Endocrine journal最新文献

{"title":"The prognosis of severe subclinical hyperthyroidism with TSH below 0.1 μU/mL due to Graves' disease in the Japanese population.","authors":"Yui Nishijima, Tsukasa Murakami, Naoyuki Higaki, Junichi Tani, Hitoshi Noguchi","doi":"10.1507/endocrj.EJ24-0424","DOIUrl":"10.1507/endocrj.EJ24-0424","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To determine the prognosis of Graves' disease initially presenting with severe subclinical hyperthyroidism, we investigated 110 patients with Graves' disease with normal FT3 and FT4 levels and TSH below 0.1 μU/mL. Graves' disease was diagnosed based on the diffuse accumulation of radioiodine in the thyroid in 83 patients, while the other 27 patients were diagnosed based on positive anti-TSH receptor antibodies. Seventy patients did not receive immediate medical treatment for the hyperthyroidism. Forty-four patients developed overt hyperthyroidism after 1-131 (median 3) months. In 19 patients, TSH levels returned to normal after 1-43 (median 6) months. One patient developed persistent hypothyroidism after two months, and another six had subclinical hyperthyroidism during the observation period. The positivity of TSH receptor antibodies was significantly higher (p = 0.0445) in patients who developed overt hyperthyroidism (86.0%) than in other patients (65.4%). Seventeen patients were treated immediately after diagnosis. Seven patients remitted after 2-94 (median 9) months of medical treatment. Another 10 patients remained euthyroid under the continuous administration of small amounts of medication. Some patients with severe subclinical hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease develop overt hyperthyroidism. If patients are at risk due to cardiovascular diseases, osteoporotic fractures, or an older age, then immediate treatment can be considered. Otherwise, careful monitoring of the thyroid function without treatment for 6 months is considered to be reasonable. TRAb has been suggested to play a role in the progression of subclinical hyperthyroidism due to Graves' disease.</p>","PeriodicalId":11631,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine journal","volume":" ","pages":"689-695"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12171159/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143514970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hypopituitarism: genetic, developmental, and acquired etiologies with a focus on the emerging concept of autoimmune hypophysitis.","authors":"Hironori Bando, Shin Urai, Keitaro Kanie, Masaaki Yamamoto","doi":"10.1507/endocrj.EJ25-0035","DOIUrl":"10.1507/endocrj.EJ25-0035","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hypopituitarism, characterized by reduced secretion of pituitary hormones, profoundly impacts systemic metabolic homeostasis and quality of life. Its etiology ranges from congenital anomalies in pituitary development to acquired conditions involving inflammation and autoimmune processes. Despite advances in understanding its pathogenesis, diagnostic challenges persist, particularly in cases with complex extra-pituitary manifestations or novel genetic variations. Congenital hypopituitarism often stems from disruptions in transcription factors and signaling pathways critical for pituitary organogenesis. Emerging studies employing next-generation sequencing and developmental biology techniques have revealed new genetic loci and mechanisms implicated in combined pituitary hormone deficiency. However, the pathogenesis of most congenital cases remains elusive, underscoring the need for functional and phenotypic analyses of novel variants. Acquired hypopituitarism, frequently associated with pituitary tumors or systemic diseases, has also been increasingly linked to autoimmune mechanisms. Notably, the concept of paraneoplastic autoimmune hypophysitis has emerged, highlighting malignancy-driven immune responses as a novel etiological framework. Investigations into immune checkpoint inhibitor-related hypophysitis and anti-PIT-1 hypophysitis exemplify the intricate interplay between tumor immunity and endocrine dysfunction, suggesting shared mechanisms involving ectopic antigen expression and autoimmunity. This review synthesizes recent insights into the genetic, developmental, and immunological underpinnings of hypopituitarism. By exploring both congenital and acquired etiologies, we aim to bridge gaps in the current understanding of this complex disorder and provide a foundation for improved diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Future perspectives emphasize the integration of advanced genetic tools, deeper exploration of tumor-immunity interactions, and a heightened focus on extra-pituitary phenotypes to refine clinical practice and enhance patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11631,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine journal","volume":" ","pages":"649-662"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12171173/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143729427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Establishment of novel prognostic groups for papillary thyroid carcinoma using a modified risk classification based on tumor extension in the guidelines of the Japan Association of Endocrine Surgery.","authors":"Yasuhiro Ito, Masashi Yamamoto, Minoru Kihara, Naoyoshi Onoda, Akihiro Miya, Akira Miyauchi","doi":"10.1507/endocrj.EJ24-0610","DOIUrl":"10.1507/endocrj.EJ24-0610","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The latest \"General Rules for the Description of Thyroid Cancer,\" published in 2023, introduced depth-based subcategories of tumor invasion, dividing sEx2 into sEx2a, sEx2b, and sEx3. However, the \"Clinical Guidelines on the Management of Thyroid Tumors,\" published in 2024, continue to classify these categories uniformly as high-risk for papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC). We evaluated the appropriateness of reclassifying sEx2a-high-risk patients as intermediate-risk. A total of 9,247 patients [median age: 52 years (7-93)] who underwent locally curative surgery were enrolled, with a median follow-up of 7.8 years. Cause-specific survival (CSS), distant recurrence-free survival (DR-FS), and local recurrence-free survival (LR-FS) worsened progressively from low-risk to high-risk patients. We compared the prognoses among the patients classified as sEx2a-high-risk, sEx2b, and intermediate-risk. The CSS, DR-FS, and LR-FS outcomes of sEx2b patients were significantly poorer than those of sEx2a-high-risk and intermediate-risk patients. By reclassifying sEx2a-high-risk patients as intermediate-risk, we established a new high-risk and intermediate-risk classification. The number of high-risk patients decreased from 2,274 to 1,132, whereas the number of intermediate-risk patients increased from 2,875 to 4,017. Prognoses in these new groups showed minimal differences compared to the original high- and intermediate-risk classifications. We established novel prognostic groups: favorable (N = 6,398, low-risk and intermediate-risk <55 years), intermediate (N = 2,324, intermediate-risk ≥55 years and high-risk <55 years), and poor (N = 525, high-risk ≥55 years). Prognoses significantly worsened across these groups from favorable to poor (p < 0.001). The reclassification of PTC based on tumor extension and the proposed novel prognostic groups provide a more accurate evaluation of PTC outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11631,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine journal","volume":" ","pages":"707-717"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12171169/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143584841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of uric acid levels with the development of metabolic dysfunction-associated and metabolic and alcohol-related/associated steatotic liver disease: a study on Japanese participants undergoing health checkups.","authors":"Tatsuya Fukuda, Taro Akihisa, Takahiro Okamoto, Takahiro Fukaishi, Akio Kawakami, Makoto Tanaka, Tetsuya Yamada, Koshiro Monzen","doi":"10.1507/endocrj.EJ24-0622","DOIUrl":"10.1507/endocrj.EJ24-0622","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hyperuricemia reflects increased insulin resistance, and uric acid (UA) may serve as a predictive marker for the development of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD); however, few studies have investigated this condition in the Japanese population. Thus, this retrospective observational study aimed to investigate the association of hyperuricemia with the risk of MASLD or metabolic and alcohol-related liver disease (MetALD) in individuals undergoing health checkups. A cross-sectional analysis was performed on 58,110 individuals, dividing them into quartile groups according to UA values for men and women (Q1 being the lowest and Q4 being the highest), and examining the complication rate of MASLD/MetALD. Subsequently, among 22,364 individuals without MASLD/MetALD, the relationship between UA at baseline and MASLD/MetALD development during follow-up was investigated using Cox proportional hazard models. In the cross-sectional analysis, the higher UA group had a higher complication rate of MASLD/MetALD in both men and women. In the follow-up analysis, both genders in the higher UA quartiles had a significantly higher incidence of MASLD/MetALD than those in the lower quartiles. Multivariate Cox proportional hazards analysis revealed that Q4 had a significantly higher hazard ratio than Q1 for both genders. These trends were the same in the time-dependent body mass index (BMI) model, which incorporated BMI as a time-dependent variable. High UA levels may serve as a predictive marker for MASLD/MetALD development. UA monitoring during health checkups could enable early detection and provision of intervention, improving patient outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11631,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine journal","volume":" ","pages":"671-687"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12171178/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143514963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Esaxerenone improves the blood pressure and metabolic parameters of hypertensive subjects with diabetes.","authors":"Saki Kuwabara, Hiraku Kameda, Kei Yokozeki, Aika Miya, Hiroshi Nomoto, Kyu Yong Cho, Akinobu Nakamura, Naohide Koyanagawa, Kohei Yamamoto, Jun Takeuchi, So Nagai, Arina Miyoshi, Norio Wada, Shinji Taneda, Yoshio Kurihara, Tatsuya Atsumi","doi":"10.1507/endocrj.EJ24-0639","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.EJ24-0639","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Esaxerenone, a nonsteroidal mineralocorticoid receptor blocker, may be an effective treatment for diabetes-associated mineralocorticoid receptor-related hypertension, but there have been few studies of its use in clinical practice. We aimed to determine the effects of esaxerenone on blood pressure (BP) and metabolic parameters of hypertensive subjects with diabetes in a clinical practice setting. We performed a retrospective multicenter observational study of hypertensive subjects with type 2 diabetes/prediabetes. We first compared the values of parameters at baseline and after 6 months of esaxerenone administration, then compared the changes in the parameters in propensity score-matched subjects who initiated esaxerenone or amlodipine administration. Correlation analysis was performed to identify factors associated with these changes. The single-arm analysis showed that esaxerenone caused significant reductions in systolic and diastolic BP from 155.2 ± 17.7 and 83.3 ± 12.3 mmHg at baseline to 132.9 ± 15.5 and 72.3 ± 12.9 mmHg, respectively, after 6 months of treatment (p < 0.01). In addition, body mass index (BMI), glycated hemoglobin, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, estimated glomerular filtration rate, and urine albumin/creatinine ratio (UACR) significantly decreased (p < 0.05). The esaxerenone group showed significantly larger reductions in systolic BP, AST, ALT, and UACR than the amlodipine group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, there was a negative correlation between the change in ALT and baseline BMI (p < 0.05). Esaxerenone has an antihypertensive effect, reduces the albuminuria, and reduces the activities of liver enzymes in hypertensive subjects with type 2 diabetes/prediabetes. The present findings suggest that esaxerenone has pleiotropic effects in such subjects.</p>","PeriodicalId":11631,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144198487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Twin study method: Unlocking genetic and environmental interactions.","authors":"Mikio Watanabe","doi":"10.1507/endocrj.EJ25-0188","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.EJ25-0188","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Twin studies offer a powerful approach for disentangling genetic and environmental influences on human traits. By comparing monozygotic twins with identical genetic makeup, researchers can more accurately identify the environmental contributions to phenotypic variation. Structural equation modeling provides a theoretical framework for estimating the relative contributions of additive genetic effects, shared environmental factors, and unique environmental influences. This model allows researchers to determine the most suitable parameters for explaining the observed data in twin populations. In addition, bioinformatic tools enable in-depth analyses of phenotypically discordant monozygotic twin pairs, helping to uncover both environmental sensitivities and genetic predispositions.This review examines the advantages and limitations of twin study methodologies in research on endocrine disorders, lipid metabolism, and thyroid function. Findings from twin cohorts have enhanced our understanding of heritability, environmental modifiers, and epigenetic factors, offering valuable insights into gene-environment interactions. Overall, twin studies remain critical tools in genetics, endocrinology, and obesity research. In the future, genetic information may enable the development of optimal personalized environments, ultimately providing valuable insights that contribute to physical, mental, and social well-being throughout the lifespan.</p>","PeriodicalId":11631,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144198488","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improvement in body composition of Japanese participants with Prader-Willi syndrome following somatropin treatment: an open-label, multi cohort Phase 3 study.","authors":"Masanobu Kawai, Nobuyuki Murakami, Reiko Horikawa, Koji Muroya, Yasuko Fujisawa, Yuko Hoshino, Akifumi Okayama, Takahiro Sato, Nozomi Ebata, Tsutomu Ogata","doi":"10.1507/endocrj.EJ24-0659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.EJ24-0659","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Recombinant human growth hormone (GH; somatropin) treatment has beneficial effects on body composition in patients with Prader-Willi syndrome (PWS). However, this treatment option is limited to children in most countries and to children with short stature in countries such as the USA and Japan. The aim of this multicohort study was to evaluate the effect of somatropin on body composition and to assess its safety in Japanese pediatric and adult participants with PWS. GH-naïve pediatric participants (n = 6) received somatropin 0.245 mg/kg/week, GH-treated pediatric participants (n = 7) received somatropin 0.084 mg/kg/week, and adult participants (n = 20) received somatropin 0.042 mg/kg/week for 1 month, followed by 0.084 mg/kg/week. The study met its primary endpoint in the adult cohort because the least squares mean (95% CI) of the change from baseline to Month 12 in lean body mass (LBM) (%) was greater than the prespecified efficacy criterion of 0. LBM (%) was higher at 12 months in GH-naïve pediatric participants, while GH-treated pediatric participants showed little deterioration in LBM despite reduced GH dosage. Treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) were experienced by five (83.3%), five (71.4%), and 19 (95.0%) participants in the GH-naïve pediatric cohort, GH-treated pediatric cohort, and adult cohort, respectively. Most TEAEs were mild or moderate in severity. Three participants reported four serious TEAEs, and none were treatment related. Somatropin improved body composition in adult participants, enabled maintenance of body composition in pediatric participants, and demonstrated a favorable safety and tolerability profile in all PWS cohorts. (ClinicalTrials.gov ID: NCT04697381).</p>","PeriodicalId":11631,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144172810","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effects of excessive iodine intake during the perinatal period on thyroid function and higher brain functions in mouse offspring.","authors":"Izuki Amano, Ayane Ninomiya, Hiroyuki Yajima, Machiko Suda-Yajima, Michifumi Kokubo, Miski Aghnia Khairinisa, Yusuke Takatsuru, Reika Kawabata-Iwakawa, Satomi Kameo, Shogo Haraguchi, Asahi Haijima, Noriyuki Koibuchi","doi":"10.1507/endocrj.EJ24-0723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.EJ24-0723","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Iodine is an essential trace element crucial for thyroid hormone synthesis. While iodine deficiency has been recognized as a global health concern due to its association with hypothyroidism, certain regions may face challenges related to excessive iodine intake. The impact of excessive iodine intake during the perinatal period on higher brain functions remains unclear. To address this gap, we conducted a study using an animal model to elucidate the effects of perinatal iodine excess on higher brain functions. Dams received specific drinking water (control, ×20 iodine (KIO₃ 37.4 mg/L), ×200 iodine (KIO₃ 374 mg/L)) from prior to mating until weaning. Pups received the corresponding drinking water until the end of the experiment. Behavior test battery was utilized to investigate the behavioral outcomes associated with perinatal iodine excess. Excessive iodine intake increased learning acquisition in females whereas it decreased exploration of social novelty in males. Conversely, mRNA levels of several genes related to learning and memory in the hippocampus were rarely affected. Overall, the present study highlights the consequences of excessive iodine intake during developmental periods. However, these effects were mild and varied by sex, warranting the further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":11631,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144173375","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Lipid metabolic reprogramming in immune regulation and chronic inflammatory diseases.","authors":"Ayaka Ito","doi":"10.1507/endocrj.EJ25-0180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.EJ25-0180","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Immune cells undergo substantial metabolic rewiring during differentiation and activation to satisfy the energy demands of an appropriate immune response. Lipids serve as energy sources and function as essential components of cellular membranes and signaling molecules. Recent studies have revealed that reprogramming of lipid metabolism, including lipid uptake, de novo synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids, and fatty acid oxidation, leads to dynamic alterations in the quantity and quality of intracellular lipids. These metabolic changes play crucial roles in shaping immune cell functions, promoting anti-inflammatory responses, and facilitating the resolution of inflammation. Conversely, dysregulation of lipid metabolism can result in immune cell dysfunction, contributing to the onset and progression of chronic inflammatory diseases such as autoimmune diseases and metabolic syndrome. Notably, cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism influence immune responses by modulating membrane lipid composition and downstream inflammatory signaling. Given these insights, targeting lipid metabolism has emerged as a promising therapeutic approach for restoring immune homeostasis and treating chronic inflammatory diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":11631,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144172994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing liver metabolic zonation with single-cell and spatial omics.","authors":"Masanori Fujimoto, Tomoaki Tanaka","doi":"10.1507/endocrj.EJ25-0140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1507/endocrj.EJ25-0140","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Hepatic carbohydrate and lipid metabolism is strictly regulated by hormones such as insulin, glucagon, cortisol, and adrenaline, dynamically adapting to diet and stress. Metabolic zonation, a key feature of liver function, has been studied for decades. It refers to the spatial arrangement of hepatocytes with distinct metabolic roles along the portal-to-central vein axis, shaped by nutrient and oxygen gradients, as well as signaling molecules. However, traditional methods have struggled to reveal the spatial regulation of gene expression and signaling within these zones. Recent advances in single-cell and spatial omics technologies now allow detailed analysis of gene expression, signaling pathways, and cell-cell interactions with spatial resolution, providing new insights beyond classical models. Metabolic zonation research is rapidly advancing, and the concept of immune zonation, describing the spatial distribution of immune cells, has gained attention for its role in liver metabolism. These findings have improved our understanding of metabolic changes in conditions like fatty liver disease and diabetes. However, many questions remain, including the dynamic effects of diet and hormones and disease-related alterations. This review summarizes past and recent findings on metabolic zonation, explores the role of immune zonation and hormonal regulation, and discusses the latest technologies and future challenges.</p>","PeriodicalId":11631,"journal":{"name":"Endocrine journal","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-05-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144173369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}