Drug Delivery最新文献

{"title":"Skin physiologically based pharmacokinetic modeling: current research progress, software comparison, and future perspectives.","authors":"Yafen Li, Yuxiao Li, Ya-Xin Liu, Han-Feng Zhang, Shengnan Zhang, Yun Kuang, Qi Pei, Guoping Yang","doi":"10.1080/10717544.2026.2726638","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10717544.2026.2726638","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Transdermal and topical delivery systems (TDS) have emerged as the third-largest route of administration due to their ability to bypass first-pass metabolism and maintain stable plasma concentrations. Skin physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models mechanistically characterize the percutaneous absorption process, predict local and systemic exposure, and enhance research and development efficiency through virtual clinical trials. This paper first elaborates on the theoretical foundation of skin PBPK modeling based on Fick's second law of diffusion and compares the model assumptions and application scenarios of four well-established and validated modeling platforms: Simcyp, GastroPlus, Skin-CAD, and PK-Sim. The findings indicate that Simcyp provides a refined depiction of skin physiological structure and is widely applied in clinical evaluation and special population prediction. GastroPlus focuses more on the mechanistic description of TDS formulations. Skin-CAD, as a specialized software, is extensively utilized for <i>in vitro-in vivo</i> extrapolation (IVIVE) predictions and formulation optimization. PK-Sim, as a freely accessible open-source software, has been used to investigate the physiological ontogeny of skin in pediatric populations. However, existing studies share limitations such as highly inconsistent model structures with varying complexity, challenges in acquiring accurate parameters, and a scarcity of physiological information for special populations. Future research should prioritize optimizing parameter acquisition methods and broadening physiological databases for pediatric, geriatric, and skin-lesion populations. Additionally, integrating non-invasive imaging technologies to construct high-precision 'digital twin' skin models represents a critical future direction. These advancements will drive the transition of PBPK models from descriptive tools to supportive instruments for individualized dosing and regulatory decision-making.</p>","PeriodicalId":11679,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery","volume":"33 1","pages":"2726638"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13552320/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148905600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"pH-responsive hydrogel delivery of <i>Lycium barbarum</i> glycopeptide coordinates immune-matrix crosstalk to enhance wound healing.","authors":"Shuang Lai, Shasha Lei, Chuanjie Zeng, Yizhe Fu, Linya Zeng, Xinxiong Xia, Yandong Mu","doi":"10.1080/10717544.2026.2726621","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10717544.2026.2726621","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Advanced wound dressings should combine physical protection with localized and microenvironment-responsive delivery of therapeutic agents. <i>Lycium barbarum</i> glycopeptide (LbGp), a naturally derived macromolecular preparation with reported immunomodulatory and tissue-protective activities; however, its topical use is limited by rapid diffusion and insufficient local retention. Here, we engineered an injectable oxidized sodium alginate/gelatin hydrogel (OSA/Gel@LbGp) for localized delivery of LbGp through dynamic Schiff-base crosslinking. OSA/Gel@LbGp showed favorable cytocompatibility, promoted HaCaT keratinocyte migration, and shifted LPS-challenged macrophages toward a repair-associated phenotype, as evidenced by reduced CD68, TNF-<i>α</i>, and IL-1β and increased CD206, ARG-1, and TGF-β1. In a murine 5-mm full-thickness excisional wound model, OSA/Gel@LbGp accelerated wound closure, reduced granulation-tissue gaps, enhanced re-epithelialization, and improved dermal organization and collagen deposition. RNA sequencing subsequently identified 2,097 upregulated and 980 downregulated genes, revealing an ECM-centered reparative program enriched in ECM-receptor interaction, cell-matrix adhesion, and matrix-remodeling pathways, with Mmp11 emerging as a representative remodeling-associated gene. Consistent with this transcriptional findings, treated wound tissues exhibited increased collagen I/COL1A1, MMP11, and VEGF signals,and reduced inflammation-linked MMP9. Collectively, OSA/Gel@LbGp promoted wound repair by coordinating early immune modulation with subsequent ECM reconstruction. These findings establish a delivery-centered strategy for translating natural macromolecular bioactives into advanced wound dressings that improve both healing kinetics and tissue-repair quality.</p>","PeriodicalId":11679,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery","volume":"33 1","pages":"2726621"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13674670/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149191924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ROS-triggerable dual nanocoated probiotics for inflammatory bowel disease treatment.","authors":"Guangze Sang, Sizhen Wang, Qiwei Tai, Yunchang Zhang, Xufang Wang, Baoling Yan, Weiwei Jiang, Zhendong Chen, Linhong Sun, Jiao Zhou, Xiaoxian Wu, Zi Ye, Feng Yang, Jun Luo, Beibei Guo","doi":"10.1080/10717544.2026.2630460","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10717544.2026.2630460","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), an immune-mediated chronic gastrointestinal disease, is difficult to treat because its specific pathogenic mechanisms are currently unclear, and its recurrence rate is high. Probiotic therapies have been used to treat IBD; however, challenges, including poor digestive stability and unstable treatment effects, remain. Catechins are natural flavonoids with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties. In this study, we link catechins to the amino side chain of ethylene glycol chitosan through phenylboronic acid as a nano coating for probiotics, and enhance their stability under acidic conditions with sodium alginate. The resulting double-layer nano coating system is triggered by reactive oxygen species (ROS) for probiotic-small molecule combination therapy. After oral administration, the nano coating helps probiotics stabilize and pass through the harsh digestive environment, respond to the high ROS environment at the site of inflammation, and release anti-inflammatory drugs. The coating breaks down and adheres to the cell surface while releasing probiotics to regulate the intestinal microbiota environment and achieve combined therapy. The method exerts a certain therapeutic effect in a dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced mouse model of ulcerative colitis. This study combines traditional targeted drug therapy concepts with biological therapies to improve IBD treatment efficacy and reduce side effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":11679,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery","volume":"33 1","pages":"2630460"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12912239/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146194357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microfluidic-engineered glucose-responsive microparticle depot for smart insulin delivery.","authors":"Zhihan Li, YanWen Zhang, Chuanpin Chen","doi":"10.1080/10717544.2026.2726633","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10717544.2026.2726633","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Diabetes mellitus, chronic metabolic disease marked by persistent hyperglycemia resulting from inadequate insulin production or impaired action. Despite advancements in glucose-responsive insulin delivery systems, challenges persist such as limited responsiveness to dynamic glucose fluctuations, in vivo biocompatibility, and production scalability with uniform performance. However, insulin-loaded microspheres combined with microfluidics-based technology improve the subcutaneous insulin reservoir and homogeneous microsphere production rate. This study presents a microfluidic-engineered glucose-responsive controlled-insulin release microsphere using Glucose oxidase (GOx) as the glucose-sensing unit and a hybrid carrier composed of poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA) and acid-sensitive acetalated dextran (Ac-dex). The microfluidic-based fabrication method ensured uniform and controllable microsphere size and stable performance with satisfactory batch-to-batch reproducibility. In Streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic mice, the microspheres maintained normal blood glucose levels for at least 20 hours. Absence of additional treatment-induced organ toxicity, systemic inflammation, and low hypoglycemic index ensured that the formulation is safe. Besides, this study provides a promising strategy for closed-loop insulin therapy, with potential clinical applications in improving glycemic control and reducing the burden of diabetes management.</p>","PeriodicalId":11679,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery","volume":"33 1","pages":"2726633"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13543840/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148886783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance evaluation of an adalimumab biosimilar autoinjector and its reference device: comparative use human factors study in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and juvenile idiopathic arthritis.","authors":"Sam Moses K, Suryaprakash Konda Ramachary Subramanian","doi":"10.1080/10717544.2026.2649991","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10717544.2026.2649991","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>A Comparative Use Human Factors study was conducted to assess whether the injection success rate (SR) with biosimilar adalimumab-fkjp (Bios-ADA) autoinjector (Hulio®) is comparable to reference adalimumab (Ref-ADA) autoinjector (Humira®), accounting for design differences, including the absence of an activation button, to evaluate usability in the target patient population. A counterbalanced, multicenter study was conducted under simulated conditions, with patients completing multiple steps to administer the medication (40 mg Bios-ADA or Ref-ADA) into an injection pad using both devices. The endpoint was the overall SR for completing critical delivery system tasks with each device. A total of 55 patients (50 adults with rheumatoid arthritis and five patients with juvenile idiopathic arthritis and/or pediatric Crohn's disease) were enrolled. The overall SR for patients using the Bios-ADA autoinjector and the Ref-ADA was 92.7% (51/55) and 87.3% (48/55), respectively. Four and seven use errors were observed with the Bios-ADA and Ref-ADA autoinjectors, respectively. Bios-ADA autoinjector was non-inferior to Ref-ADA autoinjector, and design differences did not introduce clinically significant use-related risks. The Bios-ADA autoinjector can be used as a practical alternative to the Ref-ADA autoinjector from a usability perspective, with comparable overall performance during self-administration.</p>","PeriodicalId":11679,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery","volume":"33 1","pages":"2649991"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13015018/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147509266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical simulation of PDRN iontophoresis: comparison with passive diffusion and key parameter analysis.","authors":"Jongho Cho, Dongjun Han, Hyemi Lee, Dong-Wook Park","doi":"10.1080/10717544.2026.2726625","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10717544.2026.2726625","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Polydeoxyribonucleotide (PDRN) is a bio-derived therapeutic agent known to exhibit regenerative, angiogenic, and anti-inflammatory effects. However, its relatively large molecular size limits penetration across the skin barrier, thereby reducing the feasibility of noninvasive transdermal delivery. Iontophoresis is a promising approach for enhancing the transport of charged macromolecules, yet quantitative understanding of PDRN iontophoresis remains limited. Here, we present an <i>in silico</i> framework for cathodal PDRN iontophoresis based on the Nernst-Planck equation, focusing on passive diffusion and electromigration. The PDRN diffusion coefficient was determined from Franz diffusion cell experiments using the lag-time method, and the effective charge was estimated from prior experimental reports on dsDNA. A three-layer skin model comprising the stratum corneum, epidermis, and dermis was employed, and PDRN transport was analyzed as a function of applied current density, initial PDRN concentration, delivery time, and PDRN diffusion coefficient. Transport was quantified using molar flux and cumulative permeation at the epidermis-dermis interface and mid-dermis. The results clarify parameter-dependent regulation of delivery and reveal a depth-dependent shift in the dominant transport mechanism, highlighting the importance of iontophoresis for macromolecular delivery. Using calibrated outputs, we assessed agreement with experimental permeation data using the root-mean-square deviation (RMSD), mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), and the coefficient of determination (R²). Overall, this work provides a computational baseline to predict PDRN iontophoresis outcomes and proposes practical iontophoresis strategies for PDRN to guide device design.</p>","PeriodicalId":11679,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery","volume":"33 1","pages":"2726625"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13618095/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149059306","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nanotherapeutics for enhanced treatments for ovarian cancer: a comprehensive minireview.","authors":"Xiaotong Xu, Binting Li, Keyi Xu, Ting Zhang","doi":"10.1080/10717544.2025.2605387","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10717544.2025.2605387","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>As one of the most lethal gynecological malignancies, ovarian cancer (OC) significantly impacts the health and quality of life of women globally. Currently, surgical intervention and chemotherapy remain the primary clinical treatment modalities for OC. With ongoing advancements in the understanding of molecular mechanisms, various therapeutic strategies such as poly-ADP-ribose polymerase inhibitors (PARPi) treatment, immunotherapy, and combination therapies have also been introduced into clinical practice. However, significant challenges, such as systemic adverse effects, high recurrence rates, and the development of drug resistance, greatly limit their efficacy. To overcome these limitations, nanotherapeutics have emerged as promising multifunctional drug delivery systems for both the diagnosis and treatment of OC over the past few decades, owing to their ability to specifically target malignant tissues and enable controlled drug release. In this paper, we first review the tumor-targeting mechanisms of nanoparticles, which can guide researchers in designing suitable and effective nanomedicines with translational potential. We subsequently provide a detailed overview of several representative nanotherapeutic approaches used in the treatment of OC, including their roles in enhancing chemotherapy, PARPi therapy, immunotherapy, light- or ultrasound-mediated therapies, and various combination strategies. Finally, we discuss future perspectives and potential directions for nanotherapeutics in advancing personalized and targeted treatment of OC.</p>","PeriodicalId":11679,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery","volume":"33 1","pages":"2605387"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12724186/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145803486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wedelactone-loaded exosomes for sepsis-induced liver injury: a novel therapeutic strategy.","authors":"Yanping Yin, Lulu Zhang, Yanli Yin, Jinyi Zhao, Rui Gong, Xuan Zhou, Haiyue Zhang, Fei Mu, Jingwen Wang","doi":"10.1080/10717544.2026.2693353","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10717544.2026.2693353","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Sepsis-induced liver injury (SILI) is an important cause of death in intensive care patients, which seriously affects clinical prognosis. Wedelolactone (WEL) exhibits hepatoprotective properties, however, its clinical application is constrained by its poor solubility and insufficient targeting ability. Therefore, in this study, an innovative exosome (Exo)-based drug delivery system loaded with WEL (Exo@WEL) was constructed. The aim was to enhance the liver-targeting efficacy and therapeutic performance of WEL. Exo were extracted from the mice macrophages cell line RAW264.7 by differential centrifugation, and WEL was successfully loaded using ultrasonic incubation. Exo@WEL was characterized by TEM, particle size analysis, and NTA, confirming its structural suitability as an exogenous agent. DiR labeling revealed that Exo@WEL had a significantly enhanced liver-targeting ability compared to WEL. Safety was confirmed by HE staining test. In the SILI models, Exo@WEL showed better hepatoprotection over WEL. Beyond entinfinmtory actvity menifested y decreased ro infammatory rokines, Exo@WEL reinforced antioxidant function and efectively restained feroptosis. Importantly, pharmacological inhibition of ML385, a selective Nrf2 inhibitor, confirmed the critical regulatory role of the Nrf2 pathway in mediating these multifaceted liver protective effects. This study pioneered the development of a targeted Exo-based nanoplatform (Exo@WEL) for SILI therapy. The mechanism study has revealed a potential therapeutic strategy for inhibiting oxidative stress and ferroptosis by regulating the Nrf2/SLC7A11/GPX4 axis. This preparation provides a novel nanotherapeutic strategy that combines high efficiency and safety for the treatment of SILI. These findings also lay a theoretical foundation for the clinical translation of Exo drug delivery systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":11679,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery","volume":"33 1","pages":"2693353"},"PeriodicalIF":8.0,"publicationDate":"2026-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13495035/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148359930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanics of small intestine motility for oral macromolecular delivery: modelling segmentation versus peristalsis.","authors":"Benyamin Naranjani, Shakhawath Hossain, Marco Tjakra, Pardis Azhand, Christel Bergström, Patrick Sinko, Per Larsson","doi":"10.1080/10717544.2025.2607779","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10717544.2025.2607779","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Intestinal motility, including peristalsis and segmentation, drives complex fluid movements critical for the oral delivery of biologics and other macromolecules. Despite advances, oral delivery remains commercially limited by low bioavailability, often attributed to poor epithelial permeability. However, variability in motility patterns may also play a critical role, influencing intraluminal distribution and thus absorption, yet this aspect remains underexplored. Here, we combine computational fluid dynamics and machine learning to evaluate how motility type, intensity, pocket size, contractility, and fluid composition affect the delivery of a model macromolecule (insulin) and a permeation enhancer (sodium caprate, C10). We find that segmentation, especially at light intensity, consistently enhances epithelial colocalisation over peristalsis. Under segmentation, smaller pocket sizes (2 mL versus 10 mL) and stronger contractility (occlusion ratio 0.3) yielded optimal performance. Our extreme gradient boosting regression model identified pocket volume, contractility, and motility type as dominant predictors of colocalisation. In a comparative analysis, segmentation led to 128% and 137% higher maximum normalised concentrations of insulin and C10, respectively, than moderate peristalsis with a nutritional drink. Overall, segmentation achieved 6.7-fold and 8.0-fold higher average maximum normalised concentrations for insulin and C10, respectively. These results emphasise segmentation, characteristic of the fed state, as a superior motility pattern for macromolecular absorption compared to peristalsis during the migrating motor complex (MMC). By elucidating the interplay between motility and transport, our findings may guide the design of more effective oral formulations and support personalised strategies for drug delivery based on individual motility profiles.</p>","PeriodicalId":11679,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery","volume":"33 1","pages":"2607779"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2026-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12777773/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145818588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Polymersome-based nanomedicine for combined cancer therapy.","authors":"Aidin Mohammadi Zonouz, Mehrshad Ebrahimpour, Kimia Zibaei, Mohammad Ramezani, Sahar Taghavi, Khalil Abnous, Seyed Mohammad Taghdisi, Mona Alibolandi","doi":"10.1080/10717544.2025.2577137","DOIUrl":"10.1080/10717544.2025.2577137","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Cancer is a complex disease characterized by uncontrolled cell growth and spread, often resulting in metastasis. The use of combination therapy, which involves the simultaneous application of two or more treatment methods, aims to enhance effectiveness and improve patient outcomes. This approach can enhance efficacy by targeting multiple mechanisms of cancer progression, leading to improved tumor response rates and survival. When combination therapy utilizes a codelivery platform, it enables dose reduction of each agent, thereby reducing side effects and increasing the therapeutic index. The simultaneous delivery of two or more drugs and therapeutic agents to solid tumors remains a major challenge in the development of more effective treatments. Polymersomes, owing to their unique and beneficial properties, are increasingly viewed as promising carriers for this purpose. They provide an excellent platform for combination therapies in cancer treatment. This review summarizes polymersome-based combination therapies, including chemotherapy, radiotherapy, antiangiogenic therapy, magnetic hyperthermia, dynamic therapy, starvation therapy, immunotherapy, photothermal therapy (PTT), and gene therapy. It also highlights recent advances and future prospects in polymersome-based combination cancer treatments. The aim of this study was to explore the challenges and opportunities in using polymersomes as drug codelivery vehicles, thereby enhancing our understanding of nanomedicine, especially in combination cancer therapies. Polymersome-based combination therapies have the potential to significantly transform current cancer treatments by enhancing accessibility, precision, and effectiveness while minimizing off-target effects.</p>","PeriodicalId":11679,"journal":{"name":"Drug Delivery","volume":"33 1","pages":"2577137"},"PeriodicalIF":8.1,"publicationDate":"2026-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12724104/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145803438","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}