{"title":"Prevalence and Current Status of Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Korean Adults Based on Fact Sheets 2024.","authors":"Eun-Jung Rhee","doi":"10.3803/EnM.2025.2398","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2025.2398","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Korea has entered 'super-aged' society in 2025 with the proportion of people 65 years or older exceeding 20% as of the end of the year 2024. The health burden of cardiovascular diseases increases with age, and the increasing prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors, such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and dyslipidemia, may be linked to increased population-level cardiovascular risk. According to data from 2022, the overall prevalence of obesity reached 38.4%, marking a continued upward trend, based on National Health Insurance medical checkup data. In the combined data of 2021 to 2022, the prevalence of diabetes was 15.5% in Koreans older than 30 years according to the Diabetes Fact Sheet 2024 published by the Korean Diabetes Association, based on data from the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The prevalence of hypertension in the total population of Korea in 2022 was 30% according to the Korean Hypertension Fact Sheet produced by the Korean Society of Hypertension. Lastly, the prevalence of dyslipidemia in 2022 was 40.9% according to the Dyslipidemia Fact Sheet published by the Korean Society of Lipid and Atherosclerosis. In this article, I would like to review the prevalence and current management of cardiovascular risk factors in Korea according to the fact sheets released by various associations in 2024.</p>","PeriodicalId":11636,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"40 2","pages":"174-184"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12061748/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143959280","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ji Eun Jun, Kyoung-Ah Kim, Nan-Hee Kim, Kwan-Woo Lee, In-Kyung Jeong
{"title":"Discrepancies in Dapagliflozin Response in Terms of Glycemic Control and Body Weight Reduction.","authors":"Ji Eun Jun, Kyoung-Ah Kim, Nan-Hee Kim, Kwan-Woo Lee, In-Kyung Jeong","doi":"10.3803/EnM.2024.2142","DOIUrl":"10.3803/EnM.2024.2142","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Backgruound: </strong>Dapagliflozin, a sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitor, reduces hyperglycemia and obesity by inhibiting renal glucose reabsorption. This post hoc study evaluated clinical factors influencing patient response to dapagliflozin.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The analysis focused on patients treated with dapagliflozin (10 mg/day for 52 weeks) within the randomized, double-blind, parallel-group BEYOND trial. Adequate glycemic control (GC) was defined as a reduction in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) of ≥ 1.0% or the achievement of an HbA1c level <7.0% at week 52. Significant weight loss (WL) referred to a reduction in body weight of ≥3.0% at week 52. Participants were classified into four groups based on their GC and WL responses: GC+/WL+, GC+/WL-, GC-/WL+, and GC-/WL-.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among dapagliflozin recipients (n=56), at 52 weeks, HbA1c had decreased by 1.0%±0.8% from baseline, while body weight had declined by 2.4±3.1 kg. Overall, 69.6% of participants achieved GC+, and 57.1% achieved WL+. Male sex and shorter diabetes duration were significantly associated with achieving GC+. Conversely, higher estimated glomerular filtration rate was significantly linked to WL+. The only factor significantly associated with both GC+ and WL+ was shorter diabetes duration (odds ratio, 0.81; 95% confidence interval, 0.68 to 0.97; P=0.023). The GC+ and WL+ groups exhibited favorable responses beginning soon after dapagliflozin therapy was initiated. Furthermore, HbA1c decline was more strongly associated with reduction in visceral fat than with WL.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>A short duration of diabetes and early response to treatment appear to represent key factors in maximizing the benefits of dapagliflozin for blood glucose and weight management.</p>","PeriodicalId":11636,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":"278-288"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12061751/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143656391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Association of Steatotic Liver Disease with Retinal Vascular Occlusion: The Influence of Obesity in a Large Health Screening Cohort.","authors":"Younjin Oh, Su Jeong Song","doi":"10.3803/EnM.2024.2181","DOIUrl":"10.3803/EnM.2024.2181","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In this cross-sectional study, we aimed to investigate the relationship between steatotic liver disease (SLD) and retinal abnormalities in a cohort undergoing health screening. Our study included 353,607 participants who underwent fundus photography and abdominal ultrasonography at least once at the Kangbuk Samsung Health Promotion Center from 2002 to 2022. After adjusting for age and sex, the risk of retinal vein occlusion (RVO) significantly increased with the presence of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease, and metabolic dysfunction-associated SLD, with odds ratios of 1.259 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.050 to 1.510), 1.498 (95% CI, 1.249 to 1.796), and 1.342 (95% CI, 1.121 to 1.605), respectively. However, these associations weakened after adjusting for body mass index. No statistically significant associations were observed with other retinal disorders after adjusting for age, sex, and other confounding factors. Our findings suggest that obesity may mediate the relationship between SLD and RVO, while other retinal abnormalities may be more closely associated with known risk factors rather than SLD itself.</p>","PeriodicalId":11636,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":"299-303"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12061741/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143440241","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jeonghoon Ha, Kyong Yeun Jung, Kyoung Jin Kim, Seong Hee Ahn, Hyo-Jeong Kim, Yoon-Sok Chung
{"title":"Effects of Sequential Anti-Resorptive Agents on Bone Mineral Density Following Denosumab Withdrawal: A Multicenter Real-World Study in Korea (MAXCARE Study).","authors":"Jeonghoon Ha, Kyong Yeun Jung, Kyoung Jin Kim, Seong Hee Ahn, Hyo-Jeong Kim, Yoon-Sok Chung","doi":"10.3803/EnM.2024.2227","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3803/EnM.2024.2227","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Denosumab is a potent anti-resorptive agent widely used for osteoporosis. However, its discontinuation results in a 'rebound phenomenon' of rapid bone loss, necessitating transition to alternative anti-resorptive therapies. Despite this, there is limited evidence to guide the selection of the most effective agent, particularly among bisphosphonates. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of different anti-resorptive therapies following denosumab discontinuation in a real-world clinical setting.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This retrospective study included 360 patients (low-dose alendronate/calcitriol combination [MXM, n=118], alendronate [ALD, n=53], risedronate [RIS, n=20], ibandronate [IBN, n=30], zoledronic acid [ZOL, n=106], selective estrogen receptor modulator [SERM, n=33]) who received at least 12 months of post-denosumab anti-resorptive therapy. Bone mineral density (BMD) changes from baseline and fracture patterns were assessed over the treatment period.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Baseline characteristics, including age and body mass index, were comparable across groups, with an average of 4.2 denosumab administrations per patient. The SERM group experienced the greatest BMD decline across all sites. Significant BMD reductions in the lumbar spine and femoral neck and in the femoral neck alone were observed in the IBN and RIS groups, respectively. While BMD decline was also observed in the MXM, ALD, and ZOL groups, these changes were not statistically significant.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>MXM, ALD, and ZOL mitigated BMD loss following denosumab discontinuation. Conversely, RIS, IBN, and SERM did not adequately prevent BMD decline. These findings underscore the importance of selecting the most appropriate sequential antiresorptive therapy in clinical practice to minimize BMD loss and reduce the risk of adverse outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11636,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143398650","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jeonghoon Ha, Youn-Ju Lee, Jinyoung Kim, Chaiho Jeong, Yejee Lim, Jeongmin Lee, Ki-Hyun Baek
{"title":"Long-Term Efficacy and Safety of Denosumab: Insights beyond 10 Years of Use.","authors":"Jeonghoon Ha, Youn-Ju Lee, Jinyoung Kim, Chaiho Jeong, Yejee Lim, Jeongmin Lee, Ki-Hyun Baek","doi":"10.3803/EnM.2024.2125","DOIUrl":"10.3803/EnM.2024.2125","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Osteoporosis management in post-menopausal women focuses on fracture prevention, with denosumab as a key therapeutic option. Despite its proven efficacy in reducing fracture risk and increasing bone mineral density (BMD) over 10 years, its long-term impact remains uncertain. We evaluated the literature on its efficacy and safety beyond the initial decade. Clinical trials and real-world studies confirm denosumab's sustained efficacy, especially in lumbar spine BMD, with hip BMD stabilizing. Concerns about adverse events (AEs) like hypocalcemia and osteonecrosis of the jaw necessitate vigilant monitoring. Risks of atypical femoral fractures and malignancies also require attention, despite unclear links to treatment duration. Clinical guidelines for denosumab beyond 10 years are limited, emphasizing the need for careful monitoring. In certain scenarios, such as advanced chronic kidney disease, prolonged denosumab may be required to balance AE risks with fracture prevention benefits. Denosumab shows potential for long-term efficacy in augmenting BMD; however, monitoring for AEs is crucial to guide clinical decision-making effectively.</p>","PeriodicalId":11636,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":"47-56"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11898325/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142970205","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Long-Term Prognosis and Systemic Impact of Acromegaly: Analyses Utilizing Korean National Health Insurance Data.","authors":"Sangmo Hong, Kyungdo Han, Cheol-Young Park","doi":"10.3803/EnM.2024.2285","DOIUrl":"10.3803/EnM.2024.2285","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Acromegaly is a rare endocrine disorder caused by excessive growth hormone secretion. Its low prevalence poses challenges in studying its long-term prognosis and systemic effects. To address this research gap, we conducted five studies using nationwide cohort data from the Korean National Health Insurance Database (NHID). This review consolidates the findings of these studies, which examined various long-term effects of acromegaly. The results demonstrated significant associations between acromegaly and increased mortality, a higher prevalence of mortality, cardiovascular outcomes, neurodegenerative diseases, depression, end-stage kidney disease, respiratory complications, specifically bronchiectasis, spine & hip fracture, and malignancy. These findings highlight the critical need for early diagnosis, comprehensive care, and long-term monitoring, and underscore the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in managing acromegaly.</p>","PeriodicalId":11636,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11898327/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143122478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Highlights of the Most Recent American Diabetes Association Guidelines: From Evidence to Practice.","authors":"Mee Kyoung Kim","doi":"10.3803/EnM.2025.2329","DOIUrl":"10.3803/EnM.2025.2329","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11636,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":"40 1","pages":"67-69"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11898315/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143522985","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Pituitary Neuroendocrine Tumors in Multiple Endocrine Neoplasia.","authors":"Sang Ouk Chin, Constance Chik, Toru Tateno","doi":"10.3803/EnM.2024.2074","DOIUrl":"10.3803/EnM.2024.2074","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 (MEN1) is an autosomal-dominant disorder characterized by tumors of the pituitary, parathyroid, and endocrine-gastrointestinal tract. Pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNETs) occur in about 40% of MEN1 cases, with 10% being the first manifestation. Recent studies show a slight female predominance, with microPitNETs (<1 cm) being more common than macroPitNETs (>1 cm). Functional PitNETs (FPitNETs) are more frequent than non-functional ones (36% to 48%), with prolactinomas being the most common FPitNETs. MEN1-associated PitNETs are often plurihormonal, larger, and more invasive compared to sporadic types, though patient age and FPitNET proportions are similar. MEN1 mutation-negative patients tend to have larger, symptomatic PitNETs at diagnosis. Six patients with MEN1 have been reported to have pituitary carcinomas, including a mutation- negative patient. Treatment approach between PitNETs in MEN1 and sporadic types appears to be similar. PitNETs also occur in MEN4, but their epidemiology is less understood. In patients with a MEN1-like phenotype and negative genetic testing, MEN4 should be considered.</p>","PeriodicalId":11636,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":"39-46"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11898320/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142105507","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jung A Kim, Kyeong Jin Kim, Jimi Choi, Kyoung Jin Kim, Eyun Song, Ji Hee Yu, Nam Hoon Kim, Hye Jin Yoo, Ji A Seo, Nan Hee Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Sin Gon Kim
{"title":"Unveiling Risk Factors for Treatment Failure in Patients with Graves' Disease: A Nationwide Cohort Study in Korea.","authors":"Jung A Kim, Kyeong Jin Kim, Jimi Choi, Kyoung Jin Kim, Eyun Song, Ji Hee Yu, Nam Hoon Kim, Hye Jin Yoo, Ji A Seo, Nan Hee Kim, Kyung Mook Choi, Sei Hyun Baik, Sin Gon Kim","doi":"10.3803/EnM.2024.2093","DOIUrl":"10.3803/EnM.2024.2093","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Backgruound: </strong>Antithyroid drug (ATD) treatment is the preferred initial treatment for Graves' disease (GD) in South Korea, despite higher treatment failure rates than radioactive iodine (RAI) therapy or thyroidectomy. This study aimed to evaluate the incidence of treatment failure associated with the primary modalities for GD treatment in real-world practice.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We included 452,001 patients diagnosed with GD between 2004 and 2020 from the Korean National Health Insurance Service-National Health Information Database. Treatment failure was defined as switching from ATD, RAI, or thyroidectomy treatments, and for ATD specifically, inability to discontinue medication for over 2 years.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Mean age was 46.2 years, with females constituting 70.8%. Initial treatments for GD included ATDs (98.0%), thyroidectomy (1.3%), and RAI (0.7%), with a noted increment in ATD application from 96.2% in 2004 to 98.8% in 2020. During a median follow- up of 8.5 years, the treatment failure rates were 58.5% for ATDs, 21.3% for RAI, and 2.1% for thyroidectomy. Multivariate analysis indicated that the hazard ratio for treatment failure with ATD was 2.81 times higher than RAI. RAI treatments ≥10 mCi had 37% lower failure rates than doses <10 mCi.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>ATDs are the most commonly used for GD in South Korea, followed by thyroidectomy and RAI. Although the risk of treatment failure for ATD is higher than that of RAI therapy, initial RAI treatment in South Korea is relatively limited compared to that in Western countries. Further studies are required to evaluate the cause of low initial RAI treatment rates in South Korea.</p>","PeriodicalId":11636,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":"125-134"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11898321/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142978029","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ji Yeon Baek, Seong Hee Ahn, Il-Young Jang, Hee-Won Jung, Eunhye Ji, So Jeong Park, Yunju Jo, Eunju Lee, Dongryeol Ryu, Seongbin Hong, Beom-Jun Kim
{"title":"Elevated Circulating Sclerostin Levels in Frail Older Adults: Implications beyond Bone Health.","authors":"Ji Yeon Baek, Seong Hee Ahn, Il-Young Jang, Hee-Won Jung, Eunhye Ji, So Jeong Park, Yunju Jo, Eunju Lee, Dongryeol Ryu, Seongbin Hong, Beom-Jun Kim","doi":"10.3803/EnM.2024.2100","DOIUrl":"10.3803/EnM.2024.2100","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Backgruound: </strong>Sclerostin, initially recognized for its pivotal role in bone metabolism, has gained attention for its multifaceted impact on overall human health. However, its influence on frailty-a condition that best reflects biological age-has not been thoroughly investigated.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We collected blood samples from 244 older adults who underwent comprehensive geriatric assessments. Sclerostin levels were quantified using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Frailty was assessed using two validated approaches: the phenotypic model by Fried and the deficit accumulation frailty index (FI) by Rockwood.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>After controlling for sex, age, and body mass index, we found that serum sclerostin levels were significantly elevated in frail individuals compared to their robust counterparts (P<0.001). There was a positive correlation between serum sclerostin concentrations and the FI (P<0.001). Each standard deviation increase in serum sclerostin was associated with an odds ratio of 1.87 for frailty (P=0.003). Moreover, participants in the highest quartile of sclerostin levels had a significantly higher FI and a 9.91-fold increased odds of frailty compared to those in the lowest quartile (P=0.003 and P=0.039, respectively).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings, which for the first time explore the association between circulating sclerostin levels and frailty, have significant clinical implications, positioning sclerostin as one of potential blood-based biomarkers for frailty that captures the comprehensive physical, mental, and social aspects of the elderly, extending beyond its traditional role in bone metabolism.</p>","PeriodicalId":11636,"journal":{"name":"Endocrinology and Metabolism","volume":" ","pages":"73-81"},"PeriodicalIF":3.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11898323/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142497224","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}