Engineering Failure Analysis最新文献

{"title":"Numerical and experimental studies on the oil churning and power loss of the transmission system for emulsion pump","authors":"Guoqing Qi ,&nbsp;Qingliang Zeng ,&nbsp;Zhaoji Li ,&nbsp;Zhiyuan Sun ,&nbsp;Lirong Wan","doi":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.109770","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.109770","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The safety of the transmission system of the emulsion pump is particularly important for the crankshaft. The torsional vibration of the gear system during oil churning is easily overlooked, which is one of the key factors leading to crankshaft fatigue failure. Due to the complexity of the transmission system and the unpredictability of the flow field state, the conventional analysis of churning characteristics has significant limitations. Based on the multi-body dynamics (MBD) and the moving particle semi-implicit (MPS) method, this paper innovatively proposes a Co-MBD-MPS model to study the churning characteristics and power loss of the transmission system. The Co-MBD-MPS model is experimentally validated, and the discrepancies between experiments and simulations are 4.5 % and 6.4 % respectively. Considering the effects of multiple parameters, the lubrication characteristics and power loss of the transmission system are investigated. Moreover, a prediction model of power loss fluctuation of the gear train is proposed. The results show that the oil churning characteristics of the transmission system with multiple parameters are coordinated and the lubrication reliability is improved. In a certain range, the power loss and fluctuation are monotonically increasing with the oil injection height, rotational speed, and oil temperature. Furthermore, the working range of the best return rate is the height of oil injection of –80 mm, the rotational speed of 902–1203 r/min, the temperature of the oil of 40–50 ℃, the torque of 340–485 N·m. The findings offer insights and guidelines for avoiding crankshaft failure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11677,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Failure Analysis","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 109770"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144167380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Field observations and numerical modeling of the collapse mechanism of the Habibi Neccar Mosque during the 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes","authors":"Abdullah Dilsiz ,&nbsp;İrfan Kocaman ,&nbsp;Ömer Mercimek ,&nbsp;Salah Haj Ismail ,&nbsp;Alper Çelik ,&nbsp;Özgür Anıl","doi":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.109767","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.109767","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The seismic behavior and collapse mechanism of the Habibi Neccar Mosque—recognized as the first mosque in Anatolia and completely destroyed during the 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaraş earthquakes—were investigated through an integrated methodology comprising field observations, structural modeling, and advanced numerical analyses. The structure was modeled using a macro-scale finite element approach with SOLID65 elements in ANSYS, incorporating the Willam–Warnke failure surface to simulate the nonlinear behavior of masonry components. Material properties were derived from experimental studies on regional stone types and engineering correlations. The first three vibration modes obtained through modal analysis revealed dominant translational and torsional behavior, with the first-mode frequency computed as 5.26 Hz. Pushover analyses indicated direction-dependent lateral load capacities: approximately 18,000 kN in the X direction and 14,000 kN in the Z direction. Nonlinear time-history analyses using unscaled ground motion records from the epicentral region demonstrated that the structure entered a collapse mechanism at a dome displacement of ±15 mm, with maximum base shear forces reaching 10,000 kN. The dynamic strain distributions confirmed the progressive damage initiated at the dome–arch interface, followed by sequential failure of the vaults, portico, and bearing walls. These results exhibited strong agreement with post-earthquake field observations, validating both the structural modeling strategy and the defined material parameters. Furthermore, the analytical outcomes were found to be consistent with empirical displacement-based collapse limits reported in previous studies. This research emphasizes the importance of displacement-based nonlinear analysis methods in assessing the seismic vulnerability of historical masonry mosques. The presented methodology and findings are expected to serve as a reference framework for the structural evaluation, retrofitting, and restoration of heritage structures located in high seismicity regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11677,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Failure Analysis","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 109767"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144185413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of mooring line fracture on 15 MW floating offshore wind turbine under different operation strategies","authors":"Yan Li ,&nbsp;Guoyan Li ,&nbsp;Qiang Zhu ,&nbsp;Yiwen Cui ,&nbsp;Yiting Feng ,&nbsp;Ouming Su ,&nbsp;Haoran Li ,&nbsp;Bin Wang ,&nbsp;Hang Meng","doi":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.109754","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.109754","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The mooring system of a floating offshore wind turbine (FOWT) may fail under operational conditions, thereby increasing the risk of capsizing and collision within the wind farm. To predict the effects of mooring line fracture, a dynamic model is established for a 15 MW semi-submersible FOWT. This method includes a hydrodynamic model based on potential flow theory, an aerodynamic model with blade element momentum (BEM) theory, and a dynamic slender structure model using finite element theory. Through time domain simulation and wavelet analysis, the motion of the foundation and the tension in the remaining cables after one mooring line is broken are studied. The results indicate that the fractured mooring line will lead to notable changes in response at both low and high frequencies. To mitigate these impacts, the performance of operation strategies such as emergency shutdown and nacelle yaw misalignment is also examined. According to these simulations, active nacelle yaw control is detrimental to the safety of the system, especially for the transverse and yaw motions. On the other hand, shutting down the generator significantly decreases the drift distance and the mooring load. However, it may affect the stability of the system.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11677,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Failure Analysis","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 109754"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144185414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Failure analysis and improvement of trackbed mechanical properties in ballast cleaning operation","authors":"Yixiong Xiao ,&nbsp;Shunwei Shi ,&nbsp;Mengran Xia ,&nbsp;Jing Wang ,&nbsp;Zengjian Niu ,&nbsp;Chunyu Wang ,&nbsp;Liang Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.109771","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.109771","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ballast cleaning operations can eliminate fouling and hardening of railway trackbed, but these processes also cause damage to the mechanical properties of the backfilled trackbed. However, this failure mechanism has not received substantial attention, even though it necessitates speed restrictions and reduces the railway capacity after the backfilling operation. This study conducted field experiments to evaluate the damage and restoration process of trackbed mechanical properties. A polyhedral ballast model was employed to simulate particle interlocking, while a backfill device–ballast model was developed for operational analysis. The results indicated that the mechanical properties could deteriorate by up to 95 % post-cleaning, requiring nearly 1 × 10⁵ tons of total train passage to restore stability. Furthermore, track panel obstructions could form cavities beneath the sleepers, causing uneven density distribution and failure of the trackbed mechanical properties. Reducing the conveyor belt swing amplitude and optimally increasing the track panel lifting height could enhance the density uniformity and support stiffness. Based on these results, a swing amplitude of 0°–1° and lifting height of 125–150 mm were recommended. This study provides valuable insights for minimizing speed restriction durations and accelerating railway capacity restoration by improving ballast mechanical properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11677,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Failure Analysis","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 109771"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144167379","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microstructure evolution and mechanical property improvement of compound-free 93WNiFe alloy/30CrMnSiA steel joints via HIP diffusion bonding","authors":"Jinghao Xu ,&nbsp;Zida Wang ,&nbsp;Qi Wu ,&nbsp;Zhihang Zhang ,&nbsp;Wei Shao ,&nbsp;Jihua Huang ,&nbsp;Shuhai Chen ,&nbsp;Zheng Ye ,&nbsp;Wanli Wang ,&nbsp;Jian Yang","doi":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.109765","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.109765","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this work, the ultra-high performance 93WNiFe alloy/30CrMnSiA steel hot isostatic pressing diffusion bonding joint was prepared successfully by utilizing NiFeWss interlayer. The microstructures and properties of joints were researched by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and tensile testing. Residual thermal stresses of joints were researched by using Finite element (FE) simulation, the interface element diffusion and phase precipitation kinetics were studied based on Fick’s second law and Johnson-Mehl-Avrami-Kolmogorov (JMAK) theory. The results indicate that, the microstructure of joint is 93WNiFe alloy/(NiFeW_SS matrix + W precipitated phases) composite diffusion layer/steel, without the brittle intermetallic compounds. With bonding temperature increases from 900 °C to 1050 °C, the volume fraction of W precipitated phase in diffusion layer increases from 6.38 % to 21.54 %, and the average dimension increases from 0.86 μm to 4.33 μm. The increasing volume fraction of W precipitated phases assist in reducing the maximum tensile stress in the joint, while the increase in average size plays an opposite role. As a result, the tensile strength of joint increases firstly and then decreases with the increasing bonding temperature. Ultra-high tensile strength of 412 MPa and elongation rate of 9.4 % were achieved at a bonding temperature of 950 °C. The formation of composite diffusion layer can be attributed to element diffusion between NiFeW_SS interlayer and steel substrate, the diffusion rates for element Fe from steel substrate into NiFeWss interlayer and element Ni from NiFeWss interlayer into steel substrate are <em>D</em>_Fe = 3.58 × 10^-6exp(−2.72 × 10⁵/R<em>T</em>)m²/s and <em>D</em>_Ni = 7.65 × 10^-6exp(−2.94 × 10⁵/R<em>T</em>)m²/s, the precipitation of W phase in diffusion layer with bonding temperatures of 900 °C, 950 °C, 1000 °C and 1050 °C follows <em>f</em> = 1-exp(−4.23 × 10^-4<em>t</em>^0.58624), <em>f</em> = 1-exp(−7.42 × 10^-5<em>t</em>^0.85804), <em>f</em> = 1-exp(−1.83 × 10^-4<em>t</em>^0.77961), and <em>f</em> = 1-exp(−4.87 × 10^-5<em>t</em>^0.98385).</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11677,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Failure Analysis","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 109765"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144148009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of crack propagation behavior and life prediction model of aluminum alloy thick plate based on thickness effect","authors":"Jinhui Fu,&nbsp;Teng Zhang,&nbsp;Changkai Wang,&nbsp;Tianyu Zhang,&nbsp;Yuting He","doi":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.109763","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.109763","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The main load-bearing components of aircraft are predominantly constructed from thick-section aluminum alloy structures. In these applications, the thickness effect is a critical factor significantly influencing the crack growth life of aluminum alloy thick plates. Therefore, it is essential to incorporate the thickness effect into the damage tolerance design process. In this paper, the 7050-T7451 aluminum alloy specimens with three distinct thicknesses were utilized to investigate the effect of thickness on the crack growth life. The deviation of crack growth life caused by the thickness effect was quantitatively characterized based on experimental results. Meanwhile, the bilinear relationship between the crack growth rate and crack length was revealed. Furthermore, a modified crack growth life prediction model incorporating the thickness effect was proposed through the synergistic integration of finite element analysis and Python-based computational algorithms. Finally, mechanistic insights into the localized instantaneous fracture phenomenon observed during the crack propagation stages and its influence on surface crack propagation behavior were provided.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11677,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Failure Analysis","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 109763"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144185411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on the stress response characteristics of the crank-connecting rod mechanism under lubrication failure and auxiliary equipment malfunction","authors":"Renqi Zhang ,&nbsp;Yonghua Yu ,&nbsp;Shunhua Ou ,&nbsp;Lei Hu ,&nbsp;Bingxin Cao ,&nbsp;Liangtao Xie ,&nbsp;Bingjie Ma","doi":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.109751","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.109751","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The dynamic behavior of crank-rod mechanisms has a significant impact on the stability and service life of engines. Lubrication failure and ancillary equipment failure may trigger a complex stress evolution process in the crank linkage, which in turn affects the dynamic response characteristics of the system. To address this issue, this paper constructs a computational model based on the kinetic theory and finite element method for lubrication failure and accessory equipment failure, and carries out the stress response analysis under the failure state. The results show that the local stress concentration phenomenon caused by lubrication failure increases significantly under low-speed conditions, while the stress gradient caused by lubrication failure slows down gradually with the increase of speed, and the overall stress distribution tends to be homogenized. The torque perturbation induced by the failure of ancillary equipment has less influence on the overall stress distribution of the crankshaft, but induces larger stress fluctuations in the local area of the free end. The research results can provide theoretical support and engineering guidance for the health monitoring, fault diagnosis, and structural optimization of the crank connecting rod mechanism.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11677,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Failure Analysis","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 109751"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144167378","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of boriding on wear and fatigue life of WC-Co die inserts in cold forming","authors":"Kubra Ozturk Guler ,&nbsp;Bahadir Uyulgan ,&nbsp;Burak Hizli ,&nbsp;Umut Ince","doi":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.109762","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.109762","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cold forging is a key manufacturing process in fastener production, utilizing multi-stage die systems to plastically deform materials under high compressive stresses. In cold forming operations such as extrusion, reduction, and head forming, WC-Co materials are widely employed in die applications, selected based on the specific requirements of the process. These die materials used in cold forming must exhibit high wear resistance and fatigue strength due to the substantial forming forces that generate significant stresses within the dies. Boriding, a surface treatment method, is applied to enhance these mechanical properties. This study investigates the effects of pack-boriding treatment on the fatigue life and wear properties of WC-Co material containing 19 % Co, which are used as die inserts in cold forging die systems. Three sets of samples were pack-borided using EKABOR-2 boron powder at 1000 °C, 950 °C, and 900 °C for 4 h under each temperature condition to accomplish this process. Following the pack-boriding process, pin-on-plate wear tests were conducted under both non-lubricated and lubricated conditions to evaluate the wear performance of the samples. Three-point bending fatigue tests were performed to assess the fatigue behavior of the borided samples. After the fatigue test, Goodman-Haigh diagrams were obtained from the experimental results to be utilized in predictive die-life calculations. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of CoB, Co₂B, WB₂ and W₂CoB₂ phases in the borided layer. Results indicate that increasing boriding temperature significantly improves wear resistance and surface hardness, with the highest microhardness (4104 HV₀.₁) and the lowest wear track width (183 µm non-lubricated, 70.76 µm lubricated) measured at 1000 °C. However, the thick and brittle boride layer induced stress concentrations, negatively affecting the material’s fatigue performance. According to the Goodman-Haigh diagrams, the highest fatigue life after boriding was measured as 5,000,000 cycles at 950 °C, while the lowest was 135,356 cycles at 450 MPa after boriding at 1000 °C. Although the increased hardness of the WB₂ phase at 1000 °C enhanced wear resistance, the formation of a brittle boride layer led to stress concentrations, facilitating crack initiation and reducing die life. This indicates that while higher boriding temperatures improve surface hardness, they also increase brittleness, negatively impacting the material’s fatigue performance.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11677,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Failure Analysis","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 109762"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144178775","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Research on fatigue crack propagation behavior and fatigue life of AA2524 sheet after laser heating − Laser shot peening","authors":"Songbai Li,&nbsp;Peijun Li,&nbsp;Qiyun Zhu,&nbsp;Mei Yin,&nbsp;Xinhua Zhu,&nbsp;Hui Long","doi":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.109760","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.109760","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In order to prolong the service life of AA2524 panel, a composite process of laser heating(LH) and laser shot peening(LSP) was proposed to modify the surface of AA2524 panel. The compressive residual stress(CRS) on the panel surface was induced to delay the fatigue crack growth rate(FCGR) and prolong the service life. A single LH-LSP was performed on the AA2524 specimen. The surface residual stress and surface hardness of specimen were measured, the FCGR of specimen was evaluated under different stress ratios, and the microstructure of the fatigue fracture of specimen was observed. The fatigue life of the specimen was predicted by weight function combined with fatigue crack growth rate formula. The results show that compared with specimen after single LH and single LSP, specimen after single LH-LSP can induce greater surface CRS, and has the best life prolonging effect. When <em>R</em> = 0.1, the FCGR of the specimen after composite process is about 31.2 % lower than that of the base material specimen. The root-mean-square error(RMSE) (3.83 %) of fatigue life prediction by Wu + Walker model is smaller than that by Wu + Forman model (5.72 %) and Wu + Elber model (7.68 %). The composite process can better prolong the life of aviation AA2524 panel.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11677,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Failure Analysis","volume":"179 ","pages":"Article 109760"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144167383","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fracture mechanism and life prediction of IN718 under very high cycle variable amplitude loading at high temperature","authors":"Zeshuai Shen,&nbsp;Zhiyong Huang,&nbsp;Jian Wang,&nbsp;Hongjiang Qian,&nbsp;Liangqi Zheng,&nbsp;Qikai Zhou,&nbsp;Qingyun Zhu,&nbsp;Jiebin Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.109745","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.109745","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigates the effect of variable amplitude loading on the very high cycle fatigue (VHCF) behavior of IN718 superalloy at high temperature. VHCF tests are conducted on IN718 superalloy at 650 °C under low-to-high stress amplitude (<em>σ_L/H</em>) and high-to-low stress amplitude (<em>σ_H/L</em>) conditions. The <em>σ_L/H</em> mode and <em>σ_H/L</em> mode show an increasing trend and a decreasing trend in fatigue life, respectively. Through the analysis of fracture surface morphology and microstructural characteristics along cracks, in crack initiation region, cracks are found to tend to initiate around carbides for both modes while enhanced dislocation slip activity caused by high stress amplitude in the <em>σ_H/L</em> mode is the main reason for shortened fatigue life. In crack tip region, for <em>σ_H/L</em> mode, crack is found to tend to propagate between grains with small twist angle (<em>α</em>) and tilt angle (<em>β</em>) and grains with low Schmid factors show high resistance to crack propagation while disordered microstructures are observed for <em>σ_L/H</em> mode. To further realize life prediction, a model based on CatBoost algorithm is established and outperforms empirical equation with the error decreasing by nearly 50 %.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11677,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Failure Analysis","volume":"178 ","pages":"Article 109745"},"PeriodicalIF":4.4,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144148104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}