Energy Science & Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Analysis of Solar Radiation Shielding in Space for Climate Mitigations of the Earth","authors":"Kyung Bae Jang,&nbsp;Tae Ho Woo","doi":"10.1002/ese3.2083","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.2083","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Solar radiation modification (SRM) through space solar shielding is a proposed strategy to mitigate global warming. This approach involves reflecting sunlight back into space while allowing Earth's infrared radiation to escape, thereby controlling climate change. The effectiveness of space solar shielding is evaluated using a complex algorithm that considers various parameters of the shielding satellite, such as its size, orbit, and deployment mechanism. The thickness of the shield should be similar to the solar wavelength, around 400-600 nm, to deflect sunlight with an expected mass density lower than 1.5 g/m². The primary objective is to reduce the greenhouse effect by mitigating the increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels. In 2022, CO₂ levels in the United States surpassed the pre-industrial level of 278 ppm, increasing by approximately 7.11 ppm due to the consumption of coal, natural gas, and petroleum for electricity generation. This point reflects the relatively recovered climate environment at the end of the pandemic. Therefore, long-wavelength solar radiation energy going out from the Earth is absorbed and increases the temperature of the Earth's atmosphere, so we want to reduce the solar energy coming into the Earth. The performance of space solar shielding is analyzed using a system dynamics (SD) model, which incorporates feedback loops and non-linear relationships between various variables. The results indicate that while the effectiveness of CO₂ reduction may diminish over time, the overall climate mitigation benefits could be significant. However, the large scale of space solar shielding raises concerns about potential side effects. Further research is necessary to assess the environmental and socio-economic implications of this geoengineering approach.</p>","PeriodicalId":11673,"journal":{"name":"Energy Science & Engineering","volume":"13 4","pages":"1653-1661"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ese3.2083","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143852990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Study on Underwater Explosive Weld Interface and Mechanical Properties of Carbon Steel–Stainless Steel","authors":"Chen Jinhua,&nbsp;Song Jialiang,&nbsp;Zhou Dapeng,&nbsp;Zhao Xin,&nbsp;Yang Wen,&nbsp;Zhang Yangguang","doi":"10.1002/ese3.2077","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.2077","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To investigate the influence of the thickness of the intermediate water layer and the thickness of the explosive on the quality of underwater explosive welding of Q235R carbon steel 304 stainless steel, underwater explosive welding experiments were designed under different process conditions. The bonding speed and bonding pressure of the base composite plate during the welding process were tested, and the waveform and mechanical properties of the bonding interface of the composite plate were tested. The experimental results show that its tensile strength is between 444.2750 and 464.7724 MPa, with an average tensile strength of 454.5337 MPa, which is 7%–13% higher than the composite plate prepared by the hot rolling process. When the thickness of the explosive layer and the intermediate water layer is 10 mm and the bonding pressure is 865 MPa, the welding is successful. When the thickness of the explosive layer is 20 mm, as the thickness of the intermediate water layer increases from 10 to 30 mm, the bonding pressure decreases from 8668 to 3245 MPa, and the welding is successful. However, when the thickness of the intermediate layer was further increased to 40 mm, the welding failed and the bonding pressure dropped to 1084 MPa. Due to the fixed thickness of the intermediate water layer, increasing the thickness of the explosive layer will weaken the mechanical strength of the composite plate. Our research provides theoretical support for the preparation of composite metals by explosive welding, which is of great significance for promoting the development of explosive welding technology.</p>","PeriodicalId":11673,"journal":{"name":"Energy Science & Engineering","volume":"13 3","pages":"1392-1401"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ese3.2077","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143602447","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Degradation and Migration Characteristics and Water-Inrush Mechanism of Overburden Roof Under High-Intensity Mining","authors":"Min Cao,&nbsp;Shangxian Yin,&nbsp;Xu Wang,&nbsp;Shuqian Li,&nbsp;Qixing Li,&nbsp;Yulong Di","doi":"10.1002/ese3.70016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.70016","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In the central and western regions of China, coal mining operations are progressively transitioning from shallow to deep strata. This shift is accompanied by an increase in mining height and a rise in the degree of automation, leading to uneven and potentially violent settlement of overlying rock formations, as well as the formation of single or multi-layer separation spaces above the coal seam. If the water-conducting fracture zone intersects with the water-bearing separation layer, it can result in catastrophic mine accidents such as water gushes and sand collapses on the working face. Based on the research background of a specific working face in the No.7 coal seam at Qianjiaying Mine, this study employs empirical formulas, BP neural networks, similarity simulations, and UDEC numerical simulations to investigate the evolution of overburden fractures and the development of separation layers under high-intensity mining conditions. The study also analyzes the water inrush modes and mechanisms of separation layers in high-intensity mining, leading to the following conclusions: (1) By collecting data from 42 different coal mining faces in China, empirical formulas and BP neural network prediction models for the development height of the water-conducting fracture zone in overlying rock were established. The relative and absolute errors of the prediction results from both models were compared. For 90% of the predicted data, the error rate of the BP neural network model was less than 0.5%, with an average error of approximately 3%. (2) Through two similar simulation tests, where only the mining height of the coal seam (3 and 6 m) was varied while controlling other variables, it was concluded that higher mining heights lead to more severe damage and obvious fracture development in overlying rock. The presence of a main key layer and thick sandstone increases the expansion time and duration of the separation space. Overburden failure in high-intensity mining exhibits a “Π” shape, with the failure height primarily influenced by the high-intensity mining mode, overburden structural combination, and the load of the “beam-arch structure,” as well as the overburden dilatation coefficient. (3) Numerical simulation results indicate that under different mining height conditions, larger mining heights result in more pronounced settlement of the main key layer, with step subsidence and sliding phenomena observed on both sides of the key layer. (4) Based on the aforementioned research methods, this paper explores the formation mechanisms of separation layers in both single-seam and multi-seam mining, focusing on the analysis of repeated disturbances in multi-seam mining, dynamic water inrush, and structural water inrush modes. It comprehensively elucidates the mechanisms of separation layer water inrush in high-intensity mining.</p>","PeriodicalId":11673,"journal":{"name":"Energy Science & Engineering","volume":"13 4","pages":"1896-1921"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ese3.70016","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143852930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Modeling and Operation Optimization of a Hydrogen-Compressed Natural Gas-Integrated Energy System With Variable Hydrogen Content and Flexible Thermal Load","authors":"Jing Chen,&nbsp;Bo Sun","doi":"10.1002/ese3.70005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.70005","url":null,"abstract":"<p>In integrated energy systems (IESs) with high share of renewable energy, converting excess electrical energy into hydrogen (H₂) and mixing it with natural gas (NG) offers numerous advantages and has become a key research focus. However, IES operations are influenced by various factors, such as equipment performance, energy flow dynamics, and load management, which are often overlooked in traditional optimization approaches. This study develops a novel hydrogen-compressed natural gas (HCNG)-IES model and operational strategy to address these challenges. An equivalence framework is established between electricity and hybrid gas, enabling the creation of an equivalent circuit model integrating electricity, heat, HCNG, H₂, and NG. This model captures the intricate interactions and dependencies amongst energy equipment, multi-energy flow, and consumption loads. An optimized operational strategy is proposed, leveraging variable H₂ content in the gas mixture and adaptable thermal loads, while accounting for the energy inertia of H₂ storage and building systems to maintain supply–demand balance. Case studies reveal that incorporating HCNG technology increases renewable resources utilization, reducing operational costs, carbon emissions, and primary energy consumption by 23%, 24%, and 23%, respectively. Moreover, compared to conventional NG-IES optimization focused solely on equipment output, the proposed HCNG-IES approach achieves reductions of 28.12% in costs, 24.36% in carbon emissions, and 39.13% in primary energy consumption.</p>","PeriodicalId":11673,"journal":{"name":"Energy Science & Engineering","volume":"13 4","pages":"1858-1870"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ese3.70005","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143852928","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on Mine Earthquake Prediction Based on Numerical Simulation of Rock Fracture Evolution","authors":"Xiu-Feng Zhang,&nbsp;Wei Li,&nbsp;A-Tao Li,&nbsp;Feng Gao,&nbsp;Ning Zhang,&nbsp;Xiang Li,&nbsp;Yang Chen,&nbsp;Chuan-Cheng Liu,&nbsp;Chao-Hong Shi,&nbsp;Feng-Jun Han,&nbsp;Bao-Qi Wang","doi":"10.1002/ese3.70031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.70031","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The deformation and instability of overlying strata is the root cause of roof dynamic disasters. Therefore, it is necessary to study the geomechanical behavior of overlying strata and the evolution law of three-dimensional fracture morphology for preventing rock burst disasters and identifying the source of mine earthquakes. To solve the problem of strong mine earthquakes in Shilawusu 1208 working face (SLWS–1208) during mining, this paper takes the mechanical mechanism of the “O–X” fracture morphology of overlying strata as the starting point to discuss the deformation, instability, and failure characteristics of overlying strata and the occurrence mechanism of mine earthquake. First, a fine stope model is established according to the geology and rock strata distribution of SLWS–1208 working face. Then, using the cohesive element analysis technique and the proposed “O–X” fracture mechanics model, numerical simulation experiments are carried out to explore the spatial-temporal evolution laws of overlying strata migration and rock fracture. Finally, the mechanical analysis results are compared with the on-site microseismic monitoring data, and the prediction of mine seismic events and the quantitative evaluation of mine earthquake magnitude are realized.</p>","PeriodicalId":11673,"journal":{"name":"Energy Science & Engineering","volume":"13 4","pages":"2082-2097"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ese3.70031","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143852868","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Techno-Economic Evaluation of Wind and Bio-Energy Systems for Sustainable Development: A Systematic Review","authors":"KeChrist Obileke,&nbsp;Patrick Mukumba","doi":"10.1002/ese3.70025","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.70025","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The review presents the techno-economic analysis of renewable energy systems based on bioenergy and wind energy. Previous studies in this area of research deal with hybrid renewable energy systems, focusing on grid electrification as the most efficient solution. However, there is a need to look at the stand-alone energy system for remote areas, usually used to power a single house or small communities. Economic metrics and indicators used in the study include investment cost, payback period, internal rate of return, net present value, and so forth. During the review, it was observed that software for technical analysis, such as the hybrid optimization model for renewable energy and clean energy management software platform, model for analytical energy demand, and matrix laboratory, are the most commonly used for techno-economic study. Findings from the review revealed that the payback period and discount rate are less than 15 years and 10%, respectively, with a 20% internal rate of return and electricity production cost within the range of 0.0085–0.1 kWh. Notably, the levelized cost of energy for wind energy is below 10 $/kWh. Finally, policy implications and recommendations for future research for the attention and benefit of the government, policymakers, and stakeholders were also presented.</p>","PeriodicalId":11673,"journal":{"name":"Energy Science & Engineering","volume":"13 4","pages":"2179-2202"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ese3.70025","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143852867","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancements and Challenges in Microgrid Technology: A Comprehensive Review of Control Strategies, Emerging Technologies, and Future Directions","authors":"Ark Dev,&nbsp;Vineet Kumar,&nbsp;Gaurav Khare,&nbsp;Jayant Giri,&nbsp;Mohammad Amir,&nbsp;Furkan Ahmad,&nbsp;Prince Jain,&nbsp;Sumant Anand","doi":"10.1002/ese3.2095","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.2095","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The concept of microgrids (MGs) as compact power systems, incorporating distributed energy resources, generating units, storage systems, and loads, is widely acknowledged in the research community. Globally, nations are adopting MGs to access clean, affordable, and reliable energy solutions. However, effective MG operation encounters several challenges: stability issues, power quality concerns, inadequate energy management, cybersecurity threats, regulatory complexities, economic barriers, market dynamics, and limited public acceptance. This paper presents a systematic literature review encompassing recent advancements in MG technology. It delves into MG architecture, diverse control objectives, associated methodologies, emerging control approaches, future challenges, and potential solutions. This review focuses on existing control methods, particularly those addressing frequency and voltage stability, energy management, threat mitigation and explores a spectrum of engineering and nonengineering challenges within MG systems, proposing viable solutions. This review paper also explores recent control strategies for frequency regulation in MG system, utilizing MATLAB simulations to demonstrate their effectiveness. Additionally, the paper examines the application of cutting-edge technologies like machine learning, blockchain, reinforcement learning, neural networks, edge computing, and the internet of things (IoT) to mitigate concerns in expanding MG systems. The paper concludes by summarizing key findings, outlining avenues for future research, and offering a comprehensive perspective on the current state and future directions of MG research.</p>","PeriodicalId":11673,"journal":{"name":"Energy Science & Engineering","volume":"13 4","pages":"2112-2134"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ese3.2095","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143852870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integration of Solar PV Panels in Electric Vehicle Charging Infrastructure: Benefits, Challenges, and Environmental Implications","authors":"Abhishek Kumar Tripathi,&nbsp;G. Sree Lakshmi,&nbsp;Heena Mishra,&nbsp;Shravani Chapala,&nbsp;Mamdooh Alwetaishi,&nbsp;Farruh Atamurotov,&nbsp;Natei Ermias Benti,&nbsp;Sreekanth Sura,&nbsp;C. Ahamed Saleel","doi":"10.1002/ese3.70014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.70014","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The urgent need for sustainable transportation has highlighted the integration of solar photovoltaic (PV) panels into electric vehicle (EV) charging infrastructure. This review examines the benefits, challenges, and environmental impacts of this integration. The paper begins by exploring the role of large-scale solar electric vehicles, featuring cost-effective, flexible thin-film solar cells embedded in vehicle body panels. Extensive simulations in various climates demonstrate their potential to address EV charging concerns, reduce range limitations, and manage intermittent energy generation. The review then focuses on Japan's leadership in renewable energy, analyzing the integration of PV power into future electricity systems. Scenario analysis reveals the synergy between renewables, EVs, and heat pumps, supported by smart control strategies, indicating a sustainable energy future for Japan. The final analysis shifts to the Netherlands, where integrating PV panels with workplace EV charging shows promise both economically and environmentally. Economic assessments confirm the feasibility of this approach, supported by installation methods and feed-in tariffs. Overall, the review highlights the transformative potential of solar PV integration in EV charging infrastructure while acknowledging technical and grid integration challenges. It calls on researchers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders to collaborate in advancing sustainable, efficient, and environmentally friendly urban transportation systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":11673,"journal":{"name":"Energy Science & Engineering","volume":"13 4","pages":"2135-2152"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ese3.70014","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143852869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploration of 3D Coal Seam Geological Modeling Visualization and Gas Content Prediction Technology Based on Borehole Data","authors":"Xiangfeng Zhao,&nbsp;Tianxuan Hao,&nbsp;Huiyan Feng,&nbsp;Fan Li,&nbsp;Xu Li","doi":"10.1002/ese3.2048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.2048","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The geological structure of coal mines and the precise prediction of coal seam gas content are key factors in creating the transparent working face, and they also represent an important aspect of intelligent coal mining. The traditional technology of coal seam geological construction and gas content prediction is not advanced. This paper presents a methodology for 3D implicit geological modeling and visualization using Gempy and PyVista libraries, as well as gas prediction and distribution based on the Scikit-learn library, all of which are underpinned by machine learning techniques. Under this method, the geological modeling of coal seam was converted to the kriging interpolation algorithm based on machine learning of coal seam thickness data. The problem of coal seam gas content is converted into a regression prediction problem of coal seam characteristic values and gas content target values based on machine learning. The pykrige package under Python is used to interpolate the obtained coal seam thickness. Based on the linear regression prediction model, loss function and other prediction methods and algorithms, the accurate prediction of coal seam gas content based on borehole data is realized. Under the above various operations, a 3D geological model of the mine and the gas content distribution map of the coal seam are finally obtained. Compared to actual borehole data and gas geological maps, this method offers high precision and enhanced efficiency.</p>","PeriodicalId":11673,"journal":{"name":"Energy Science & Engineering","volume":"13 3","pages":"1117-1131"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ese3.2048","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143602588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Optimized Tilt Angle of PV Modules on Solar Irradiance for Residential and Commercial Buildings in Different Cities of Pakistan: Simulation-Based Study","authors":"Habib Ullah Manzoor,&nbsp;Sheikh Muhammad Aaqib,&nbsp;Tareq Manzoor,&nbsp;Fawad Azeem,&nbsp;Muhammad Waqas Ashraf,&nbsp;Sanaullah Manzoor","doi":"10.1002/ese3.70004","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/ese3.70004","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;The tilt angle of a solar PV panel is a critical factor in improving the efficiency of photovoltaic (PV) systems. While tracking systems can enhance performance, they are typically not cost-effective for residential areas. Alternatively, setting an optimized fixed tilt angle or adjusting the tilt seasonally can mitigate power losses. This study evaluates optimal seasonal tilt angles and the corresponding solar radiation on PV panels for 10 major cities across Pakistan. A novel mathematical framework is proposed to calculate the optimal tilt angle using parameters such as alignment, azimuth, gradient, and temporal angles. Seasonal adjustments are shown to increase solar intensity from &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;0.4&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mstyle&gt;\u0000 &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;KWh/m&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mstyle&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; to &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;0.6&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mstyle&gt;\u0000 &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;KWh/m&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mstyle&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; during winter, significantly enhancing output power. For instance, an improvement of up to &lt;span&gt;&lt;/span&gt;&lt;math&gt;\u0000 &lt;semantics&gt;\u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;mn&gt;5.61&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;mstyle&gt;\u0000 &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mtext&gt;mW/cm&lt;/mtext&gt;\u0000 &lt;mspace&gt;&lt;/mspace&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mstyle&gt;\u0000 \u0000 &lt;mn&gt;2&lt;/mn&gt;\u0000 &lt;/msup&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/mrow&gt;\u0000 &lt;/semantics&gt;&lt;/math&gt; in output power density was observed at the Quaid-e-Azam Solar Park using crystalline solar cells. These findings demonst","PeriodicalId":11673,"journal":{"name":"Energy Science & Engineering","volume":"13 4","pages":"1831-1845"},"PeriodicalIF":3.5,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ese3.70004","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143852884","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}