Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata最新文献

{"title":"Improper Use of Copper-Based Fungicides May Promote Population Growth in Bactrocera dorsalis","authors":"Xiang Li,&nbsp;Chenyang Liu,&nbsp;Yuhao Liu,&nbsp;Mengdan Dai,&nbsp;Huanhuan Zhang,&nbsp;Ziling Tang,&nbsp;Qing Zhai,&nbsp;Shiheng An","doi":"10.1111/eea.70116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.70116","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Heavy metal pollution has emerged as an urgent environmental and public health concern. Excessive heavy metals can be transmitted and accumulated in animals and plants along the food chain, thereby affecting the growth, development, and stability of the biological community. Copper (Cu)-based fungicides are a class of plant protectants that usually persist in large quantities on plant surfaces, and there are even cases of abuse and overuse in some regions. <i>Bactrocera dorsalis</i> (Hendel) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a quarantine pest with wide distribution and host range. This study evaluated the effects of varying concentrations of Cu²⁺ derived from Cu-based fungicides on the reproduction and insecticide tolerance of <i>B. dorsalis</i>. The results showed that ingestion of low-concentration Cu²⁺ (2 μg/g) prolonged the lifespan of adults and improved egg hatchability, enhancing the <i>Vg/VgR</i> expression, ovary development, and egg production. Conversely, when exposed to medium concentration (10 μg/g), these parameters declined significantly. Interestingly, under high concentrations of Cu²⁺ (50 μg/g), the parameters rebounded to varying degrees. In addition, after excessive Cu²⁺ intake, the tolerance of <i>B. dorsalis</i> to imidacloprid, clothianidin, and deltamethrin increased significantly. Collectively, our results proved that the improper use of Cu-based fungicides may promote the population expansion of <i>B. dorsalis</i> and improve its tolerance to adverse environments such as insecticides.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11741,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","volume":"174 9","pages":"989-998"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148704507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alternative Food for Litter-Inhabiting Predators Decreases Thrips Densities and Above-Ground Plant Damage","authors":"Karen Muñoz-Cárdenas,&nbsp;Diana Rueda-Ramirez,&nbsp;Firdevs Ersin,&nbsp;Farid Faraji,&nbsp;Arne Janssen","doi":"10.1111/eea.70117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.70117","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Predatory mites are the most successful group of natural enemies of plant pests, but the potential of soil predatory mites to control pests, especially those that are partially edaphic, has been relatively underexploited. Here, we report on the identification of a predatory soil mite, obtained from a commercial rose greenhouse, capable of controlling the thrips <i>Frankliniella occidentalis</i> (Pergande) (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in the presence or absence of alternative food supplied to the litter. We first sampled litter from the greenhouse and applied it to the base of rose (<i>Rosa</i> sp. L., Rosales: Rosaceae) plants, either with or without <i>Carpoglyphus lactis</i> (L.) (Acari: Carpoglyphidae), a mite commonly found in the litter layer in rose greenhouses, as alternative food. Subsequently, the plants were infested with <i>F. occidentalis</i> and their densities were monitored. Larvae of this thrips species feed on above-ground plant parts, causing significant damage; prepupae and pupae live in the litter layer where they can be attacked by soil-dwelling predators. Densities of thrips and damage on above-ground plant parts were significantly reduced when litter-inhabiting predators, predominantly <i>Cosmolaelaps sabelisi</i> Sierra-Monroy &amp; Rueda-Ramírez (Acari: Laelapidae) and <i>Proctolaelaps pygmaeus</i> (Müller) (Acari: Melicharidae), were supplied with the alternative prey. Subsequent predation tests showed that the latter did not attack thrips pre-pupae, and a final experiment on rose plants showed that <i>C. sabelisi</i> alone significantly reduced thrips densities on the above-ground plant parts, presumably by feeding not only on the prepupae and pupae in the soil, but also on the larvae on the aboveground plant parts. Thus, we identified a new candidate natural enemy for thrips control.</p>","PeriodicalId":11741,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","volume":"174 9","pages":"1126-1134"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eea.70117","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148704237","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Linking Demography and Predation: Evaluating Cryptolaemus montrouzieri as an Effective Predator of the Papaya Mealybug","authors":"Elahe Rostami,&nbsp;Yan Jin,&nbsp;Jian Chen,&nbsp;Li-Zhen Zheng,&nbsp;Aurang Kavousi,&nbsp;Meng-Zhu Shi,&nbsp;Jian-Wei Fu","doi":"10.1111/eea.70125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.70125","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The mealybug destroyer <i>Cryptolaemus montrouzieri</i> Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) is a globally recognized predator of mealybugs and an important candidate for biological control programs. This study evaluated the demographic characteristics and predation performance of <i>C. montrouzieri</i> fed on Paracoccus marginatus (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) under controlled laboratory conditions (27°C ± 1°C, 70% ± 5% RH, 16:8 h L:D). Using the age-stage, two-sex life table approach, we quantified stage-specific development, survival, fecundity, and predation rates to provide a comprehensive population-level assessment. The preadult survival rate was 0.586, mean fecundity reached 117.0 eggs/female, and the net reproductive rate (R₀), intrinsic rate of increase (r), finite rate of increase (λ), and mean generation time (T) were 38.5 offspring, 0.1116 day⁻¹, 1.1181 day⁻¹, and 32.7 day, respectively. The net predation rate (C₀), transformation rate (Qₚ), and finite predation rate (ω) were 245.2 preys, 6.38, and 24.9 day⁻¹, respectively. Population projections indicated a rapid increase across three generations and substantial cumulative predation potential. Our results hint that <i>C. montrouzieri</i> exhibits strong demographic performance and high predatory capacity when reared on <i>P. marginatus</i>, highlighting its efficiency as a biological control agent. The integration of life table and predation models provides a precise framework for predicting predator–prey dynamics and optimizing release strategies in integrated pest management (IPM) programs. Future research under field and fluctuating temperature conditions is recommended to validate its large-scale biocontrol efficacy.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11741,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","volume":"174 9","pages":"1084-1097"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148704369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Clogmia albipunctata Larvae Influence the Odour Dynamics of Rotting Organic Matter","authors":"Niels J. E. van Hof,&nbsp;Luuk Torn,&nbsp;Jan J. Wieringa,&nbsp;Aglaia M. Bouma","doi":"10.1111/eea.70142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.70142","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Environmental malodors, particularly from wastewater treatment plants, are a growing concern due to their impact on health and well-being. The drain fly, <i>Clogmia albipunctata</i> (Williston, 1893) (Diptera: Psychodidae, Psychodinae, Paramormiini), is commonly found in sewage treatment plants and household drains, where its larvae help unclog drains and consume biofilm and bacteria that cause odors. This study examined the effect of these larvae on malodor by adding them to containers with rotting nettle (<i>Urtica dioica</i> L.) and dewatered sewage sludge. Odor differences between control and treatment containers were assessed by measuring volatile organic compounds (VOCs) with a PTR–ToF mass spectrometer and hedonic tone ratings by nonprofessional people. Chemical analysis showed a significant increase in odorous compound concentrations and composition, as well as a higher total odor active value (SOAV), in sewage sludge with larvae, possibly caused by enhanced evaporation and decomposition. However, results for nettle sludge medium were inconclusive, possibly due to fewer larvae, but did show decreased concentrations of some key odorants due to larval activities. No significant results were yielded from the hedonic ratings, potentially because laypeople were used instead of a trained panel. This study provides a unique case of insects influencing odor dynamics in rotting organic matter and can potentially inform future research and strategies for managing environmental malodors in wastewater treatment processes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11741,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","volume":"174 9","pages":"1053-1062"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eea.70142","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148704436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Non-Destructive Method for Sex Identification in a Tubuliferan Thrips","authors":"Brianna Foster,&nbsp;F. Allen Dray,&nbsp;Dale Halbritter","doi":"10.1111/eea.70121","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.70121","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Accurate sex identification of the biological control agent <i>Pseudophilothrips ichini</i> Hood (Thysanoptera: Phlaeothripidae) is a useful tool for colony management and experimental applications, particularly in this haplodiploid species where sex ratios are prone to fluctuation. Yet destructive methods of sex identification limit specimen usage, prompting the need for a sex identification method for live thrips. In this study we present a new live sexing protocol for <i>P. ichini</i> involving temporary immobilization on a chilled stage and examination via a digital microscope. We compared the new protocol to the existing destructive sex identification method using an individual-level comparison and a population-level sex ratio comparison. Despite an error rate of 6.7%, the live-sexing protocol represents a practical alternative to the destructive method of sex identification for <i>P. ichini</i>, and this new method offers promise for adaptation to other species of thrips.</p>","PeriodicalId":11741,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","volume":"174 9","pages":"1135-1140"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eea.70121","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148704297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Micro-Environmental Variation and Plasticity for Body Size Traits: Analyses of Intra- and Inter-Population Variability in Drosophila melanogaster","authors":"Juan Jose Fanara,&nbsp;Valeria Paula Carreira","doi":"10.1111/eea.70129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.70129","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Phenotypic expression is inherently variable, reflecting genetic effects, environmental influences and stochastic developmental processes. Although body size has been extensively studied in <i>Drosophila melanogaster</i>, the genetic basis and phenotypic plasticity of micro-environmental variation remain poorly characterized. We quantified genetic variation, population differentiation, sexual dimorphism, and thermal plasticity of micro-environmental sensitivity, estimated as the coefficient of environmental variation (CV_E), for wing length, face width and thorax length measured in the same individuals. A total of 108 highly inbred lines derived from three natural populations (North Carolina, USA; Lavalle and Uspallata, Argentina) were reared at two developmental temperatures (17°C and 25°C) under controlled conditions. CV_E differed significantly among traits, populations, sexes and temperatures, with face width consistently exhibiting higher micro-environmental sensitivity than wing and thorax length. Thermal plasticity of CV_E was detected for all traits, generally characterized by higher CV_E at lower temperature, and showed marked sexual dimorphism, with females displaying steeper reaction-norm slopes than males. The analyses evaluating CV_E thermal plasticity revealed absence of local adaptation but sexual dimorphism and differences among traits. It should be noted that the pattern of micro-environmental plasticity detected for sexual dimorphism and between traits was similar among the populations analyzed. We also demonstrated that genetic control of micro-environmental variability is shared between traits indicating that the genetic architecture of the environmental sensitivity of the traits analyzed would be similar. Together, our analyses suggest that micro-environmental canalization operates at the organismal rather than trait-specific level.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11741,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","volume":"174 9","pages":"1042-1052"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148704422","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Entomopathogenic Fungi on the Survival, Hemocyte Profile, and Detoxification Enzyme Activity of Yponomeuta padella (L) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae)","authors":"Maryam Ajamhassani","doi":"10.1111/eea.70138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.70138","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The small ermine moth <i>Yponomeuta padella</i> (L) (Lepidoptera: Yponomeutidae) is a major pest of certain <i>Rosaceae</i> plants in orchards and forest ecosystems in Iran, causing substantial damage to leaves and young branches. This study evaluates the biology and immune responses of <i>Y. padella</i> under controlled conditions and examines its susceptibility to entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) isolates: <i>Beauveria bassiana</i> (Fashand, 47, b2), <i>Isaria farinosa</i> (1872-c), and <i>Aspergillus</i> sp. (A1). Insects were reared at 24°C ± 1°C, 60% relative humidity, and a 14:10 light–dark cycle. Following hemolymph extraction and Giemsa staining, five hemocyte types were identified using validated morphological keys: prohemocytes, plasmatocytes, granulocytes, oenocytoids, and spherulocytes. Granulocytes and plasmatocytes predominated in the later instars. Bioassays with EPF isolates under the same conditions revealed significant larval mortality. Isolates b2 and 47 induced the highest mortality rates, reaching 70%–75% at the maximum concentration. The most pronounced reduction in pupation and adult emergence rates was associated with isolate b2. The pupal duration increased in all fungal treatments. In contrast, male longevity was reduced across all fungal exposures. Hemocyte counts significantly increased between 3 and 6 h post-treatment, with granulocytes and plasmatocytes peaking. Enzymatic assays demonstrated marked alterations: phenoloxidase (PO) activity peaked at 12–24 h, while glutathione S-transferase (GST) and esterase (EST) activities peaked at 24 and 48 h post-treatment in exposed larvae. acetylcholinesterase (AChE) reduced at 48 h post treatment. These results underscore the biocontrol potential of EPF, particularly <i>B. bassiana</i>, against <i>Y. padella</i>, by significantly affecting developmental dynamics and immune parameters.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11741,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","volume":"174 9","pages":"1108-1125"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148704231","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"G6PDH Plays a Novel Role in Insect Reproduction by Regulating Vitellogenin and Its Receptor in Myzus persicae","authors":"Liu Jiarui,&nbsp;Meng Jianyu,&nbsp;Jin Xin,&nbsp;Zhang Changyu","doi":"10.1111/eea.70141","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.70141","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) is a highly conserved enzyme across species in the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) and plays a crucial role in embryonic development. As embryos are relatively sensitive to oxidative stress, the absence of G6PDH may lead to embryonic lethality. This study systematically investigates the regulatory role of <i>glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase</i> (<i>G6PDH</i>) genes in the reproductive process of the globally significant agricultural pest, <i>Myzus persicae</i>. Two key genes, <i>MpG6PDH1</i> and <i>MpG6PDH2</i>, were first cloned and identified. Expression pattern analysis revealed distinct tissue and developmental stage specificity for both genes: they were highly expressed in the epidermis and midgut, with <i>MpG6PDH1</i> showing peak expression during the adult stage, while <i>MpG6PDH2</i> was significantly upregulated at the fourth-instar nymphal stage, suggesting their respective close associations with adult fecundity and the transition from nymph to reproductive stage. Subsequently, functional verification was conducted through RNA interference experiments. It was found that at the optimal dsRNA treatment concentration of 160 ng/μL, both <i>MpG6PDH1</i> and <i>MpG6PDH2</i> gene silencing could inhibit the G6PDH activity in <i>M. persicae</i>, as well as the expression of <i>Vg</i> and <i>VgR</i> genes. Abnormal developmental phenotypes such as body curling and surface wrinkling occurred, and the production of nymphs significantly decreased (by 36.72% and 51.51% respectively), and the population establishment ability weakened (reaching 40.2% and 44.5% respectively on the sixth day). The findings demonstrate that the <i>G6PDH</i> gene plays a key regulatory role in the normal development and reproductive capacity of the <i>M. persicae</i>. This result not only fills a research gap regarding the role of <i>G6PDH</i> in insect reproductive regulation but also provides an important molecular target and theoretical basis for developing novel green control strategies targeting reproductive processes.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11741,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","volume":"174 9","pages":"1075-1083"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148704322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying Species- and Community-Level Predation by Carabids on Pests and Beneficials in Wheat and Beet Fields","authors":"Marion Rosec,&nbsp;Yann Tricault,&nbsp;Sylvain Poggi,&nbsp;Elsa Canard,&nbsp;Ambre Sacco Martret de Préville,&nbsp;Pierre Gendron,&nbsp;Lena Barascou,&nbsp;Marianne Doehler,&nbsp;Ségolène Buzy,&nbsp;Aurore Arnoult,&nbsp;Anne Le Ralec,&nbsp;Manuel Plantegenest,&nbsp;Abel Masson","doi":"10.1111/eea.70107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.70107","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In this study, we apply a hierarchical Bayesian model to quantify predation by carabid beetles at species and community levels across three cropping contexts: fodder beet, sugar beet, and winter wheat. Prey includes pests (aphids and slugs) and beneficial organisms (earthworms, springtails, and spiders). Model predictions indicate higher overall predation pressure in wheat than in beet. However, the median diet composition contains a larger share of pests in beet fields, whereas consumption of earthworms and spiders is greater in wheat. The strongest diet shifts among cropping contexts occur in smaller carabids (genera <i>Bembidion</i> Latreille, 1802 [Carabidae: Bembidiini] and <i>Trechus</i> Clairville, 1806 [Carabidae: Trechini]), whereas larger species (<i>Pterostichus melanarius</i> [Illiger, 1798] [Carabidae: Pterostichini], <i>Pseudoophonus rufipes</i> [De Geer, 1774] [Carabidae: Harpalini], and <i>Poecilus cupreus</i> [Linnaeus, 1758] [Carabidae: Pterostichini]) show more stable diets. Although community structure (species and relative abundances) differs markedly between wheat and beet, it does not appear to be the main driver of the community-level predation indicator. Overall, our results support a higher potential for aphid biocontrol by carabid communities in sugar beet, with a lower collateral impact on earthworms and spiders.</p>","PeriodicalId":11741,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","volume":"174 8","pages":"812-821"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eea.70107","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148534435","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Impacts of a Sweet Orange Essential Oil–Based Biopesticide on Exorista larvarum, a Parasitoid Tachinid Fly With a Dual Role","authors":"Santolo Francati,&nbsp;Fabio Sgolastra,&nbsp;Rafaela Tadei,&nbsp;Maria Luisa Dindo","doi":"10.1111/eea.70147","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/eea.70147","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The use of biopesticides in agriculture has grown in recent years, but the effects on non-target species remain insufficiently understood. We assessed both the lethal (e.g., survival) and sublethal (e.g., fecundity and fertility) effects of Prev-Am Plus, a sweet orange essential oil-based biopesticide, on the parasitoid <i>Exorista larvarum</i> (L.) (Diptera: Tachinidae). This species was selected as a model non-target insect due to its dual role as a parasitoid of pest lepidopterans and as a pollinator. Fecundity was expressed as the number of eggs laid, whereas fertility was expressed as the proportion of eggs developing into puparia. The experimental techniques were adapted from internationally recognized protocols used for assessing pesticide toxicity on <i>Apis mellifera</i> L., a reference insect species in environmental risk assessment. Mated <i>E. larvarum</i> females were utilized in the experiments. Both acute contact (a) and oral (b) toxicity were tested by applying a single 1 μL drop of biopesticide solution onto the fly thorax (a) or offering 10 μL of biopesticide solution as food to flies (b). Different concentrations (0.25%, 0.5%, 5%, 10%, 20%) of the commercial product were tested. The results showed that both contact and oral exposure to Prev-Am Plus exhibited a dose–response relationship, with mortality increasing with concentration. In contact assays, the estimated LC₂₀ was 3.93%, while the LC₅₀ exceeded the highest tested concentration (20%). In oral assays, the proportion of females consuming the test solution decreased with increasing concentration. Among females that ingested more than 50% of the solution, mortality increased with concentration, with estimated LC₂₀ and LC₅₀ values of 2.5% and 10.8%, respectively. No effects on fecundity or fertility were detected following either exposure route.</p>","PeriodicalId":11741,"journal":{"name":"Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata","volume":"174 8","pages":"933-941"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eea.70147","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148522724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}