Ecology and Evolution最新文献

{"title":"Population Genetics Reveals the Invasion Pathways of Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum in North America","authors":"Clarke J. M. van Steenderen,&nbsp;Emma Sandenbergh,&nbsp;Dean Brookes,&nbsp;Patrick J. Moran,&nbsp;Massimo Cristofaro,&nbsp;William F. Hoyer III,&nbsp;Iain D. Paterson","doi":"10.1002/ece3.72262","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ece3.72262","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Invasive populations of the slenderleaf iceplant, <i>Mesembryanthemum nodiflorum</i> L., are problematic along the west coast of North America. The plant is hypothesised to originate from southern Africa, though it has established populations in North Africa and the Mediterranean. There is interest in initiating a biological control programme for the weed in its invaded range, but a clearer understanding of its invasion pathways and sources of origin is required in order to prioritise potential biological control agents. This study used both NextGen RADseq and fragment analysis ISSR techniques to uncover the population structure and genetic diversity of <i>M. nodiflorum</i> in its native, introduced and invaded ranges. The results supported a South African origin of the species based on a higher number of private alleles and overall genetic diversity. Our results suggest a bridgehead effect, where a secondary invasion to North America from Mediterranean populations took place, rather than a direct invasion from the native range in South Africa. The present results indicated that surveys for potential biocontrol agents for <i>M. nodiflorum</i> should be conducted in the native South African distribution, where the greatest diversity of specialist natural enemies is likely to be present.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12522069/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145307248","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Significant Impact of Lost Species' Identity, Number and Abundance on Functional Structure of Alpine Meadow","authors":"Zhiyong Yang,&nbsp;Ci-ren Qu-zong,&nbsp;Yuan Zhang,&nbsp;Xine Li,&nbsp;Skalsang Gyal,&nbsp;Wei Mazhang,&nbsp;Ying Yang,&nbsp;Guotai Zhang,&nbsp;Cuo Se,&nbsp;Danzeng Quzhen,&nbsp;Jingting Mao,&nbsp;Chengwei Mu,&nbsp;Lan Wang,&nbsp;Shiping Wang,&nbsp;Tsechoe Dorji","doi":"10.1002/ece3.72136","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ece3.72136","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Biodiversity, the cornerstone of ecosystem functions and services, faces threats from anthropogenic climate change. However, it remains unclear how species loss, including abundance, number, and identity of lost species, would alter the functional structure of alpine meadow plant communities. Through a species removal experiment conducted in an alpine meadow of the central Tibetan Plateau, we found that removing common species typically altered the functional structure of plant communities. Changes in community functional structure were highly positively correlated with both the number of species removed and the degree of abundance loss. Beyond this, species removal treatments had significant direct effects on community functional structure, as revealed by a partial least squares path modeling approach. This indicates that the effects of species identity are independent of the number of species lost and the degree of abundance loss. Especially, only the removal of species including <i>Kobresia pygmaea</i> significantly reduced community abundance when fewer than three species were removed. This indicates that the species <i>Kobresia pygmaea</i> occupies an exclusive ecological niche and is irreplaceable in alpine meadows, suggesting that the consequences of climate change-induced declines in <i>K. pygmaea</i> biomass may be underestimated. Moreover, ecological niche breadth rather than niche overlap played a primary indirect role in the pathway through which species loss influences functional structure. This indicates that harsh environmental filtering and species adaptation, rather than biotic interactions, dominate community assembly in alpine meadows. This study provided valuable insights for biodiversity conservation and adaptive management of alpine ecosystems.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12522019/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145307297","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Direct Evidence for Cannibalistic Necrophagy as a Way of Nitrogen Recycling in Ants","authors":"Ádám Lőrincz,&nbsp;Kata Anna Bán,&nbsp;Tamás Maruzs,&nbsp;István Elek Maák","doi":"10.1002/ece3.72253","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ece3.72253","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Adequate nitrogen sources are indispensable for the development and reproduction of most animals. Some observations suggest that eusocial insects, such as termites or ants, can cover the protein requirements of their growing larvae by consuming the corpses of their own nestmates, a behavior known as cannibalistic necrophagy. While termites commonly utilize this food source, its occurrence in ants remains controversial and has so far been supported only by indirect observations (e.g., substantial weight loss of corpses or the presence of gnawed-out holes on the abdomen of the corpses). This behavior might be a crucial tool for survival under suboptimal conditions; however, long-standing evidence supporting its presence in ants is limited. In this study, we assessed whether cannibalistic necrophagy indeed occurs in ants by offering fluorescently marked corpses to their nestmates and subsequently detecting the signal within the digestive tracts of the living ants. Our results provide direct evidence that some ant species can use corpses, a constantly available food source, to fulfill the nitrogen requirements of the colony. This food source can have a variable share in the diet of a colony, and we argue that it is mainly utilized when food availability is scarce. By enabling the recirculation of nitrogen from deceased colony members, necrophagy may contribute to the ecological and evolutionary success of ants.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12522066/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145307160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Species Richness of Freshwater Fish Trophic Guilds Increases With Tropical River Discharge and Decreases With Variability","authors":"C. N. Perna,&nbsp;D. Sternberg,&nbsp;M. J. Kennard,&nbsp;O. J. Luiz,&nbsp;D. J. Irvine,&nbsp;D. Stratford,&nbsp;R. K. Kopf","doi":"10.1002/ece3.72343","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ece3.72343","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Species-area relationships (SARs) are one of the most well-established conservation biogeography patterns, and in rivers, habitat area is mediated by discharge. Species richness and river discharge have a well-established positive relationship, but how discharge affects trophic diversity is less clear. Free-flowing tropical river ecosystems are hotspots of global biodiversity, but they are under increasing threat from water resource developments which alter river discharge regimes. Here we investigate relationships between river discharge metrics and the species richness of freshwater fish trophic guilds in tropical rivers of northern Australia, using data collated from 40 catchments. We analyzed relationships between the species richness of freshwater fish trophic guilds and discharge metrics including mean annual discharge (Q), mean daily dry and wet season discharge, and the coefficient of variation (CVQ) of Q. Invertivores and omnivores were the most species-rich trophic guilds. Our results show that the species richness of trophic guilds in north Australian freshwater fishes was correlated with multiple components of wet-dry tropical river discharge regimes. The species richness of predators, invertivores, and herbivore-detritivores increased with Q and wet season discharge, whereas omnivore and invertivore richness increased with dry season discharge. Increasing variability in discharge had a negative effect on the species richness of invertivores and omnivores, suggesting adverse effects of low discharge periods. We found no statistical support for the hypothesis that the slope of SARs increases with trophic level, as suggested by previous research. These findings suggest that decreases in wet and dry season discharge, or increases in flow variability due to water resource development or climate change, may result in the loss of trophic diversity from tropical rivers. Our results suggest that the conservation of both wet and dry season natural flow regimes in tropical rivers will be needed to protect freshwater fish trophic diversity.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12527586/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145307336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Urbanization Drives Habitat Suitability of the Invasive Cuban Knight Anole (Anolis equestris) in Florida, USA","authors":"Alexander S. Romer,&nbsp;Sergio A. Balaguera-Reina,&nbsp;Eric Saurez,&nbsp;Edison D. Bonilla-Liberato,&nbsp;W. James Whelpley,&nbsp;Frank J. Mazzotti,&nbsp;Melissa A. Miller","doi":"10.1002/ece3.72334","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ece3.72334","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study evaluates climatic and anthropogenic drivers influencing habitat suitability of invasive Cuban knight anole (<i>Anolis equestris</i>) in Florida and assesses their potential impact on three species of threatened invertebrates due to habitat overlap. We developed species distribution models (SDMs) using eight algorithms to evaluate habitat suitability across the native and invasive range of <i>A. equestris</i>. We generated ten independent pseudo-absence sets at a 1:1 ratio with presences and implemented a 10-fold cross-validation scheme. Predictor variables included effort, climatic, topographic, urbanization, and vegetation indices. We trained algorithms on 70% of the data, validated on 30%, constructed both algorithm-specific and global ensembles. The best-performing model was used to assess variable importance and predict habitat suitability across regions. Random Forest (RF) demonstrated the best overall performance (Florida: BI = 0.98, TSS = 0.91; Cuba: BI = 0.89, TSS = 0.74) and was used for subsequent analyses. When projected against an independent dataset with standardized effort, the model retained discriminatory power (TSS = 0.53; BI = 0.59), indicating generalizability. Mean diurnal range was the most influential predictor overall, while urbanization (e.g., settlement model grid) was more important in Florida. NDVI and precipitation of the driest month had greater influence in Cuba. Predicted habitat suitability at occurrence locations of the endangered Florida tiger beetle (<i>Cicindelidia floridana</i>, <i>x̄</i> = 0.86), Florida tree snail (<i>Liguus fasciatus</i>, <i>x̄</i> = 0.58), and endangered Schaus' swallowtail butterfly (<i>Papilio aristodemus</i>, <i>x̄</i> = 0.53), suggest potential overlap. These findings emphasize the role of urbanized habitats in facilitating invasion and provide a data-driven framework for conservation management and mitigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12520795/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145299188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Seasonal Differences in Fish Community Structure in the Upper Yangtze River Based on eDNA Metabarcoding: A Multi-Dimensional Analysis","authors":"Yixiao Li,&nbsp;Lei Zhou,&nbsp;Renhui Luo,&nbsp;Zhiling Dong,&nbsp;Hongsen Lv,&nbsp;Jingning Ling,&nbsp;Weizhi Yao,&nbsp;Wenping He","doi":"10.1002/ece3.72215","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ece3.72215","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study used environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding to monitor fish communities at 14 sites along the upper Yangtze River across four seasons, aiming to understand seasonal variations in community structure. This study reflects on the current status of fish community structure in the region by leveraging an analytical discussion on the composition of fish species and functional groups, the application of 16 multidimensional diversity indices, and the relationships between fish communities and environmental variables. A total of 120 fish species were detected. The communities predominantly consisted of species that produce sticky eggs, are sedentary, and have omnivorous diets. However, the sequence reads of species producing drifting eggs, migratory, and carnivore fish groups were higher in autumn and winter compared to spring and summer. Except for the functional evenness index (FEve), all other functional diversity indices, as well as α diversity, taxonomic diversity, and phylogenetic diversity indices, were higher in spring and summer compared to autumn and winter. This suggests that fish diversity is greater in spring and summer due to increased fish activity during the spawning season and higher eDNA shedding and detectability under warmer conditions; however, ecological niche overlap is more pronounced during these seasons. This study provides practical experience for fish monitoring based on eDNA metabarcoding technology.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12521629/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145307303","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phylogenetic Relationships, Character Evolution, and Two New Species in Hemiboea (Didymocarpoideae, Trichosporeae)","authors":"Ping Liang,&nbsp;Xiao Wang,&nbsp;Fang Wen,&nbsp;Xin-Xiang Bai,&nbsp;Jun Mu","doi":"10.1002/ece3.72330","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ece3.72330","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Two new species, <i>Hemiboea xishuiensis</i> X.X. Bai and <i>Hemiboea cehengensis</i> X.X. Bai, from Guizhou, China, are described here. We performed a molecular phylogenetic analysis of the two new species and 28 taxa within <i>Hemiboea</i> based on ITS and <i>trnL-F</i>, which shows that the phylogenetic tree of <i>Hemiboea</i> forms three major clades: <i>H. fangii</i> Chun ex Z.Yu Li occupies one clade exclusively (Clade I), <i>H. xishuiensis</i>, <i>H. cehengensis</i>, <i>H. parvibracteata</i> W.T. Wang &amp; Z.Yu Li, <i>H. ovalifolia</i> (W.T. Wang) A. Weber &amp; Mich. Möller, and <i>H. kaiyangensis</i> T. Peng &amp; S.Z. He constitute a highly supported clade (Clade II), and the remaining taxa are clustered into the third clade (Clade III). Furthermore, this study traced the evolution of eight important morphological characters in <i>Hemiboea</i> and determined their ancestral states. The results show that the involucre is not early deciduous, the calyx is 5-sect from the base, the corolla is hairy outside, there are two protuberances and trichomes on the inner abaxial surface of the corolla, and there is a hairy ring above the base on the inner face of the corolla, the ovary is glabrous, and these characters may be the ancestral states of <i>Hemiboea</i>; <i>H. fangii</i> is the most primitive species of <i>Hemiboea</i> found to date; whether the involucre is early deciduous and whether there are two protuberances on the inner ventral surface of the corolla may be the key characters for the classification of sections under <i>Hemiboea</i>. This study not only enriches the species diversity of <i>Hemiboea</i> in China but also provides a new inspiration for the infrageneric classification of <i>Hemiboea</i>.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12519500/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145299225","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Climate Change Drives the Distribution of Insect Vectors for GLRaV-3 on a Global Scale","authors":"Minmin Niu,&nbsp;Yunyun Lu,&nbsp;Boxiang Zhao,&nbsp;Fengxia Dong,&nbsp;Junfei Bi,&nbsp;Pengfei Jing,&nbsp;Kangjie Wang,&nbsp;Zhengyuan Liu,&nbsp;Jiufeng Wei,&nbsp;Wei Ji","doi":"10.1002/ece3.72297","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ece3.72297","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Grapevine leafroll-associated virus 3 (GLRaV-3) is a significant plant virus affecting grapevines worldwide, causing considerable economic losses. Soft scale insects (Coccidae) serve as key vectors for GLRaV-3 transmission. Understanding how climate change impacts the distribution of these vector species is crucial for improving grapevine disease management strategies. Despite previous studies focusing on other insect vectors, limited research has been conducted on soft scale species, especially in the context of climate change. This study addresses the research gap by predicting the future global distribution of soft scale species responsible for GLRaV-3 transmission under various climate change scenarios. The potential distribution of seven soft scale species was analyzed using the MaxEnt model. Data on species occurrence were gathered from global biodiversity databases, and key environmental variables were identified using principal component analysis. Climate projections were incorporated using Shared Socioeconomic Pathways (SSPs) under four future timeframes (2030s, 2050s, 2070s, 2090s). The model indicated that temperature plays a critical role in limiting soft scale distribution, with projections showing a northward shift in distribution for several species under climate change. Three species are expected to expand their range, while the remaining four may see a reduction in suitable habitat. These shifts suggest potential changes in GLRaV-3 transmission risk in key grapevine-growing regions. This research provides vital insights into the future distribution of GLRaV-3 vectors, helping to guide targeted surveillance and management strategies. By predicting potential outbreak areas, this study contributes to the proactive management of grapevine diseases under changing climatic conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12521802/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145307150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring Alien Species Diversity in Ballast Water Based on Environmental DNA Metabarcoding","authors":"Hanglei Li,&nbsp;Hui Jia,&nbsp;Jingbo Peng,&nbsp;Xiaofeng Peng,&nbsp;Zhipeng Ren,&nbsp;Hui Zhang","doi":"10.1002/ece3.72320","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ece3.72320","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Invasive alien species pose serious threats to ecosystems, public health, and socio-economic systems, with ballast water discharge serving as a major pathway for their introduction. Organisms that survive the harsh conditions inside ballast tanks may establish populations in recipient ports, where they can disrupt native biodiversity. Therefore, effective monitoring of ballast water is essential for reducing the risk of biological invasions. This study applied environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding to investigate the biological communities in ballast water from ships arriving at Dongjiakou Port, Qingdao, with a particular focus on alien species. Three universal primer sets targeting the 18S V4, 18S V9, and 12S regions were used to amplify and sequence DNA from phytoplankton, invertebrates, and fish. In total, nine ballast water samples were collected from six ships originating from the South China Sea, Seto Inland Sea, Taiwan Strait, and the Yellow Sea. Bioinformatic analysis revealed 16 alien phytoplankton species, 13 alien invertebrate species, and 12 alien fish species, including three invasive species: <i>Styela clava</i>, <i>Lates calcarifer</i>, and <i>Anguilla anguilla</i>. Species composition varied considerably among tanks on the same ship, whereas ballast water location and age had no significant effect on composition across different ships. These results demonstrate the potential of eDNA metabarcoding as an efficient, noninvasive approach for monitoring ballast water biodiversity and alien species. Such insights are valuable for informing policy and management strategies to curb the spread of invasive species through shipping networks.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12519623/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145299183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Divergent Evolutionary Pressures Shape Olfactory Sensitivity of the Maxillary Palps in Tephritidae Fruit Flies","authors":"Chaymae Fennine,&nbsp;Sebastian Larsson Herrera,&nbsp;Tibebe Dejene Biasazin,&nbsp;Wittko Francke,&nbsp;Sergio Angeli,&nbsp;Teun Dekker","doi":"10.1002/ece3.72261","DOIUrl":"10.1002/ece3.72261","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Olfaction is a rapidly evolving sense. Given its diverse functions, from finding ecological niches to selection of mates, we hypothesized that olfaction is subjected to divergent evolutionary pressures. We compared the olfactory sensitivity of five species of Tephritidae fruit flies to two broad classes of volatiles: general niche-related volatiles (food and fruit odors) and volatiles used in sexual communication (pheromones and “parapheromones”). We then analyzed whether the differential sensitivities across species harbor “signals” of such contrasting evolutionary pressures. As recent studies highlight the maxillary palps as key auxiliary olfactory organs for detecting both classes of volatiles, we focused our sensory analysis on this auxiliary olfactory organ. Using gas chromatography coupled to electropalpographic detection (GC-EPD), we recorded sensory responses from five species with a diverse phylogenetic and ecological separation. Detection overlapped considerably across taxa; however, the maxillary palp exhibited distinct sex and clade-specific patterns in sensitivity to pheromones and parapheromones. Cluster analysis of sensitivities to (para)pheromones aligned strongly with the species' phylogeny. In contrast, cluster analysis of sensitivities to general food and fruit odors clustered separately and showed a strong correlation with ecological niche rather than phylogeny. Clearly, the selection pressures that shape the evolutionary direction of olfactory sensitivity to (para)pheromones and niche-related odors are diametrical opposites, reminiscent of stabilizing versus directional selection. Understanding the detection and evolution of distinct volatile classes provides valuable insights into the evolutionary ecology of olfaction, studies on olfactory receptors, and sensory and preference coding, and supports the rational development of novel lures to manage these pest insects.</p>","PeriodicalId":11467,"journal":{"name":"Ecology and Evolution","volume":"15 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12519527/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145299247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}