26.5% compared to the current. <i>P. nuda</i> is widespread in China and has a tendency to spread, threatening the growth of <i>Ficus</i> species. This study is important for monitoring and control of <i>P. nuda</i> in areas where it is present, and where it may be present in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":11741,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","volume":"172 8","pages":"738-750"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140686401","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exposure to entomopathogenic fungus and high larval density induce a strong immune response and life-history costs in black soldier fly, a commercially important insect","authors":"Leonard Owuraku Opare,&nbsp;Annette Bruun Jensen,&nbsp;Antoine Lecocq,&nbsp;Sille Holm,&nbsp;Toomas Esperk","doi":"10.1111/eea.13449","DOIUrl":"10.1111/eea.13449","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Pathogen infection and conspecific density may considerably affect key life-history traits of organisms. For naturally aggregating species, even low concentrations of pathogens or high larval densities may have detrimental effects. However, the detailed influence of these factors, particularly their interaction effect, is often overlooked in ecological and life-history studies. To investigate the effects of conspecific density and pathogen infection on life-history traits, we explored the influence of larval density (1 and 5 larvae cm⁻², i.e., low and high density, respectively) on phenoloxidase (PO) activity, body mass, and development time of <i>Hermetia illucens</i> L. (Diptera: Stratiomyidae) larvae in the presence of two strains of the entomopathogenic fungus (EPF) <i>Beauveria bassiana</i> (Bals.-Criv.) Vuill. We observed higher PO activity in EPF-treated larvae than in the untreated control and a pronounced difference in PO activity between the two EPF-strain treatments. Larvae reared at high density and treated with EPF showed higher PO activity than untreated larvae at low density. The EPF-treated larvae and larvae reared at high density had longer larval periods than untreated larvae and larvae reared at low density, respectively. Larvae reared at high density also achieved reduced prepupal and pupal masses compared to conspecifics at low density. Interestingly, untreated larvae only achieved higher prepupal and pupal masses at low density, whereas at high density, the pattern was reversed (treated individuals had higher pupal masses). Overall, our results demonstrate that high density and fungal pathogens both induce a higher immune response compared to low density and pathogen-free environments, but this comes with a cost of a longer larval period and reduced body mass.</p>","PeriodicalId":11741,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","volume":"172 8","pages":"710-719"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2024-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140709490","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}