Energy Science & Engineering最新文献

{"title":"Highly Efficient Cs2SnI6 Perovskite Solar Cell Through Optimization of Parameters and Device Architecture","authors":"Olumide Olakunle Moyofola,&nbsp;Moses Eterigho Emetere","doi":"10.1002/ese3.70153","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ese3.70153","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Previous literature had established that lead-free perovskite solar cells are a good candidate to replace lead-based solar cells. However, its low power conversion efficiencies and stability issues become the main drawbacks. There is a need to examine scientific possibilities to optimize its internal mechanism to overcome its inherent drawbacks. This study is a theoretical simulation of the cesium tin-based double perovskite in a multiple ETLs architecture (specifically, p–n architecture) with the use of the SCAP 1D simulator to optimize some material properties towards improved PV parameters. The study showed that careful optimization of electrical and optical parameters, and the proper choice of architecture are essential to achieving highly efficient perovskite solar cells. An improved efficiency exceeding 40% and optimized PV parameters (Voc 1.6274 V, Jsc 27.35 mA/<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 \u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msup>\u0000 <mi>cm</mi>\u0000 \u0000 <mn>2</mn>\u0000 </msup>\u0000 \u0000 <mo>,</mo>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 </semantics></math> and FF 90%) were obtained. It raises the bar on the available PV parameters achievable with the Cs₂SnI₆ intrinsic layer, as the latest record stands at 29.78% efficiency. The outcome of this research validates new possibilities in the photovoltaic industry.</p>","PeriodicalId":11673,"journal":{"name":"Energy Science & Engineering","volume":"13 9","pages":"4299-4313"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ese3.70153","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145038570","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Life Cycle Assessment of an Integrated Direct Air Carbon Capture and Utilization System","authors":"Aliya Banu,&nbsp;Namra Mir,&nbsp;Muftah H. El-Naas,&nbsp;Abdulkarem I. Amhamed,&nbsp;Yusuf Bicer","doi":"10.1002/ese3.70122","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ese3.70122","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article presents a thorough life cycle assessment (LCA) study on carbon capture and utilization (CCU) systems for low-carbon fuel production. The process involves capturing carbon dioxide (CO₂) from indoor environments using an integrated heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC)—direct air capture (DAC) unit, a technology crucial for mitigating climate change (CC). Integrating DAC with HVAC systems is highlighted for its potential to enhance energy efficiency and indoor air quality. Electrochemical reduction of CO₂ to formic acid (FA) and Fischer–Tropsch processes are studied for carbon utilization. A sensitivity analysis was performed on the adsorbent type, electricity source, and water source. The environmental impacts were found to be 1.80 kg CO₂ eq, 9.04 × 10⁻⁴kg PM2.5 eq, 1.04 × 10⁻⁵kg P eq, 2.95 × 10⁻³ kg SO₂ eq, 0.36 kg 1,4 DB eq. for CC, fine particulate matter, freshwater eutrophication, terrestrial acidification, and terrestrial ecotoxicity, respectively, per kg FA produced. Using renewable energy can significantly lower the environmental impacts; the lowest value was obtained from integration with nuclear energy at 0.496 kg CO₂ eq/kg FA. A specific Qatar case study was also performed for FA production with CO₂ utilized from DAC-HVAC. The paper highlights the environmental benefits of CCU, emphasizing its dual purpose of addressing CC and sustainable fuel production. This study represents a significant contribution to global initiatives for a more sustainable and carbon-neutral future.</p>","PeriodicalId":11673,"journal":{"name":"Energy Science & Engineering","volume":"13 8","pages":"3840-3855"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ese3.70122","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144809260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"False Data Injection Anomaly Detection in Smart Grids: A Multi-Classifier OWA Data Fusion Approach","authors":"M. Pourshirazi,&nbsp;M. Simab,&nbsp;A. Mirzaee,&nbsp;B. Fani","doi":"10.1002/ese3.70192","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ese3.70192","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Smart grids open up new opportunities through which a cyber intruder can infiltrate or manipulate data to compromise measurement integrity and state estimation accuracy. Advanced methods for detecting false data injection anomalies will be of great importance to the safety and reliability of power system operations. It therefore presents an Improved Threshold Prediction Anomaly FDIA Detection Approach that should finally address inherent limitations in traditional methods: limited adaptability to system changes, reduced sensitivity to complex anomalies, and incomplete coverage of emerging threats. The outputs of individual anomaly detectors are fused by utilizing an ordered weighted averaging fusion scheme in the method proposed herein. It improves sensitivity in detection and accuracy with significant countermeasures against FDIAs. In addition, Bayesian network-based hyperparameter optimization is utilized for each detector to refine them in a way that produces the best configuration towards maximum performance. Due to that, complementary strengths of the detectors provide a boost toward detection capability. Extensive experiments have been performed on real-world power grid data from NYISO using an IEEE 14-bus power system, and the robustness of the approach has been shown. Notably, at injection rates ranging from −20% to +20%, the proposed method demonstrated a 2.1% improvement in detection accuracy at +8% injection and a 10.7% improvement at −2% injection over the second-best state-of-the-art method. These results confirm the method's effectiveness in diagnosing and mitigating anomalies under a range of intrusion scenarios.</p>","PeriodicalId":11673,"journal":{"name":"Energy Science & Engineering","volume":"13 9","pages":"4501-4514"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ese3.70192","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145038481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Boosting Photocatalytic Conversion of Glucose by Constructing Oxygen Vacancies in TiO2-x","authors":"Zhangyang Li,&nbsp;Chunling Wang,&nbsp;Daoping He,&nbsp;Fangming Jin","doi":"10.1002/ese3.70157","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ese3.70157","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Photocatalytic biomass valorization toward multicarbon chemicals holds promise for sustainable energy solutions. Nevertheless, this approach suffers from dual challenges: inherent instability of polyhydroxy intermediates and inefficient formic acid production under ambient conditions. Here, we demonstrated that a TiO_2-x photocatalyst with oxygen vacancies can effectively catalyze the transformation of glucose into arabinose, erythrose, and formic acid using O₂ as an oxidant in pure water under natural sunlight irradiation. The C₁−OH group of glucose adsorbed on the oxygen vacancies of TiO_2-x undergoes photo-induced hole oxidation, leading to the formation of gluconolactone-TiO_2-x as a new motif. Subsequent cleavage of bonds by ·OOH radicals generated from oxygen reduction produces arabinose, erythrose, and formic acid. The oxygen vacancy strategy achieves a remarkable 53.9% yield for glucose oxidation, which exhibits 10.8-fold enhancement compared to that of conventional TiO₂ without oxygen vacancies, thereby opening new avenues for developing efficient photocatalytic systems for sustainable biomass valorization.</p>","PeriodicalId":11673,"journal":{"name":"Energy Science & Engineering","volume":"13 8","pages":"4101-4113"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ese3.70157","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144811122","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Signal selection and latency compensation in wide area controlled power system","authors":"Prakash Thyagarajan,&nbsp;Senthilkumar Vairakannu","doi":"10.1002/ese3.1930","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ese3.1930","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This paper presents a new approach for selecting signals for the monitoring and control of power systems over a wide area. The approach solves the twin problems of locating Phasor Measurement Units for observability and placing dynamic controllers for controllability using distinct techniques. The selected signals are used as the input and output for the centralized wide-area controller. The paper proposes a technique based on Principal Component Analysis for coherency identification to select signals for observability, and a novel method of dimension reduction by Sequential Orthogonalisation to select signals for controllability. Additionally, the paper considers a simple damping controller circuit that takes inputs from wide-area signals to control inter-area oscillatory modes using conventional power system controllers. The proposed scheme is tested on the modified 39-bus New England Test System under a variety of operating conditions, and the results show a significant improvement in the damping performance of the system. To account for network latency in the wide-area control network that interconnects geographically and electrically distant areas, the paper proposes a novel technique called Unique Characteristic Recognition method to develop a customized Wide Area-based Oscillation Control Scheme for a specific network. Time-tested network latency compensation methods are employed in the proposed technique.</p>","PeriodicalId":11673,"journal":{"name":"Energy Science & Engineering","volume":"13 8","pages":"3885-3902"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ese3.1930","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144811192","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Computation of Electric Field on High Voltage Polymeric Insulators Using Actual Model With Optimal Corona Ring Dimensions","authors":"Ossama E. Gouda,&nbsp;Esraa Aziz,&nbsp;Matti Lehtonen,&nbsp;Mohamed M. F. Darwish","doi":"10.1002/ese3.70193","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ese3.70193","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This article deals with the calculations of the electric field and the potential distribution of the polymer insulators of the HVTLs with the use of corona rings. The calculations are done when the insulators are stressed by power frequency voltage. The aim of this article is to investigate the effect of the optimal corona ring dimensions on the electric field and the potential distribution when the insulators are dried and wetted with salty pollutants dissolved in water droplets. The electric field of the outdoor polymeric insulator is inspected by the use of FEM software and the COMSOL multiphysics program. The 220 kV (RMS line voltage) actual models of the polymeric insulators are used in the study by the use of the 2D model. From the intensive study, it is concluded that the maximum value of the electric field in the absence of the corona ring reaches 13.89 kV/cm and decreases to 1.63 kV/cm (i.e., about 88% of its initial maximum value), in the case of using the optimal dimensions and location of the corona ring. In addition, the proposed corona ring dimensions to be used in high voltage polymer insulators have proven to be suitable in the case of the polluted insulator by salty pollutants dissolved in water droplets as well as the field reached very close to the E-field values that are recommended by the EPRI and IEEE specifications. In addition, this study helps in the development of corona ring dimensions to maximize the corona ring impacts on the polymeric insulators with respecting the industrial specifications. Finally, in conclusion, this study provides valuable insights into the optimization of grading rings for high-voltage polymeric insulators to prevent the failure of the 220 kV polymer insulators.</p>","PeriodicalId":11673,"journal":{"name":"Energy Science & Engineering","volume":"13 9","pages":"4515-4538"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ese3.70193","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145037970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the Hierarchical Grouting Reinforcement Control of Low Permeability Surrounding Rocks of Deep Roadway","authors":"Tongqiang Xiao,&nbsp;Yonghui Ren,&nbsp;Huaizhen Li,&nbsp;Wenlong Shen,&nbsp;Housheng Jia,&nbsp;Shuaishuai Yue,&nbsp;Fayi Liu","doi":"10.1002/ese3.70199","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ese3.70199","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To solve the problem of grouting reinforcement of low permeability argillaceous surrounding rocks of deep roadway, the zonal failure characteristics of the surrounding rock and the mechanism and technology of hierarchical grouting reinforcement were studied by means of rock mechanics test, numerical simulation, and field test. Based on the stress environment of the surrounding rock of deep roadway, the uniaxial and triaxial compression mechanical properties of mudstone were tested. The results showed that the shallow surrounding rock of the roadway was in a state of uniaxial compression or low confining pressure, and the strength of the surrounding rock was low with splitting failure, whose fracture opening was large. The deep surrounding rock was in the state of triaxial compression, and the strength of the surrounding rock was high with shear failure, whose fracture opening was small. The rock mechanics test and drilling peep results showed that the surrounding rock was divided into the fracture development zone, micro-fracture zone, and fracture closure zone from shallow to deep of roadway. Based on the zonal failure characteristics of the surrounding rock in the deep roadway, the mechanism of hierarchical grouting reinforcement was put forward: Through the implementation of “ordinary cement, low pressure grouting” in the fracture development zone and the “superfine cement, high pressure grouting” in the micro-fracture zone, the groutability and strength of the surrounding rock have significantly improved, and the anchoring structure of the surrounding rock could be improved. According to the failure characteristics of the surrounding rock of the 1103 roadway, the slurry diffusion characteristics under different grouting pressures and grouting hole spacing were simulated, and the grouting parameters were determined. The field practice of hierarchical grouting reinforcement with “3 MPa pressure grouting for fracture development zone” and “12–15 MPa pressure grouting for micro-fracture zone” was successfully carried out, and the deformation of the 1103 roadway was effectively controlled.</p>","PeriodicalId":11673,"journal":{"name":"Energy Science & Engineering","volume":"13 9","pages":"4603-4614"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ese3.70199","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145037967","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Overview of Current Optimization Approaches for Hybrid Energy Systems Combining Solar Photovoltaic and Wind Technologies","authors":"Ibrahim Seidu,&nbsp;Sani Salisu,&nbsp;Abdullahi Abubakar Mas'ud,&nbsp;Umar Musa,&nbsp;Adamu Halilu Jabire,&nbsp;Firdaus Muhammad-Sukki,&nbsp;Ibrahim Abubakar Mas'ud","doi":"10.1002/ese3.70190","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ese3.70190","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study reviews recent developments in optimization techniques for hybrid solar photovoltaic and wind energy systems, particularly those using artificial intelligence (AI) and hybrid algorithms. Due to the global need for sustainable energy, the study compares both traditional and modern optimization techniques. It shows that hybrid algorithms, like, Gray Wolf–Cuckoo Search Optimization (GWCSO), can speed up convergence and reduce costs by up to 25% compared with other conventional methods, such as linear programming. The study groups optimization techniques into traditional, software-based, AI-driven, and hybrid approaches; assessing how well they improve system efficiency, reliability, and cost. It also outlines sizing methods and their economic, technical, and environmental effects, with results showing that AI-driven methods can lower the levelized cost of energy by 10%–15% in complex microgrids (MGs). The study further provides a structured way to size MGs, addressing a gap in optimization methods for independent hybrid systems in remote locations. Greater flexibility of hybrid algorithms in handling complex optimization problems was emphasized. Ultimately, this study offers new insights into combining AI with traditional methods, suggesting future research directions for both smart grid and MG design.</p>","PeriodicalId":11673,"journal":{"name":"Energy Science & Engineering","volume":"13 9","pages":"4633-4655"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ese3.70190","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145037912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Numerical Study on the Effect of Structural Variation of S-Shaped Flow Channel Absorber on the Thermal Performance of Line-Focusing Fresnel Lens Solar Collector","authors":"Huaping Zhang,&nbsp;Qiongqiong Yao,&nbsp;Peizheng Liu,&nbsp;Zhangyang Kang,&nbsp;Rufei Tan,&nbsp;Jin Xu","doi":"10.1002/ese3.70195","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ese3.70195","url":null,"abstract":"<p>As a clean and renewable energy source, solar energy development and utilization have garnered significant attention. This study investigates the potential of Fresnel lenses to enhance the thermal efficiency of solar collectors by analyzing the effects of water flow channel structure and flow rate on heat gain. A physical module with varying thicknesses and widths was established to examine the influence of structural parameters on outlet temperature and heat gain under different flow rate conditions. The results indicate that at low flow rates, increasing the collector thickness significantly improves heat gain. However, at higher flow rates, the impact of collector thickness diminishes as convective heat transfer dominates. While increasing the flow rate enhances heat gain, marginal effects are observed beyond a certain flow rate, where further increases provide limited improvements. At flow velocities below 0.32 m/s, heat gain decreases with increasing channel width, a trend more evident at lower velocities. Conversely, at flow rates exceeding 0.32 m/s, heat gain initially rises with increasing channel width, then decreases and stabilizes. At the same flow rate, heat gain generally increases with wider flow paths, although at a flow velocity of 0.02 m/s, channel widths exceeding 34.8 mm show a declining trend. Notably, at a flow velocity of 0.92 m/s, increasing the channel width from 34.8 to 44.28 mm results in a substantial enhancement in the heat gain. These findings provide insights into optimizing Fresnel lens-based solar collector designs by tailoring structural parameters and flow rates to maximize thermal performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":11673,"journal":{"name":"Energy Science & Engineering","volume":"13 9","pages":"4553-4565"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ese3.70195","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145038488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Systematic Literature Review: An Input-Transformation-Output Model for Coal-Fired Plant Operations","authors":"Meelan Roopa,&nbsp;Mia Mangaroo-Pillay,&nbsp;Rajenlall Siriram","doi":"10.1002/ese3.70174","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ese3.70174","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Purpose</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study identifies and organizes improvement strategies that enable flexible operations in coal-fired power plants through the lens of an input-transformation-output (ITO) model.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Design/Methodology/Approach</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A rigorous systematic literature review (SLR) process, consisting of ten steps in three stages, was used to extract and synthesize relevant studies from 2016 to 2023. These findings were structured within a customized ITO framework to categorize interventions across operational and strategic levels.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Findings</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The review synthesized 24 high-quality studies, revealing 13 thematic strategies that enhance flexibility in coal-fired operations. These include, among others, optimizing boiler systems, integrating renewable energy, improving control systems, and upgrading water-steam cycles. The ITO model illustrates how external environmental drivers, operational interventions, and performance metrics interrelate to influence plant flexibility. Notably, strategies such as advanced control algorithms, predictive maintenance, and retrofitting of pressure components were shown to reduce emissions, improve ramp rates, and extend plant life while supporting grid stability.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Practical Implications</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The study provides a structured model that practitioners can use to guide retrofitting and operational strategies across input, transformation, and output stages of plant functionality. These insights support informed decision-making for improved energy efficiency, sustainability, and cost-effectiveness in legacy coal infrastructure.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Originality/Value</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Unlike traditional literature reviews, this study presents a multi-dimensional, systems-based analysis that maps improvement strategies to plant operations. The resulting ITO framework serves as a blueprint for achieving operational flexibility, especially relevant to countries like South Africa grappling with energy transitions.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":11673,"journal":{"name":"Energy Science & Engineering","volume":"13 9","pages":"4615-4632"},"PeriodicalIF":3.4,"publicationDate":"2025-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://scijournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/ese3.70174","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145038426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}