Engineering in Life Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Molecular Pharming: Advances, Applications, and Future Prospects in Biotechnology and Medicine","authors":"Md. Hridoy Ahmed,&nbsp;Md. Mustak Khan,&nbsp;Shishir Dutta,&nbsp;Md. Foyzur Rahman,&nbsp;Mohammad Shariful Islam,&nbsp;Md. Najmul Hosen,&nbsp;Md. Saad Hossain,&nbsp;Md. Aftabur Rahman,&nbsp;Md. Sadman Hasan Sahil,&nbsp;Tanjuma Tasnim Hira,&nbsp; Ifthesum,&nbsp;Ashikur Rahaman,&nbsp;Md. Afser Rabbi,&nbsp;Laila Khaleda","doi":"10.1002/elsc.70075","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elsc.70075","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Genetically engineered plants incorporate the use of a novel bioreactor known as molecular pharming, which has a transformative view on the pharmaceutical industry. The technique enables mass production, at a low cost, and reproducibly of a large number of different protein-based drugs, vaccines, and industrial enzymes. This review-based study outlines the chronological evolution of molecular pharming, investigates its essential principles and elective applications, and meticulously compares it with other methods, namely conventional biomanufacturing. We present the numerous host organisms employed, the leading-edge genetic engineering procedure, and the sophisticated approaches for protein purification and extraction. Additionally, we deliver in-depth analysis of the noteworthy advantages that take place in molecular pharming as a captivating substitute, in conjunction with obstinate challenges, including concerns of public insights, intricate regulatory frameworks, and consideration for economic sustainability. Finally, this comprehensive study explores the promising direction, evolving innovations, and essential areas that influence future research to fully reveal the extensive potential of plant-based biopharmaceutical production for industrial strains and global health.</p>","PeriodicalId":11678,"journal":{"name":"Engineering in Life Sciences","volume":"26 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elsc.70075","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147565545","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Optimized Bioconversion of Naringenin to Hesperetin in Escherichia coli With Halide Methyltransferase-Mediated S-Adenosylmethionine Regeneration","authors":"Maik Wildhagen,&nbsp;Nina Malke,&nbsp;Qimin Wang,&nbsp;Xiaoying Zhuang,&nbsp;Sascha Beutel","doi":"10.1002/elsc.70069","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elsc.70069","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Hesperetin is a bioactive flavonoid with potential applications in pharmaceuticals and nutraceuticals, yet its low natural abundance limits commercial use. In this study, a two-step whole-cell bioconversion process was developed for the microbial production of hesperetin from naringenin in <i>Escherichia coli</i>. The 4-hydroxyphenylacetate-3-hydroxylase enzyme complex (HpaBC) enabled cytochrome P450-independent conversion of naringenin to eriodictyol. Subsequent 4′-<i>O</i>-methylation was achieved using a plant-derived flavonoid 4'-<i>O</i>-methyltransferase (FOMT) coupled with a halide methyltransferase (HMT) for in situ <i>S</i>-adenosylmethionine (SAM) regeneration. Enzyme activity was first confirmed individually in vitro and in vivo, followed by integration into recombinant whole-cell systems, co-expressing all desired enzymes. Process optimization through delayed co-substrate addition, improving induction conditions, and machine learning-guided parameter selection increased hesperetin yields up to 70.6% with minimal byproduct formation. This work demonstrates the feasibility of combining process development and digital optimization strategies for the sustainable production of methylated flavonoids in microbial systems. The resulting <i>E. coli</i> platform provides a scalable blueprint for future biotechnological applications involving cofactor-dependent plant secondary metabolism.</p>","PeriodicalId":11678,"journal":{"name":"Engineering in Life Sciences","volume":"26 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12930279/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147289219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Fungal Developmental Structures on Mechanical Properties of Mycelial Materials","authors":"Kelsey Gray,&nbsp;Harley Edwards,&nbsp;Alexander G. Doan,&nbsp;Walker Huso,&nbsp;JungHun Lee,&nbsp;Wanwei Pan,&nbsp;Nelanne Bolima,&nbsp;Isha Gautam,&nbsp;Tuo Wang,&nbsp;Ranjan Srivastava,&nbsp;Marc Zupan,&nbsp;Mark R. Marten,&nbsp;Steven D. Harris","doi":"10.1002/elsc.70066","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elsc.70066","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study explores how suppressing asexual development in <i>Aspergillus nidulans</i> enhances the mechanical properties of mycelial materials. Using four aconidial mutants <i>(∆brlA</i>, <i>∆flbA</i>, <i>∆fluG</i>, and <i>fadA^G42R</i>) lacking asexual development and a control strain (A28) that undergoes typical asexual development, we found that the absence of asexual development significantly improves mechanical strength. All mutants exhibited higher ultimate tensile strength (UTS) than the control, with <i>∆fluG</i> and <i>∆brlA</i> (fluffy nonsporulating, FNS phenotype) showing the highest UTS. Additionally, <i>fadA^G42R</i> and <i>∆flbA</i> (fluffy autolytic dominant, FAD phenotype) demonstrated significantly higher strain at failure (SF), linked to increased autolysis and lower dry cell mass compared to the control and FNS mutants. Solid-state NMR analysis suggests that autolysis in FAD mutants may disrupt galactofuranose-related processes, altering cell wall composition and contributing to higher elasticity. These findings suggest suppression of asexual development increases mycelial material strength, while autolysis mechanisms influence elasticity. This research highlights the potential for genetic manipulation in fungi to engineer advanced mycelial-based materials with tailored mechanical properties.</p>","PeriodicalId":11678,"journal":{"name":"Engineering in Life Sciences","volume":"26 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12930277/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147289432","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Progressive Cavity Pumps—A Comparison of New Technology for Gradient Bioprinting to Existing Extrusion Methods","authors":"Franz Moser,&nbsp;Shiva Rahmani,&nbsp;Tomasz Jungst","doi":"10.1002/elsc.70070","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elsc.70070","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Extrusion-based Bioprinting is a key technology in biofabrication, yet the choice of extrusion method is often limited to established techniques built into most bioprinters, limiting the print fidelity and more demanding applications like printing material gradients. In this technical report we compare the emerging method of progressive cavity pump with established technologies such as pneumatic extrusion and syringe pump-based printing setups. The three methods were compared for their accuracy and precision in extruding 35% Pluronic F127, followed by test simulating different flow profiles, material dependency and ability to transfer between hardware setups. The progressive cavity pumps showed the most advantageous behavior for gradient printing, with the syringe pumps needing more iterations for stable extrusion and the pneumatic extrusion enabling high-volume extrusion but showing lower precision. This was further shown with the printing of different gradients.</p>","PeriodicalId":11678,"journal":{"name":"Engineering in Life Sciences","volume":"26 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12928107/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147282771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Careful CO Addition Enhances Autotrophic d-Lactate Formation With Engineered Acetobacterium woodii","authors":"Anna Stock,&nbsp;Inka Sotzeck,&nbsp;Kira Baur,&nbsp;Frank Bengelsdorf,&nbsp;Dirk Weuster-Botz","doi":"10.1002/elsc.70072","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elsc.70072","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The acetogen <i>A. woodii</i> efficiently converts CO₂ and H₂ to acetate. Metabolic engineering enabled the autotrophic production of non-native products, for example, <span>d</span>-lactate from CO₂ by overexpression of <span>d</span>-lactate dehydrogenase from <i>Leuconostoc mesenteroides</i> and knockout of the native lactate dehydrogenase. During gas fermentation with acetogens, the addition of CO leads to increased provision of reducing equivalents, and thus increased biomass formation. However, literature data reveal that already small CO partial pressures in the gas phase inhibit the autotrophic growth of <i>A. woodii</i>. This study aims to investigate adding 0.6%–6.0% CO to batch-operated stirred tank bioreactors with continuous gassing to study autotrophic growth and product formation with the <span>d</span>-lactate producing <i>A. woodii</i> mutant. No growth and product formation were observed with 6% CO. Surprisingly, cell growth and metabolic product concentrations are non-linearly dependent on lower CO concentrations in the inlet gas phase. Highest biomass concentrations were observed with 3% CO (3.24 g L⁻¹, 89% improvement compared to the reference process without CO addition), and the highest <span>d</span>-lactate accumulation was achieved with 0.8% CO (6.2 g L⁻¹ <span>d</span>-lactate, 189% improvement compared to the reference without CO) after a prolonged lag phase. In conclusion, CO-sensitive <i>A. woodii</i> cells need tight control of CO in syngas to affect autotrophic product selectivities.</p>","PeriodicalId":11678,"journal":{"name":"Engineering in Life Sciences","volume":"26 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elsc.70072","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146217172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Process Systems Engineering in Precision Medicine: Opportunities in Autologous CAR-T Therapy","authors":"B. Wayne Bequette","doi":"10.1002/elsc.70067","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elsc.70067","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Autologous chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-T therapies have given hope to many cancer patients whose other lines of treatment have failed. Unfortunately, limited manufacturing capability has resulted in many patients dying while on a waitlist. Similarly, since clinical trial treatments are personalized, it is difficult to treat many patients simultaneously, resulting in longer clinical trials. Therapeutic production often takes over 4 weeks, so a product failure means that a patient may need to wait another month for treatment, putting them at severe risk for disease progression. The labor-intensive manufacturing process has led to therapeutic costs of roughly $500,000 per treatment, which can be reduced by better automation and shorter manufacturing times. The goals of this article are to review CAR-T therapeutics development, manufacturing, and treatment, and to encourage the development of data analytics-based multi-scale decision support tools for all humans “in the loop.” A systems approach is needed since prior treatments and current state of health (including the immune system and microbiota), initial cell quality, manufacturing failure, bridging and lymphodepletion therapy before infusion, and supply chain management, all impact treatment success. Continuous updates as more patient data are made available can lead to better treatment recommendations and outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11678,"journal":{"name":"Engineering in Life Sciences","volume":"26 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12871565/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146124052","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"What Is a Biosensor?—A Terminological Guide From Biomolecular Recognition to Bioindicators","authors":"Tim E. Weber,&nbsp;Anna Fritschen,&nbsp;Menno W. J. Prins,&nbsp;Andreas Blaeser","doi":"10.1002/elsc.70068","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elsc.70068","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Biosensors are an integral part of modern medicine, are used in basic research, and are increasingly used by consumers as point-of-care and wearable devices. Meanwhile, the underlying technological approaches are rapidly expanding, including spectroscopic sensing, artificial bioreceptors, synthetic biological approaches, whole-cell biosensors, and artificial intelligence. With these diversifications in applications as well as technology, the scope and meaning of the term biosensor is blurring. This paper attempts to give an overview of the sensing approaches, with their physical, chemical, biochemical, and biological principles, and an overview of the fields of application, including nonliving systems and living systems. This leads to a comprehensive overview and a reappreciation of the term biosensor, including not only devices with a molecular biorecognition element and physico-chemical readout but also the sensing of living biological systems using physical and chemical methods, and the use of living biological systems for sensing purposes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11678,"journal":{"name":"Engineering in Life Sciences","volume":"26 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12871561/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146124068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic Combination of Additive One- and Two-Photon Polymerization Printing Methods to Fabricate 3D Microstructured Perfusable Angiogenesis–on–a–Chip Systems","authors":"Daria Sokoliuk,&nbsp;Rizlene Bouhaya,&nbsp;Peter Haeger,&nbsp;Kathrin Godthardt,&nbsp;Daniel Fetting,&nbsp;Lenard Spiecker,&nbsp;Heinrich Spiecker,&nbsp;Alexander Rockenbach,&nbsp;Holger Rothe,&nbsp;Klaus Liefeith,&nbsp;Doris Heinrich","doi":"10.1002/elsc.70059","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elsc.70059","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Tissue engineering, and in particular the development of organ-on-a-chip (OOC) models, holds significant promise for advancing personalized medicine and reducing the use of animal models. The integration of microfluidics and advanced biomaterials in OOC systems provides controlled microenvironments and fosters the creation of physiologically relevant tissue models. A critical aspect of OOC models is the fabrication of perfusable chips to create vascular networks that are essential for sustaining long-term 3D cultures. Here we show a two-step fabrication approach that combines one- and two-photon polymerization (2PP) to create a microfluidic chip capable of supporting endothelial cell (EC) angiogenesis. The chip features a 2PP-printed sealing contour to ensure leak-free bonding of chip parts, and an array of channel-separating-pillars that enable EC migration from the parent vessel into an extracellular matrix. Our results demonstrate that the developed angiogenesis-on-a-chip model successfully induces EC sprouting in response to angiogenic factors. This work significantly contributes to the field by providing a versatile platform for vascular studies, highlighting the potential for its application in drug screening. The flexibility and precision of our fabrication method also allows for customizing OOC devices for various biological applications, thereby enhancing the relevance of these systems in investigation of complex tissue interactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":11678,"journal":{"name":"Engineering in Life Sciences","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12836039/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146092364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of Methacryloyl-Modified Gelatin-Based Hydrogels for Inkjet-Printed Biosensors and Their Adherence to Polyethylene Terephthalate and Oriented Polypropylene Substrates","authors":"Caroline M. Trust,&nbsp;Regina M. Lehmann,&nbsp;Sarah Schmidt,&nbsp;Verena Singer,&nbsp;Dominic Baum,&nbsp;Christine McBeth,&nbsp;Achim Weber","doi":"10.1002/elsc.70065","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elsc.70065","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The COVID-19 pandemic has highlighted the need for rapid, simple, and cost-effective point-of-care testing (POCT) methods for pathogen detection. Hydrogel-based biosensing has emerged as an increasingly popular approach, offering advantages such as reagent storage and multiplexing capabilities. In this study, we have functionalized different polymer substrates to ensure an adequate adherence of methacryloyl-modified gelatin-based hydrogel spots that function as biosensors. Different hydrogel formulations were tested for their suitability in a point-of-care testchip. Our findings demonstrate the good adherence properties of amino-functionalized and subsequent methacrylated polymer materials, specifically polyethylene terephthalate (PET) and oriented polypropylene (OPP), when used as substrates for hydrogel biosensors. Moreover, we successfully identified an optimal formulation for the hydrogel ink, consisting of amino-functionalized methacryloyl-modified gelatin with a biopolymer content of 3.5% (w/w) and a photoinitiator content of 0.0875%. This formulation not only enables printing with a piezoelectric 2D printer but also exhibits excellent hydrogel stability and adherence to the functionalized substrates. These results contribute to the development of reliable and efficient POCT methods for pathogen detection, addressing the limitations of current diagnostic capabilities. The study emphasizes inkjet-based functionalization, with comprehensive characterization of printability including viscosity, surface tension, and density, and provides expanded methodological details to ensure reproducibility.</p><p><i>Practical application</i>: This study demonstrates the successful functionalization of PET and OPP polymers as substrates for point-of-care test chips, paving the way for advanced diagnostic solutions. By amino-functionalization and methacryloylation of the surfaces, covalent bonding with biosensors was achieved, ensuring stability and adherence. A methacryloyl-modified gelatin-based hydrogel ink, optimized for piezoelectric printing, was identified for biosensor fabrication. The selected ink minimizes fluorophore quenching, preserving biosensor sensitivity. Among the tested materials, OPP showed superior adherence due to its non-polar characteristics. These findings enable the creation of multiplexed test chips capable of detecting multiple pathogens simultaneously, addressing a crucial gap in rapid and reliable diagnostics. Although the hydrogel-based biosensors have not yet been tested with encapsulated LAMP, this integration marks the next step toward fully functional point-of-care testing. Ultimately, this research advances the development of robust diagnostic platforms, with applications in healthcare settings for timely pathogen identification and disease management.</p>","PeriodicalId":11678,"journal":{"name":"Engineering in Life Sciences","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12836036/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146092353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring Ectoine Production From Methanol, Formate, and Electrochemically Produced Formate by Methyloligella halotolerans","authors":"Aykut Kas,&nbsp;Paniz Izadi,&nbsp;Claudius Lenz,&nbsp;Thore Rohwerder,&nbsp;Jens Olaf Krömer,&nbsp;Falk Harnisch","doi":"10.1002/elsc.70063","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elsc.70063","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Microbial synthesis using renewable C₁-carbon sources like electrochemically produced formate (e-formate) represents a promising approach for climate-neutral chemical production. This study investigates formate utilization for ectoine biosynthesis by the halophilic methylotroph <i>Methyloligella halotolerans</i>. Preliminary growth assays confirmed formate utilization using 15–20 mM formate as the sole energy source substrate, when supplemented with yeast extract or vitamin solutions in a mineral salt medium. In a systematic study for ectoine production, formate utilization reached 0.305 ± 0.020 mmol d⁻¹ at 20 mM. With different C₁-substrates at 20 mM (3 mmol), ectoine production reached 10.3 ± 3.2 µmol (from methanol), 6.5 ± 0.8 µmol (from equimolar methanol/formate mix), 4.4 ± 0.1 µmol (from formate), and 1.2 ± 0.1 µmol (from e-formate). Medium buffering, pH stability and toxicity limited performance when formate and e-formate were supplied. Although ectoine yields were suboptimal, the feasibility of e-formate-based ectoine biosynthesis under high-salinity conditions with 9% NaCl, as shown in this study, discloses the great potential for integrating highly efficient electrochemical CO₂ reduction in saline media with microbial synthesis of organic chemicals.</p>","PeriodicalId":11678,"journal":{"name":"Engineering in Life Sciences","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2026-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elsc.70063","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145941788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}