Engineering Failure Analysis最新文献

{"title":"Multi-hazard failure analysis of highway bridges under earthquake and blast loading","authors":"Souvik Biswas,&nbsp;Piyali Sengupta","doi":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.110506","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.110506","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Highway bridges constitute an essential part of modern infrastructure and are vital to the national economy. However, in case of natural or man-made hazards, such as earthquakes and blasts, highway bridges are highly susceptible to partial or total failure, thereby disrupting the continuous transportation and emergency evacuation routes. An increased focus on blast-resilient design of structures has been observed after the WTC attacks in the USA. Highway bridges located in seismically active regions may also be the potential targets of accidental or malicious blast loading. Consequently, it has become paramount to predict the response of existing highway bridges, as well as to implement robust design principles to prevent a catastrophic failure during the occurrence of such events in the presence of the added risk of a seismic event. Therefore, a database of 153 research papers are accumulated from the investigations conducted by the researchers across the globe during 1950 to till date so as to explore the seismic and blast performance of highway bridges. Subsequently, a comprehensive review of the state-of-the-art on seismic and blast performance of typical highway bridges in the context of independent hazard scenario and multi-hazard scenario is presented in this research. This study encompasses the research outcomes from the experimental investigations, field tests, numerical simulations, development of fragility functions, application of artificial intelligence in the seismic and blast performance of new, deteriorated and retrofitted highway bridges under single hazard scenario as well as in conjunction with another hazard using multi-hazard concepts. This study highlights the substantive findings from the existing state-of-the art and the potential research gaps in the domain of multi-hazard failure analysis of highway bridges.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11677,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Failure Analysis","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 110506"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145880850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Progressive collapse behavior of SMB floors: complete load-displacement response under various edge column loss scenarios","authors":"Jing-Zhou Zhang,&nbsp;Yuan-Zhi Ji,&nbsp;Ping Tan,&nbsp;Zhi-Wei Yu,&nbsp;Lei Xiao","doi":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.110524","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.110524","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study systematically investigates the progressive collapse resistance of floors in steel modular buildings (SMBs) under edge column loss scenarios. Three typical edge column types are considered based on the boundary conditions of the floor after column loss: general edge column (GEC), penultimate edge column (PEC), and corner column (CC). A total of 614 refined finite element models of the SMB floor were developed and analyzed until structural collapse. The effects of key parameters, including slab width, length‑width ratio, thickness, rebar ratio, beam section, and column section, were evaluated. Simplified calculation methods are proposed for the ultimate load-carrying capacity (ULCC), yield load-carrying capacity (YLCC), yield displacement, and ultimate displacement, enabling efficient prediction of the complete load‑displacement curve of the floor in different scenarios. It is found that the load‑displacement curve of SMB floor shows a bilinear behavior in all scenarios, but the post-yield strengthening of the curve is more significant in GEC loss. The ULCC-to-YLCC ratio of the floor varies from 1.3 to 3.0 for GEC loss, from 1.0 to 2.2 for PEC loss, and from 1.2 to 1.8 for CC loss. The ULCC of the floor in GEC and CC loss can be expressed as a function of the slab bending moment, beam tensile force, and beam bending moment. For PEC loss, the floor ULCC relative to that in GEC loss is influenced by the stiffness of columns, slabs, and beams. The ULCC-to-YLCC ratio of the floor in all scenarios can be determined by the slab width, slab length-to‑width ratio, slab span-to‑thickness ratio, slab rebar ratio, and beam span-to‑depth ratio.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11677,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Failure Analysis","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 110524"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145921275","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of fused filament fabrication process parameters on the quasi-static mechanical behaviour and failure mechanisms of 316L stainless steel","authors":"J. Zenzerovic,&nbsp;F. Sordetti,&nbsp;A. Lanzutti,&nbsp;E. Salvati","doi":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2026.110532","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2026.110532","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The emergence of fused filament fabrication (FFF) for metal printing has introduced a cost-effective alternative to traditional fusion-based metal additive manufacturing methods. Nevertheless, the highly inhomogeneous material microstructures resulting from this manufacturing technology seriously compromise its structural integrity performance. This study comprehensively investigates the influence of six key printing parameters – nozzle temperature, bed temperature, print speed, layer thickness, infill pattern, and infill percentage – on the quasi-static mechanical performance and dimensional accuracy of a 316L stainless steel produced via FFF. 316L stainless steel was selected as the focus material due to its widespread industrial relevance and early availability in filament form. A structured design of experiments (DOE) was implemented, followed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio analysis to assess both performance and consistency. Six material responses were evaluated: yield strength, ultimate tensile strength, stress and strain at break, toughness, and dimensional accuracy. Bed temperature was the most influential parameter, with the highest temperature of 120 °C enhancing interlayer bonding and thereby improving static mechanical properties and dimensional accuracy. The highest nozzle temperature of 250 °C provided moderate improvements in static mechanical performance, while increasing print speed to 40  mm/s improved deposition quality by reducing filament residence time and limiting binder degradation. Additionally, smaller layer thickness, line-based infill pattern, and full (100 %) infill further improved static mechanical properties by minimising interlayer voids and promoting efficient stress transfer. Hardness testing was performed to provide additional insight into the material’s mechanical response. Alongside, fractography and porosity analysis were carried out to characterise failure mechanisms and quantify internal defects, revealing that large printing-induced pores dominate failure and persist after sintering, directly influencing mechanical reliability. These findings provide insights into parameter-dependent trends and interlayer bonding quality, contributing to the optimisation of print conditions for enhanced mechanical reliability and reduced variability in metal FFF components.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11677,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Failure Analysis","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 110532"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145921287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructural degradation and creep damage of T91 steel: a case study of fish-mouth rupture in heat recovery steam generator superheater tubes","authors":"Atef Zekri ,&nbsp;Jonas Da Silva De Sa ,&nbsp;Akshath Raghu Shetty ,&nbsp;Kamal Mroue ,&nbsp;Abdelmajid Salhi ,&nbsp;Brahim Aissa ,&nbsp;Said Mansour","doi":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2026.110554","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2026.110554","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study offers a multi-scale investigation into the creep rupture of a Grade T91 Cr-Mo steel superheater tube from a Heat Recovery Steam Generator (HRSG) that experienced a catastrophic fish-mouth fracture after prolonged service. Unlike conventional case studies that rely on a single analytical technique, this research combines optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM/EDS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and hardness profiling on the same failed component. This method allows a direct link between nanoscale features and large-scale fracture behaviour. Findings reveal progressive carbide spheroidization, boundary segregation of (Cr, Mo)-rich precipitates, and intergranular void formation, along with oxide scale thickening that led to increased localised overheating. These observations are consistent with established tertiary-creep degradation mechanisms reported for T91 steels. AFM analysis was used to characterise surface topography and grain-boundary relief associated with creep damage, complementing conventional microscopy techniques. The combined hardness reduction and phase analysis confirms tertiary creep rupture as the primary failure mode, aggravated by internal oxidation and localised wall thinning. Key features of this failure include a pronounced fish-mouth rupture geometry, of sulphur and chlorine detected on the steam-side surface, and the comparative chemistry of inner and outer oxide scales. This comprehensive approach not only clarifies the combined effects of creep and oxidation in T91 failures but also underscores the diagnostic value of integrating nanoscale AFM with traditional metallurgical techniques for service-life prediction and failure prevention in high-temperature power plant components.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11677,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Failure Analysis","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 110554"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145921364","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Notch sensitivity of impact toughness in Ti-6Al and Ti-8Al alloy","authors":"Hanbo Weng ,&nbsp;Qian Wang ,&nbsp;Daokui Xu ,&nbsp;Sensen Huang ,&nbsp;Jianke Qiu ,&nbsp;Jiafeng Lei ,&nbsp;Rui Yang ,&nbsp;Yingjie Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2026.110540","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2026.110540","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Notches are integral features in titanium alloy components that fundamentally govern their in-service performance. As a key alloying element, Al significantly enhances the strength and alters the deformation mechanisms of titanium alloys. This study investigates the influence of Al content and notch geometry on the impact toughness and deformation mechanisms of Ti-6Al and Ti-8Al alloy, while the Ti₃Al-α₂ phase in Ti-8Al alloy was also generated. To elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the toughness difference between U-notched and V-notched specimens, a combined experimental and finite element simulation approach was employed. The results indicate that U-notched specimens consistently exhibited marginally higher impact toughness than their V-notched counterparts across the Al compositions. A larger plastic zone in U-notched versus V-notched specimens was demonstrated by finite element analysis, thereby showing the higher impact toughness. The distinct mechanical responses of U-notched and V-notched specimens in Ti-6Al, Ti-8Al and Ti-8Al-α₂ alloy were manifested by differences in crack path tortuosity, dislocation distribution, slip activities and deformation twinning. Furthermore, an additional intragranular deformation disparity was identified in Ti-8Al. The study of impact toughness in U-notched and V-notched Ti-Al alloys provides a basis for predicting the failure of notched structures under dynamic loads and for guiding safety design, thereby enhancing service reliability and impact resistance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11677,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Failure Analysis","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 110540"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145921794","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Failure analysis of corrosion-induced degraded aeronautical Al-Cu-Li alloys (AA2198) of different temper and comparison against the baseline aluminium alloy 2024","authors":"Muhammed Y. Salojee ,&nbsp;Vinod Kurup ,&nbsp;Seyed R.J. Rezaei ,&nbsp;Angeliki Proiou ,&nbsp;Foteini Tazlakidou ,&nbsp;Christina Margarita Charalampidou ,&nbsp;Stavros K. Kourkoulis ,&nbsp;Roelf J. Mostert ,&nbsp;Nikolaos D. Alexopoulos","doi":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.110518","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.110518","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The paper investigates the resistance to tensile failure and the mechanisms causing failure for three high-strength aeronautical aluminium alloys exposed to the exfoliation corrosion (EXCO) standardized solution. Two of the alloys represent current state-of-the-art third-generation Al-Cu-Li alloys (AA2198-T8 and AA2198-T3), while the other alloy represents alloys used in the past and still in service in older aircraft. Exposure of the three alloys to accelerated atmospheric corrosion conditions, through EXCO exposure, demonstrated that different degradation mechanisms are at play for the three alloys, leading to considerable differences regarding the reduction of structural integrity over time. After long simulated service lives (24 – 48 h exfoliation corrosion immersion), the 2198-T8 alloy is not badly affected as far as tensile ductility is concerned, with only 15 – 23 % of tensile elongation at fracture <em>A</em>_f values lost. In contrast, the older 2024-T3 alloy has lost 69 % after 24 h and the 2198-T3 has lost 54 % after 24 h (70 % after 48 h). Microscopical analysis after the long-term corrosion of the tesnile specimens demonstrate that a correlation does not exists between the loss in ductility and the product of the maximum depth of attack on the large surfaces and side surfaces of the investigated specimens. A good correlation exists if only the square root of the maximum depth of attack on the small surface is correlated with the ductility loss, pointing to a mechanism where sharp notches and stress concentrations on the small surfaces cause localized tri-axial conditions reducing the elongation to fracture. The current investigation furthermore indicates the benefits and drawbacks of selecting the three alloys for applications requiring the retention of structural integrity for long service lives where atmospheric corrosion is the dominant degradation mechanism. Mitigation and inspection strategies based on the identified mechanisms, are discussed. The reasons for the improved performance are explored with regard to resistance to hydrogen absorption and embrittlement and resistance of the surfaces to corrosive attack.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11677,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Failure Analysis","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 110518"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145921274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scaling and corrosion analysis of stainless steel heat exchange tubes in Jinsha River hydropower station","authors":"Jiangfeng An ,&nbsp;Gao Huang ,&nbsp;Yang Yao ,&nbsp;Ying Hu ,&nbsp;Jun Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2026.110533","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2026.110533","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study analyzed the scaling and corrosion faults of stainless steel heat exchange coils in the evaporative cooler of a hydropower station on the Jinsha River, and conducted a detailed analysis to avoid similar faults from occurring. Multiple characterization methods were employed, including macroscopic morphology analysis, microscopic structure analysis, X-ray diffraction analysis, electrochemical testing, and scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis. Water environmental parameters were analyzed to support the characterization results. Research has found that the operation of the cooler leads to the enrichment of solutes in the circulating water, forming a water environment with high concentrations of Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺, and Cl^-. The heat accumulation and circulating water adsorption at the clamp plate result in a thick and loose calcite scale layer nearby. Compared to other areas’ scale layers, small volume corrosive ions such as chloride ions are more likely to penetrate through the scale layer near the clamp plate, leading to localized corrosion of the substrate near the clamp plate. At the same time, corrosion in turn affects the scaling process, causing the crystal structure of the scale layer to change from calcite to loose aragonite, forming a dynamic cycle of “scale layer coverage − corrosion under scale − scale layer detachment”, accelerating the corrosion thinning of the pipeline. Based on the results, it is proposed to strictly control the quality of circulating water and improve the structure of heat exchange coils: corrosion and scale inhibitors should be added to the circulating water during operation, and the design of heat exchange tube structures should avoid local accumulation of heat and local adsorption of circulating water.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11677,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Failure Analysis","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 110533"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145921288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation on microstructure, impact performance and damage behavior of Ce-modified M42 high-speed steel","authors":"Wang Li ,&nbsp;Zhenyu Cao ,&nbsp;Weiwei Chen ,&nbsp;Jie Kang ,&nbsp;Yu Liu ,&nbsp;Haikun Ma ,&nbsp;Dayong Wu ,&nbsp;Dong Li ,&nbsp;Ru Su ,&nbsp;Pengbiao Han ,&nbsp;Junchen Chen","doi":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.110522","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.110522","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This work conducted a detailed comparative investigation on the differences in microstructure, impact toughness, impact fatigue performance, and corresponding fractographs before and after adding Ce to M42 high-speed steels (HSSs). The results showed that the tempered microstructure of both M42 HSSs were composed of tempered martensite, residual austenite, and carbides (M₂C, M₆C and MC). The addition of Ce not only effectively refined and spheroidized carbides without changing the carbides type, but also signally increased the proportion of spherical carbides (from 60.2 % to 73.1 %). Instrumented Charpy impact tests demonstrated a remarkable 4.42 ± 0.23 J improvement in total absorbed energy for the Ce-modified specimen (7.13 ± 0.32 J) compared to the Ce-free steel (2.71 ± 0.17 J), primarily due to enhanced crack initiation resistance and more complex crack propagation pathways. Furthermore, the Ce-modified specimen exhibited a dramatically extended fatigue life, approximately 2–3 times longer than its counterpart across various impact energy levels (1–4 J). Crucially, a “micro-barrier network” of refined, spherical carbides (1–3 μm with sphericity ∼1) was established to effectively terminate, deflect and bifurcate crack growth, thereby consuming more fracture energy and mitigating damage accumulation. This comprehensive mechanism of carbide refinement, morphological optimization, and enhanced matrix plasticity significantly improved the impact fatigue resistance and damage tolerance of M42 HSS.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11677,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Failure Analysis","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 110522"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145921360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fatigue endurance of rib-to-deck welded joint in orthotropic steel deck panel","authors":"Kirill Golubiatnikov ,&nbsp;Eva Schmidova ,&nbsp;Pavel Ryjacek ,&nbsp;Stanislav Hracov ,&nbsp;Shota Urushadze ,&nbsp;Filip Klejch","doi":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2026.110553","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2026.110553","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents fatigue, fractography, and numerical analyses of a prefabricated orthotropic steel deck panel that had been in service on a real bridge before undergoing a fatigue laboratory test. The study focused on rib-to-deck welded joints executed as intermittent one-sided fillet welds.</div><div>Fractographic and fatigue analyses identified four typical crack types: “toe-rib”, “root-weld”, “root-deck” and “toe-deck”. The latter two types occurred only under loading parallel to the rib web, while the “root-weld” crack type was likely associated with a significant transverse shear stress component. The results indicate that the fatigue endurance of these joints is highly sensitive to shear stress. A proposed threshold for the necessity of considering shear stress influence is shear-to-normal stress ratio of 0.2 and 0.1 for the Nominal Stress and Hot Spot Stress methods, respectively. Two cracks were initially oblique toward the toe, potentially linked to grain coarsening in the heat-affected zone.</div><div>Mean reference fatigue strengths were 93 MPa for the Nominal Stress and 108 MPa for the Hot Spot Stress methods, with guaranteed characteristic values of 69 MPa and 86 MPa. Considering shear stress influence as a reduction factor for the reference characteristic value for normal stress proved ineffective.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11677,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Failure Analysis","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 110553"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145921367","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on stability and failure modes of long-narrow deep excavations","authors":"Shouhua Liu ,&nbsp;Yiding Zhao ,&nbsp;Hua Zhu ,&nbsp;Yanning Du","doi":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2026.110534","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2026.110534","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Stability analysis and failure modes of basal heave in deep excavations are crucial, as they are essential for determining the safety factor in design. In this study, an algorithm based on upper bound finite element theory and adaptive technology is presented, which can characterize the failure modes of basal heave in long-narrow deep excavations. The results demonstrate that when the width-to-depth ratio is less than or equal to 2, the effect of excavation width should be considered in the basal heave stability analysis. The failure modes of long-narrow deep excavations manifest as an arc expansion pattern. Furthermore, the safety factors calculated by the proposed method are more reasonable. The research results can serve as a reference for analyzing basal heave stability and optimizing the design of supporting structures for long-narrow deep excavations.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11677,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Failure Analysis","volume":"186 ","pages":"Article 110534"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2026-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145921797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}