Engineering Failure Analysis最新文献

{"title":"Flow accelerated corrosion in nuclear power plants: a detailed review on mechanisms, mitigation, and management","authors":"Malik Al-Abed Allah ,&nbsp;Mohammed Arroussi ,&nbsp;Osman K. Siddiqui ,&nbsp;Muhammad Yusuf ,&nbsp;Timothy N. Hunter ,&nbsp;Afaque Shams ,&nbsp;Ihsan ul Haq Toor","doi":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.110203","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.110203","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Flow-Accelerated Corrosion (FAC) is one of the most critical degradation mechanisms in nuclear power plants (NPPs), particularly affecting carbon steel components exposed to high-temperature water and steam flows. This review provides a comprehensive overview of FAC mechanisms, highlighting the electrochemical and mass transfer processes responsible for oxide film dissolution and metal loss. Predictive modeling approaches, ranging from semi-empirical models to modern computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and machine learning (ML) techniques, are discussed in terms of their capability to forecast FAC progression under varied operational scenarios. Factors influencing the FAC rate of metals, including the environmental parameters and material composition, are discussed in detail. A detailed overview of experimental testing methods—including stirred autoclaves, jet impingement setups, and rotating cage systems—is provided, along with their limitations in replicating real-world reactor conditions. The paper also outlines the current mitigation strategies, including metal formulation, chemical inhibitors, and maintenance strategies for suitable operation in NPP. Recent advances highlight the role of alloying elements such as chromium (Cr) and molybdenum (Mo) in stabilizing protective oxide layers, while also revealing important limitations of CFD models (<em>e.g.</em>, challenges in validation and surface kinetics integration) and ML methods (<em>e.g.</em>, lack of interpretability and regulatory readiness). Future research directions emphasize the need for integrated, multi-physics models, real-time monitoring systems, and the development of advanced materials to ensure long-term structural integrity and safety in next-generation nuclear reactors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11677,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Failure Analysis","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 110203"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145271137","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hydrogen-induced failure mechanism of X80 pipeline steel welded joints based on macro-and micro-scale experimental analysis: Embrittlement enhancement effect caused by high hydrogen trap density","authors":"Xia Wu ,&nbsp;Zihan Song ,&nbsp;Minqian Tan ,&nbsp;Wenlong Jia ,&nbsp;Jindou Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.110190","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.110190","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The hydrogen embrittlement (HE) susceptibility of high-grade steel welded joints, represented typically by X80 steel, is significantly higher than that of the base metal (BM) while the mechanism remains unclear. To address this, a multi-scale experimental and theoretical analysis was conducted. This reasearch systematically investigated the differences in hydrogen-induced failure behavior and mechanisms between X80 steel welded metal (WM) and BM after gaseous hydrogen charging through slow strain rate tensile (SSRT) test, fatigue crack growth rate (FCGR) test, fracture morphology observation, microstructural characterization, and electrochemical hydrogen permeation experiments. The results indicate that under a 50 % N₂-H₂ blending condition, the reduction rate of the fracture contraction area of the WM was 6.6 times greater than that of the BM, demonstrating higher HE susceptibility. However, the FCGR of the WM was slightly lower than that of the BM, with a difference of approximately 4.45 %. Hydrogen permeation tests revealed that the hydrogen diffusion coefficient in the BM was 1.71 times higher than that in the WM. Fractography showed that hydrogen-induced failure in the BM was primarily characterized by microvoid nucleation and growth dominated by the Hydrogen-Enhanced Localized Plasticity (HELP) mechanism, while these features were less pronounced in the WM. Combined phase analysis indicated that the hydrogen trap density in the BM was approximately 81.3 % lower than in the WM. In the WM region, high dislocation density, fine grains, and high-density hydrogen traps (M/A interfaces, inclusions, etc.) lead to local hydrogen enrichment, which triggers the Hydrogen-Enhanced Decohesion (HEDE) mechanism and dislocation pinning effects earlier, presenting typical localized brittle fracture characteristics. This research clarifies the differences in HE mechanisms between the BM and the WM, identifying the local hydrogen accumulation caused by high trap density in the WM as the key reason for its high HE susceptibility. It demonstrates that local hydrogen enrichment is more detrimental than rapid, uniform diffusion. The results provide a theoretical basis for the design and safety assessment of hydrogen-resistant welded joints.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11677,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Failure Analysis","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 110190"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145271136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulation-based failure analysis of faulty and regulatory railhead repair welding procedures","authors":"Björn Andersson,&nbsp;B. Lennart Josefson","doi":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.110185","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.110185","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Advancements in railway technology have significantly reduced wheel and axle failures, yet rail failures, particularly in welded regions, remain a major concern. Up to 60% of recorded rail failures occur in these areas, with accident reports frequently attributing incidents to improperly executed repair welds. Using thermo-metallurgical-mechanical finite element simulations, this study investigates the mechanical performance of regulatory and faulty in-situ railhead repair welds, where only part of the railhead is removed. The multi-pass welding simulations employ a multi-phase homogenization-based material model, incorporating non-linear isotropic and kinematic hardening, phase transformation kinetics, and virgin material state recovery. Mechanical performance of the railhead repairs is evaluated through wheel-rail contact over-rolling simulations and fatigue analysis using novel multi-phase Dang Van criterion.</div><div>The comparison, based on quantitative data, reveals an increased risk of fatigue crack initiation when deviations from the regulatory procedure occur. The regulatory repair produces a ferritic-pearlitic microstructure and a more favorable residual stress state, characterized by compressive stresses in the weld region and tensile stresses deeper below the rail surface where the microstructure is more favorable. In contrast, the faulty repair exhibits rapid cooling rates, leading to brittle martensitic phases and high tensile residual stresses near the rail surface, significantly increasing fatigue crack initiation risk. Operational over-rolling simulations further demonstrate that tensile stresses in the faulty repair persist near the surface, failing to redistribute as effectively as in the regulatory repair. These findings underscore the importance of strict adherence to repair welding standards to prevent premature rail failures and costly maintenance interventions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11677,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Failure Analysis","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 110185"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145265526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Failure analysis of service fatigue cracks in aircraft structures – Going further","authors":"S. Barter ,&nbsp;B. Main ,&nbsp;M. Jones","doi":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.110207","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.110207","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper explores the process of investigating and analysing unexpected fatigue cracking in aircraft primary structure. The three examples demonstrate the potential for quantitative fractography to assist fleet managers in answering key questions that arise in such cases, such as; the type of cracking, its nucleation cause, its age, its growth rate and its proximity to failure.</div><div>Example 1 is cracking in a BAC 1–11 main landing gear wheel that occurred adjacent to a brake-drive block fitting. The investigation revealed that the cause of the cracking was surface damage that led to intergranular corrosion pitting, from which fatigue cracking grew. Quantitative assessment using surface marking created by overhaul actions gave a crack growth curve that suggested that the crack had not been growing very fast at the time it reached the thickness of the wheel and the wheel was not close to imminent structural failure.</div><div>Example 2 investigated damage to F/A-18A/B outer wing leading edge flap attachment lugs. Fatigue cracking had nucleated from maintenance-induced damage in lug radii. The main cracks were assessed by comparison of the local fracture appearance – compared to expectation of the appearance of variable amplitude crack growth in this material gained through its close study, throughout the growth of the larger cracks to assess the growth rate, which was found to have not been growing very fast, and failure was not imminent. This was sufficient, given the short remaining life of the fleet, to support a decision not to design a fleet repair.</div><div>The third example was an investigation into F/A-18A/B vertical tail stub fatigue cracking. Here measurements of similar groups of progression markings found on the fracture surface were used to infer the fatigue crack growth rates and discreet changes in the cracks path. These markings were matched to downtime events during service life. These major markings, when correlated to the ‘similar groups of markings’ growth assessment showed good agreement, and the crack growth curve developed was used to support extending the life of the stubs with known cracking.</div><div>These studies underscore the importance of understanding the service life and event history of a structural component being examined, and the role of fatigue research in improving investigators’ practical knowledge. The authors emphasize that quantitative fractographic methods, when used in failure analysis of service aircraft structure can significantly contribute to understanding the mechanisms of fatigue crack growth and can greatly aid in fleet management decisions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11677,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Failure Analysis","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 110207"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145271099","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Forming simulation and failure analysis of CFRP hole-clinched and adhesive hybrid joints","authors":"Hailiang Su,&nbsp;Zhenxiao Wei,&nbsp;Weilong Huang,&nbsp;Mengfan Zhou,&nbsp;Min Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.110191","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.110191","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and aluminum alloy hybrid joints are increasingly used in lightweight structures, but their reliability is often affected by process-induced damage during mechanical joining. This study presents the first coupled forming-damage-failure analysis of hole-clinched adhesive hybrid joints, integrating simulations and experiments to reveal the interaction between joining defects and structural performance. A progressive damage model (Hashin) for CFRP, a cohesive zone model for the adhesive interface, and a Johnson-Cook model for aluminum alloy are combined to simulate joint formation and subsequent loading. Results show that the localized defects such as interfacial delamination, adhesive degradation, and fiber–matrix cracking originate during forming and critically influence tensile response. Cross-sectional and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observations validate the simulations. Comparative tensile tests demonstrate that hybrid joints outperform adhesive joints, with a 23.9% increase in peak load and a 105.6% improvement in energy absorption. Failure analysis confirms a multi-scale damage evolution involving adhesive degradation, fiber fracture, and interlock deformation. This work establishes a predictive framework linking process parameters, damage evolution, and joint reliability, offering guidance for the optimized design of CFRP-metal hybrid connections in advanced lightweight structures.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11677,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Failure Analysis","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 110191"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145271100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Limitations of GFRP wrapping revealed by Erosion–Corrosion and sulfide stress cracking in Sour-Gas Environments: Experimental and numerical simulation perspectives","authors":"Edi Purnomo ,&nbsp;Alvin Dio Nugroho ,&nbsp;Wahyu Erlangga ,&nbsp;Kresna Adi Mahendra ,&nbsp;Dhedy Fatma Wijaya ,&nbsp;Priyo Tri Iswanto ,&nbsp;Joko Waluyo ,&nbsp;Muhammad Akhsin Muflikhun","doi":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.110195","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.110195","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the failure of a U-shaped heat exchanger outlet pipe internally wrapped with eight layers of glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP), which leaked after only four months of operation at 120–140 °C. A multi-approach investigation was conducted through visual, metallurgical, mechanical, and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) analyses. Visual inspection identified deposit buildup that caused turbulent multiphase flow and wall thinning to below 1 mm, producing high hoop stress and rupture. Metallurgical analysis revealed intergranular corrosion and cracking. Based on Scanning Electron Microscope-Energy Dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX) observation results from three observation locations, the failure location and Heat Affected Zone (HAZ) have the highest sulfur content, approximately 1.6 at% and 2.18 at%. This data reveals that the pipe absorbed H2S gas, and the presence of sulfur allows for sulfide stress corrosion cracking (SSCC). Additionally, SEM-EDX results from all three locations also showed the presence of chlorine (Cl), which can lead to pitting corrosion. Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) spectra showed acidic compounds such as amine salts, carboxylic acids, and anhydrides, indicating corrosion–deposit interaction. Mechanical tests demonstrated hardness in the weld area of 212–245 HV compared to &lt; 180 HV in the base metal, indicating higher brittleness. Tensile strength reached 444.2 MPa in the HAZ, 437.2 MPa in the weld, and 407.3 MPa in the base metal. Compression strength decreased from 294.15 MPa (base metal) to 268.81 MPa (HAZ). Flexural resistance declined by 30 % near the leakage (2.55 kN vs. 8.49 kN for new GFRP). Impact energy absorption also dropped from 79 J (base metal) to 55 J (HAZ), marking a ductile-to-brittle transition. CFD confirmed turbulent flow and high wall shear at the sockolet, intensifying erosion–corrosion synergy. These results demonstrate the combined effects of SSCC, deposit-induced erosion, and turbulent flow as primary causes of failure. The findings highlight the limitations of GFRP wrapping in sour-gas environments and point toward future applications of high temperature adhesive, flow-conditioning design, and CFD-based predictive maintenance to extend service life in pipelines and refinery heat exchangers.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11677,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Failure Analysis","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 110195"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145265522","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Machine learning-assisted intelligent identification of hydrogen trap information in temperature-programmed hydrogen desorption","authors":"Shiyuan Yang ,&nbsp;Andrés Díaz ,&nbsp;Abílio M.P. De Jesus ,&nbsp;Debiao Meng ,&nbsp;Shun-Peng Zhu","doi":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.110180","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.110180","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Green hydrogen is a clean energy with great development prospects. However, in hydrogen-rich environments, certain mechanical properties of metals can degrade significantly, potentially leading to serious structural failures in engineering applications. Among the many factors affecting the hydrogen embrittlement sensitivity of materials, the diffusion and capture behavior of hydrogen is particularly key. Thermal Desorption Spectroscopy (TDS) is one of the key technologies for studying these behaviors. However, identifying hydrogen trap information from TDS data remains a significant challenge. To address this issue, this study proposes a machine learning-based approach for the intelligent identification of hydrogen trap information, facilitating the rapid, accurate, and robust extraction of hydrogen trap density and binding energy from TDS, including both single-trap and distinct double-trap scenarios. In the proposed approach, an Oriani-based hydrogen transport equilibrium model was implemented in MATLAB to generate a large number of TDS data samples. A TDS fitting procedure based on the asymmetric double sigmoidal function is developed to represent the TDS data using five parameters. These five fitting parameters and the hydrogen trap characteristics are used as input features and output targets, respectively, to construct the machine learning models. Among four classical machine learning algorithms evaluated, the support vector machine exhibits the highest predictive accuracy. Furthermore, compared with widely used methods for hydrogen trap identification, the proposed approach demonstrates significant advantages in terms of accuracy, efficiency, and robustness. This research provides a powerful tool for gaining deeper insights into hydrogen behavior in metals.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11677,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Failure Analysis","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 110180"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145265527","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A rapid damage identification method for highway bridge double-column piers based on longitudinal dynamic stiffness","authors":"Zhen Ni,&nbsp;Jiawang Zhan,&nbsp;Xinxiang Xu,&nbsp;Chuang Wang,&nbsp;Zhihang Wang,&nbsp;Yujie Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.110192","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.110192","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As a vital load-bearing component, double-column pier is one of the most prevalent types in highway bridges substructures. With the continuous growth of traffic volume and the occurrence of natural disasters, double-column piers are highly susceptible to damage and effective damage identification is crucial to their long-term service safety. Conventional damage identification methods usually depend on visual inspection and non-destructive testing, typically focus on the inspection of surface damage and cannot achieve quantitative assessments. To address these challenges, this paper proposes a rapid damage identification method for highway double-column piers utilizing longitudinal dynamic stiffness. Firstly, the dynamic index is proposed to achieve the preliminary judgement of the damaged pier. Secondly, the dynamic stiffness similarity coefficient and logarithmic difference of dynamic stiffness are introduced to identify the damage side and the specific damaged location of the pier. Finally, the Bayesian-optimized K-nearest neighbor classifier is used to achieve the damage quantification. The effectiveness and accuracy of the proposed method is validated through a scale model experiment of a highway bridge double-column pier. The results demonstrate that the proposed methodology can accurately locate and quantify the damage of double-column piers, and the identification results agree well with the preset damage in the scale model experiment. The proposed method can provide reference for damage identification and rapid evaluation of highway bridge double-column piers in actual engineering.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11677,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Failure Analysis","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 110192"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145266473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental evidence of failure mode transition for reinforced concrete rectangular columns with corroded stirrup","authors":"Cailong Ma ,&nbsp;Hao Sun ,&nbsp;Chaolie Ning ,&nbsp;Siyuan Wu ,&nbsp;Xiangjun Niu","doi":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.110193","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.110193","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Failure mode transition is paramount for reinforced concrete (RC) columns with corroded stirrup, affecting the seismic performance significantly. Previous experimental studies have overlooked investigations into the stirrup spacing and shear span ratio, both of which may exert significant impacts on the failure mode transition of corroded RC columns. To deal with this problem, this study investigates the effects of stirrup spacing and shear span ratio on the failure mode transition of corroded rectangular columns. A total of eight full-scale specimens with a cross-section of 300 mm × 450 mm were designed, including specimens with four different stirrup corrosion ratios, three different stirrup spacings, and three different shear span ratios. The failure modes of corroded columns were discussed by analyzing crack propagation, steel bar yielding and buckling, and actual stirrup corrosion ratios. The differences in seismic performance of corroded columns under different working conditions were examined by comparing and analyzing results of indicators including load capacity, ductility, and energy dissipation. The test results indicate that the failure mode transition occurs from flexural to shear when the corrosion ratio increases, stirrup spacing widens, and shear span ratio decreases. The stirrup corrosion ratio, stirrup spacing, and shear span ratio significantly influence the seismic performance of corroded columns. In the process of inducing the failure mode transition of RC columns, the increase of stirrup corrosion ratio and stirrup spacing significantly reduces the peak load capacity. Meanwhile, increasing the stirrup corrosion ratio, widening the stirrup spacing, and reducing the shear span ratio lead to a decline in the ductility and energy dissipation. Compared with the uncorroded column, the displacement ductility factor of the columns under three corrosion degrees decreases by 18.8 %, 5.2 %, and 15.8 % respectively. Their single-cycle energy dissipation at 3 % drift ratio has a decrease by 15.7 %, 33.4 %, and 63.1 % respectively. In addition, the cumulative energy dissipation capacity before the ultimate state exhibits a moderate decline when the shear span ratio decreases, whereas the single-cycle energy dissipation before the shear failure experiences a sudden increase. This experimental investigation is beneficial to understanding the complicated flexural and shear failure competition mechanism of corroded RC columns.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11677,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Failure Analysis","volume":"183 ","pages":"Article 110193"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145271135","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of environmental effects through long-term vibration monitoring on the structural behavior and seismic performance assessment of the Hagia Sophia Bell Tower","authors":"Yusuf Yanik ,&nbsp;Temel Türker ,&nbsp;Hasan Tahsin Öztürk ,&nbsp;Betül Demirtaş ,&nbsp;Abdullah Aymelek ,&nbsp;Ömer Yildirim ,&nbsp;İsmet Çalik","doi":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.110171","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.engfailanal.2025.110171","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents development and application of a high-precision, multi-channel vibration measurement system to monitor structural behavior of Hagia Sophia Bell Tower. The research focused on assessing the dynamic characteristics of the tower, both through experimental measurements and numerical simulations. The study began by conducting an in-depth analysis of the tower’s dynamic properties using finite element (FE) models, enabling the identification of experimental frequencies. Long-term monitoring was carried out using the newly developed vibration measurement system, complemented by a digital sensor that enabled simultaneous recording of environmental conditions such as temperature and humidity. These parameters were continuously monitored to assess their potential impact on the frequencies and dynamic responses of the tower. Subsequently, regression analyses were performed to establish the relationship between environmental factors, and the tower’s structural behavior. The experimental data were used to update FE models, ensuring a more accurate representation of the tower’s actual behavior under varying conditions. Earthquake analyses were also conducted on the FE models to evaluate the seismic performance. The results of the study confirmed that vibration testing, combined with environmental monitoring, was a highly effective method for detecting changes in structural behavior. The findings highlighted the significant influence of environmental factors on the dynamic characteristics, with frequency variations reaching an average of 3.6%. These effects should be considered in ongoing monitoring. It was demonstrated that updating FE models reduced numerical errors below 2.5%. These findings gave importance of integrating long-term monitoring with FE model updating, providing more accurate protection and assessment strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11677,"journal":{"name":"Engineering Failure Analysis","volume":"182 ","pages":"Article 110171"},"PeriodicalIF":5.7,"publicationDate":"2025-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145265521","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}