Engineering in Life Sciences最新文献

{"title":"Hyaluronic Acid Matrices for In Situ Measurement of Protein Diffusion Coefficients","authors":"Antonio C. F. dos Santos,&nbsp;Riya Debbarma,&nbsp;Kayla Hinton,&nbsp;Mazin Hakim,&nbsp;Ronghua (Andy) Bei,&nbsp;Luis Solorio,&nbsp;Eduardo Ximenes,&nbsp;Shiven Kapur,&nbsp;Vince Corvari,&nbsp;Michael Ladisch","doi":"10.1002/elsc.70048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elsc.70048","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In vitro measurement of protein diffusion within matrices that simulate the subcutaneous (SQ) environment is of interest, given that protein-based therapeutics formulated for SQ injection comprise the largest class of biologics. To mimic the in vivo transport of a biologic from the SQ injection site through the extracellular matrix (ECM), in vitro diffusion assays typically utilize hyaluronic acid (HA) matrices, as it is the principal component of ECM. However, broad utility has been hampered by inherent lot-to-lot variability in commercially sourced HA, wherein key properties that impact protein diffusion (for example, molecular weight distribution and viscosity) differ across lots, even when nominal molecular weights are identical, making it challenging to compare results across matrices prepared from different HA lots. To address this gap, we report a facile approach wherein binary HA blends generated from individual HA matrices derived from distinct HA lots are functionally equivalent with respect to protein diffusion, that is, the diffusion of a representative set of proteins matches that in a previously reported single HA lot-derived matrix that served as a representative reference. Taken altogether, our protocols enable preparing blended HA matrices with consistent diffusion properties, enabling the use of in vitro assays that leverage this capability.</p><p><i>Practical application:</i> The measurement of in vitro diffusion of IgG-type proteins enables calculation of diffusion coefficients that could help to guide the formulation of protein-based therapeutics, administered by subcutaneous (SQ) injection, and used for treating a range of diseases, including cancer. The side-by-side comparison of these proteins over a period of time provides confirmation of consistency of properties when in vitro hyaluronic acid matrices, within which injected protein diffusion is measured, are also consistent. However, their broad utility has been hindered by the inherent variability of commercial sources of HA used to make-up matrices that simulate the SQ environment in a predictable manner. Our research addresses this gap by defining an approach (validated with rheological and diffusion measurements) that facilitates the preparation of blended matrices from different lots of HA. The resulting matrix properties enable reliable measurement of protein diffusion from one lot to the next.</p>","PeriodicalId":11678,"journal":{"name":"Engineering in Life Sciences","volume":"25 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elsc.70048","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145237101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced Cellular Uptake of Compact Cas Proteins: A Comparative Study of Cas12f and Cas9 in Human Cells","authors":"Karim E. Shalaby,&nbsp;Issam Hmila,&nbsp;S. M. Nasir Uddin,&nbsp;Nasser H. Zawia,&nbsp;Omar M. A. El-Agnaf,&nbsp;Mustapha Aouida","doi":"10.1002/elsc.70042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elsc.70042","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The clinical translation of CRISPR genome-editing therapies is often hindered by inefficient delivery of the CRISPR-Cas RNA-protein complex into target cells. The most widely used CRISPR-Cas9 system poses a significant challenge for efficient delivery into cells due to its large size (∼1.4 kDa). Recently reported compact Cas proteins, such as Cas12f (552 Da), Cas12k (639 Da), and Cas12m (596 Da) represent attractive alternatives as cargoes for delivery. In this brief research report, we employ efficient delivery vectors to evaluate the efficiency of cellular uptake of a compact Cas protein (Cas12f) compared to the widely used larger Cas9 in human cells. Our findings demonstrate that compact Cas proteins may facilitate more efficient cellular penetration and delivery, making them a promising alternative for the development of CRISPR-based therapies.</p><p>Practical Application:</p><p>Our study demonstrates that compact Cas proteins significantly enhance cellular uptake compared to larger Cas proteins. This improved uptake efficiency suggests that compact Cas proteins could be more effective for clinical application, where size constraints and delivery efficiency are critical challenges. Combined with the optimization and refinement of the editing efficiencies of compact Cas systems, our study provokes further exploration of compact Cas proteins in various therapeutic contexts to advance the development of more efficient CRISPR-based therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":11678,"journal":{"name":"Engineering in Life Sciences","volume":"25 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elsc.70042","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145146452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing the Diffusion Channels of Silica-Alginate Capsules for Microbial Encapsulation","authors":"Bilyamin Abdulmumin,&nbsp;Ismaila Mudi,&nbsp;Abdulalim Ibrahim,&nbsp;Abdulwasiu Abdurrahman,&nbsp;Helen Onyeaka","doi":"10.1002/elsc.70002","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/elsc.70002","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Silica-alginate capsule (G-0) has recently been used in fermentation processes to encapsulate microbial cells for several benefits, including facilitating continuous flow processes and simplifying cell recovery and reuse. However, these conventional silica-coated alginate capsules suffer from poor diffusion channels, which are critical for efficiently transporting substrates and products. This study aimed to develop a novel method for producing silica-coated alginate capsules with improved diffusion channels (G-3). The Ca-alginate capsule was fabricated via a simple dripping method, where a solution of calcium chloride (CaCl&lt;sub&gt;2&lt;/sub&gt;) and carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) was dripped into an alginate solution. For the traditional silica coating (G-0), the alginate capsule was mixed with a silica source (hydrolyzed 3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane) under specific conditions. In the modified method, glucose was introduced as a pore-forming agent (PFA), with varying amounts (0.75, 1.5, and 3 g) resulting in capsules labeled G-0.75, G-1.5, and G-3, respectively. The diffusion coefficient for G-3 was found to be the highest, for example, at 313.15 K, it was calculated as &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;7.77&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;±&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;0.57&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;×&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;10&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;m&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;/&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mi&gt;min&lt;/mi&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;annotation&gt;$ ( {7.77 pm 0.57} ) times {{10}^{ - 3}} {mathrm{m}}{{{mathrm{m}}}^2}/{mathrm{min}}$&lt;/annotation&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; compared to &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;(&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;3.04&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;±&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;0.09&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;)&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;×&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;10&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mo&gt;−&lt;/mo&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;3&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 ","PeriodicalId":11678,"journal":{"name":"Engineering in Life Sciences","volume":"25 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elsc.70002","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145146330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fab’ Fragment-Immobilized Gold Surface for Capturing EpCAM-Positive Breast Cancer Cells","authors":"Elif Kaga,&nbsp;Sadik Kaga,&nbsp;Ozlem Yalcin,&nbsp;Gizem Fatma Erguner,&nbsp;Nurullah Okumus","doi":"10.1002/elsc.70043","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elsc.70043","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> ABSTRACT</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) are cancer cells present in the bloodstream that originate from primary or metastatic sites. Sensitive and selective capture of these rare cells is essential for early diagnosis, metastasis prevention, and prognosis prediction. In this study, we demonstrated the effectiveness of a surface functionalized with epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) Fab’ (fragment-antigen-binding) fragments for the specific capture of EpCAM-positive human breast cancer cells. EpCAM antibody Fab’ fragments were produced through pepsin digestion and characterized by SDS-PAGE analysis. Glass surfaces were silanized before being coated with a thin layer of gold via sputtering to ensure stability. The Fab’ fragments were immobilized on the gold-coated glass surfaces through strong gold-thiol bonds. The modified surfaces were then characterized using Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM) analyses. Cell capture performance was assessed using fluorescence microscopy with both EpCAM-positive and EpCAM-negative cell lines. The results show that the Fab’-modified surface offers a promising platform for the selective immunocapture of EpCAM-positive cells.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p><i>Practical application:</i> This study presents a preliminary design of a Fab’ fragment-immobilized surface for the selective capture of EpCAM-positive breast cancer cells. The surface modification relies on spontaneous Au-S bonding, offering a simple and effective chemical method. The modified surface demonstrates strong potential for integration into future biosensor platforms for detecting circulating tumor cells. Such a system is promising for advanced diagnostics, monitoring, disease progression, and personalized treatment uses.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11678,"journal":{"name":"Engineering in Life Sciences","volume":"25 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elsc.70043","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145038185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Systematic Review on the Role of Microfluidic Platforms in Advancing Scalable and Precise Microbial Bioprocessing","authors":"Alperen Alpural,&nbsp;Ilgin Kimiz-Gebologlu,&nbsp;Mayur Parekh,&nbsp;Esra Imamoglu,&nbsp;Zulfiqur Ali,&nbsp;Ozlem Yesil-Celiktas","doi":"10.1002/elsc.70034","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elsc.70034","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Microbial bioprocessing is a key technology for the production of a wide range of biomolecules, including proteins, enzymes, antibiotics, and other bioactive compounds. In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in using microfluidic platforms for bioprocessing, due to the ability to precisely control and manipulate fluids at the microscale. Microfluidics offers a transformative platform for the manufacturing of biomolecules intended for clinical applications by addressing key technical challenges in scalability, precision, reproducibility, and the ability to study complex biological systems. In this review, various methods used to fabricate microfluidic platforms and the current state-of-the-art in the synthesis/production of biopharmaceuticals, polymers, bioactive compounds, and real-time monitoring in microscale bioprocesses are discussed. Additionally, the future trends and directions are highlighted. Overall, we envisage the utilization of microfluidic platforms to advance the field of microbial bioprocessing and applications in the biomedical field.</p>","PeriodicalId":11678,"journal":{"name":"Engineering in Life Sciences","volume":"25 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elsc.70034","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145037771","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Menthol and Its Derivatives: Exploring the Medical Application Potential","authors":"Jing Zhang,&nbsp;Yupei Hu,&nbsp;Zheng Wang","doi":"10.1002/elsc.70039","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elsc.70039","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Menthol, a natural organic compound and the primary component of mint, exhibits diverse biological activities, including analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, neuroprotective, and anticancer effects. The chemical modification of menthol, through processes such as esterification and amination, further enhances these activities, expanding its potential applications in drug development, agriculture, and food preservation. This review explores the structure-activity relationships (SAR) of menthol and its derivatives, emphasizing the significance of molecular modifications in enhancing their pharmacological effects. Research indicates that menthol and its derivatives can improve drug permeation, reduce inflammation, enhance memory, and even target cancer cells through various mechanisms. In addition, we examine the safety and pharmacokinetics of menthol and its derivatives to better understand their clinical potential. Although significant progress has been made in preclinical models, further research is necessary to fully elucidate their mechanisms of action and optimize their therapeutic efficacy in clinical settings. Continued innovation in drug delivery technologies and the development of novel menthol derivatives present promising prospects for future therapeutic applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":11678,"journal":{"name":"Engineering in Life Sciences","volume":"25 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elsc.70039","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145038242","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Novel Raman-Chromatography Assembly for Automated Calibration and In-Line Monitoring in Bioprocessing","authors":"Jakob Heyer-Müller,&nbsp;Robin Schiemer,&nbsp;Matthias Lopinski,&nbsp;Caty Wang,&nbsp;Franka Willems,&nbsp;Lars Robbel,&nbsp;Michael Schmitt,&nbsp;Jurgen Hubbuch","doi":"10.1002/elsc.70044","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elsc.70044","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Optical spectroscopic techniques have been successfully employed in bioprocessing as process analytical technology for real-time process monitoring in numerous applications. The implementation of spectroscopy-based PAT techniques commonly necessitates the generation of representative process data used for calibration and validation of multivariate statistical models for analyzing the sample composition in real-time. To automate the generation of such data, we present a novel assembly of a commercially available chromatography system in combination with a Raman spectrometer for fast and accurate acquisition of Raman spectra. Using the ultra-/diafiltration (UF/DF) process as a case study, our methodology involved the preparation of representative calibration and validation mixtures of phosphate and citrate buffer and lysozyme as a model protein. Chemometric PLS models were calibrated and validated using these datasets, and applied to in-line recorded Raman spectra during a UF/DF experiment. The primary results demonstrated that the novel assembly provides robust and precise offline measurement of Raman spectra, which directly compare with in-line record data. The chemometric PLS models showed good alignment in calibration and validation datasets (R2 and Q2), and could be used to simultaneously monitor the buffer and protein concentrations in real-time during UF/DF. This study provides a simple, commercially available setup for automated acquisition of Raman spectra and demonstrates its straightforward application to bioprocess monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":11678,"journal":{"name":"Engineering in Life Sciences","volume":"25 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elsc.70044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145038243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RETRACTION: Synthesis and Evaluation of PCL/Chitosan/CQD-Fe Magnetic Nanocomposite for Wound Healing: Emphasis on Gene Expression","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/elsc.70040","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elsc.70040","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>RETRACTION:</b> E.M. Abed, F. Yazdian, A.A. Sepahi, and B. Rasekh, “Synthesis and Evaluation of PCL/Chitosan/CQD-Fe Magnetic Nanocomposite for Wound Healing: Emphasis on Gene Expression,” <i>Engineering in Life Sciences</i> 25, no. 1 (2025): e202400038, https://doi.org/10.1002/elsc.202400038.</p><p>The above article, published online on 19 January 2025 in Wiley Online Library (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/), has been retracted by agreement between the journal Editor-in-Chief, Ralf Takors; and Wiley-VCH GmbH. Following an investigation by the publisher, the parties have concluded that this article was accepted solely on the basis of a compromised peer review process. Therefore, the article must be retracted.</p>","PeriodicalId":11678,"journal":{"name":"Engineering in Life Sciences","volume":"25 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elsc.70040","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144833080","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bioreactor Systems to Mass-Produce the Undervalued Crop, Celosia argentea, With High Nutrient Impact","authors":"Chandika Ramlall,&nbsp;Nisha Singh,&nbsp;Shakira Shaik","doi":"10.1002/elsc.70038","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elsc.70038","url":null,"abstract":"<p><i>Celosia argentea</i> is an undervalued crop that shows potential for production enhancement due to elevated leaf nutrient accumulative ability. By investigating propagation using various in vitro culture systems, thidiazuron (TDZ)-supplemented nutrient media enhanced yield from 10 plants per explant in semi-solid medium, to 27 under continuous immersion in liquid media in recipient for automated temporary immersion (RITA) bioreactors, to 63 under temporary immersion in liquid media in a balloon-type bubble bioreactor (BTBB). TDZ in the BTBB system also increased shoot biomass and subsequent nutrient content relative to TDZ-free media in ex vitro plants. Ex vitro plants originating from both continuous and temporary media immersion in BTBBs outperformed those in all other culture systems in accumulating leaf Mg, Fe, Ca and Zn to meet the recommended dietary allowance for males and females. The genotypic variance and genetic advance of the mean at 5% selection intensity varied for each nutrient per culture system, with and without TDZ. Selective breeding at 5% selection intensity would improve leaf nutrient content but is specific to the culture system and the presence of TDZ. This is the first study to use liquid-based bioreactor systems for <i>C. argentea</i> propagation thereby providing new opportunities to upscale plant production for high nutrient-accumulating genotypes.</p><p><i>Practical application</i>: This study establishes a commercially viable protocol for the large-scale clonal propagation of <i>Celosia argentea</i>, a nutrient-rich, fast growing leafy vegetable with untapped agronomic value. Using temporary immersion bioreactors and thidiazuron-supplemented media, the system delivers up to 63 plants per explant, more than 6-fold the yield of conventional methods, while significantly boosting leaf biomass and nutrient content (Mg, Ca, Fe, Zn). These results position <i>C. argentea</i> as a functional crop for health-focused markets and ready-to-cook vegetable lines. The low-input cultivation needs and rapid production cycle (8 weeks in vitro, 8 weeks ex vitro) make it ideal for high-turnover commercial nurseries, contract growers, and vertical farming operations. The systems reproducibility and high heritability of nutritional traits further support selective breeding programs for premium-value cultivars. This propagation platform offers agribusinesses a scalable entry point into the expanding market for nutrient-dense indigenous vegetables with health and wellness appeal.</p>","PeriodicalId":11678,"journal":{"name":"Engineering in Life Sciences","volume":"25 8","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elsc.70038","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144833081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"RETRACTION: Preparation of a pH-Responsive Chitosan-Montmorillonite-Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots Nanocarrier for Attenuating Doxorubicin Limitations in Cancer Therapy","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/elsc.70033","DOIUrl":"10.1002/elsc.70033","url":null,"abstract":"<p><b>RETRACTION</b>: E. Rahmani, M. Pourmadadi, S. A. Ghorbanian, F. Yazdian, H. Rashedi, and M. Navaee, “Preparation of a pH-Responsive Chitosan-Montmorillonite-Nitrogen-Doped Carbon Quantum Dots Nanocarrier for Attenuating Doxorubicin Limitations in Cancer Therapy,” <i>Engineering in Life Sciences</i> 22, no. 10 (2022): 634–649, https://doi.org/10.1002/elsc.202200016.</p><p>The above article, published online on 13 September 2022 in Wiley Online Library (wileyonlinelibrary.com), has been retracted by agreement between the journal Editors-in-Chief, Ralf Takors, An-Ping Zeng; and Wiley-VCH GmbH.</p><p>The partial raw data provided by the authors could not address the original concerns, showed inconsistencies with the published results, and ultimately raised additional doubts about the study's overall reliability. Consequently, the editors have lost confidence in the presented data and decided to retract the paper. The authors’ institute has been informed of the allegations and the decision to retract but remained unresponsive. The authors disagree with the retraction.</p>","PeriodicalId":11678,"journal":{"name":"Engineering in Life Sciences","volume":"25 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.0,"publicationDate":"2025-07-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/elsc.70033","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144614971","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}