Ecological Indicators最新文献

{"title":"Assessing the three-dimensional vegetation carbon sink of urban green spaces using unmanned aerial vehicles and machine learning","authors":"Wei Wei ,&nbsp;Junqiao Li","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113380","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113380","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>As cities pursue decarbonization and carbon neutrality, urban green spaces play a crucial role as primary carbon sinks, warranting comprehensive quantitative assessments. This study compares traditional two-dimensional green space indicators, such as green space area and GCR, with advanced three-dimensional metrics, including 3DGV and 3DOR, as well as commonly used remote sensing indices like NDVI and NPP, for evaluating the carbon sink potential of urban green spaces. By integrating vegetation allometric growth equations, this paper introduces a novel methodology for assessing the carbon sink function of urban green spaces using UAV-based modeling and machine learning techniques for feature recognition. The results show that three-dimensional metrics provide a more accurate representation of the carbon sink capacity of urban green spaces, while traditional two-dimensional indicators fail to capture the spatial and functional variations effectively. This research contributes to the development of more robust ecological indicators for urban carbon management and highlights the role of innovative technologies, such as AI, in advancing environmental monitoring and management practices. The findings underscore the importance of multi-dimensional approaches in ecological assessment, demonstrating their potential to inform policy and management strategies for sustainable urban development.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 113380"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143726178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmental DNA surveys can determine in-stream dominance of non-native brook charr Salvelinus fontinalis over native brown trout Salmo trutta","authors":"Andreas Broman ,&nbsp;William F. Englund ,&nbsp;Niclas Gyllenstrand ,&nbsp;Joacim Näslund","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113407","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113407","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>For effective management of established potentially invasive species it is important to find management target sites (e.g. for depletion or eradication measures). In Sweden, the brook charr is non-native and competes with the native brown trout. Hence, finding methods allowing for rapid screening for potential problem areas is important. Wading electrofishing is the main method used, but eDNA surveys have the potential to replace the former method. Here we evaluate the usage of quantitative single-species eDNA analyses to find sites where brook charr dominates over brown trout. Using the ratio of the estimated relative amount of eDNA for each species, we correctly detect the vast majority of the areas where brook charr is dominating brown trout in the electrofishing results (&gt; 50 % of total abundance or biomass). Surveys using eDNA also have a higher chance to detect brook charr than electrofishing. We also show that quantitative comparisons between eDNA and electrofishing can be interpreted in very different ways depending on handling of outliers and inclusion/exclusion of sites without either catch or eDNA detections of a species in the analyses. Overall, however, even if relationships between catch results and eDNA results are found to be significantly positive under certain assumptions, the ability of eDNA results to predict electrofishing catches at the site level is associated with substantial uncertainties, at the scale of an order of magnitude. No environmental factors were found to clearly affect eDNA concentrations. In conclusion, eDNA is a promising tool to be used for cost-efficient screening of streams where brook charr is a potential ecological problem, but electrofishing still has a strong methodological position for follow-up studies quantifying their actual abundance. The two methods are complementary and one should not completely replace the other.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 113407"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143726180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Debris flows dynamic risk assessment and interpretable Shapley method-based driving mechanisms exploring – A case study of the upper reach of the Min River","authors":"Yufeng He ,&nbsp;Mingtao Ding ,&nbsp;Yu Duan ,&nbsp;Hao Zheng ,&nbsp;Wen He ,&nbsp;Jun Liu","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113400","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113400","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Debris flow is one of the most devastating natural hazards. Identifying the dynamic changes and driving factors of debris flow risk can enhance hazard mitigation and prevention. It is not clear what factors can mostly lead to debris flow risk change in mountainous areas, particularly some of these areas in the context of intense earthquakes, rapid urbanization, and climate change. To address these questions, an ensemble learning model was constructed to estimate the debris flow risk of the baseline period (2000) and the current period (2020) in the upper reach of the Min River. The study found that the areas with extremely high debris flow risk decreased by 18.57%, while the areas with moderate and high risk levels increased by 8% and 14% respectively. With this trend of overall risk increasing, the population and buildings affected by extremely high debris flow risk have increased by 20% and 30% respectively. Based on the interpretable learning model of SHAP (The Shapley Additive Explanations value), the mechanisms by driven factors that lead to changes in risk were explored. Population, elevation and NDVI are the most influential factors leading to changes in risk. Specifically, the increase in risk in the low elevation area is due to the rapid urbanization caused by the increase of population and GDP. While the risk change in higher elevation areas contributes to the variation of vegetation and precipitation. These findings have implications for debris flow mitigation and contribute to the understanding of the multiple factors that impact debris flow risk.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 113400"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143726287","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"New indicator species for associations within mesotrophic oak-hornbeam forests in Poland","authors":"Grzegorz J. Wolski ,&nbsp;Zbigniew Celka ,&nbsp;Jolanta Marciniuk ,&nbsp;Paweł Marciniuk ,&nbsp;Józef Mitka ,&nbsp;Sławomir Nowak ,&nbsp;Renata Afranowicz-Cieślak ,&nbsp;Andrzej Kruk ,&nbsp;Andrzej Łysko ,&nbsp;Agnieszka Popiela","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113339","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113339","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The following oak-hornbeam plant associations have been described from Poland: <em>Tilio</em>-<em>Carpinetum</em> (TC), <em>Galio-Carpinetum</em> (GC) and <em>Stellario</em>-<em>Carpinetum</em> (SC). Our findings indicate that all are distinguished by a relatively high percentage of common forest species, particularly the first two. The study is the first to identify the following species as indicator species, based on SOM analysis and IndVal index: e.g. <em>Brachythecium velutinum</em>, <em>Cirriphyllum piliferum</em>, <em>Lepidozia reptans</em>, <em>Mnium hornum</em>, <em>Plagiomnium undulatum</em> and <em>Brachypodium sylvaticum</em> for SC; <em>Ajuga reptans</em>, <em>Dryopteris filix-mas</em>, <em>Equisetum pratense</em>, <em>Frangula alnus</em>, <em>Galium odoratum</em>, <em>Hepatica nobilis</em>, <em>Luzula pilosa</em>, <em>Maianthemum bifolium</em>, <em>Milium effusum</em>, <em>Plagiomnium affine</em>, <em>Pulmonaria obscura</em> for TC, and <em>Asarum europaeum</em>, <em>Anemone ranunculoides</em>, <em>Corylus avellana</em>, <em>Galeobdolon luteum</em>, <em>Geum urbanum</em>, <em>Mercurialis perennis</em>, <em>Stellaria holostea</em> and <em>Ulmus laevis</em> for GC. However, for <em>Stellario-Carpinetum</em>, our findings indicate a large pool of bryophytes that have never been considered as bioindicators. Additionally, our research indicates that while the main species composition gradient of broad-leaved forests is related to soil moisture, temperature also plays a significant role in creating a <em>Stellario-Carpinetum</em> – <em>Tilio</em>-<em>Carpinetum</em> gradient. The current status of oak-hornbeam forests in Poland is intriguing; our research indicates that supplementing vascular plants with bryophytes in research could change the traditional syntaxonomy of oak-hornbeam forests in Central Europe.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 113339"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143726289","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ecological condition of mountain lakes in the conterminous United States and vulnerability to human development","authors":"Amalia M. Handler ,&nbsp;Marc Weber ,&nbsp;Michael Dumelle ,&nbsp;Lara S. Jansen ,&nbsp;James N. Carleton ,&nbsp;Blake A. Schaeffer ,&nbsp;Steven G. Paulsen ,&nbsp;Thomas Barnum ,&nbsp;Anne W. Rea ,&nbsp;Anne Neale ,&nbsp;Jana E. Compton","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113402","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113402","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mountain lakes provide cultural, aesthetic, and recreational services across the globe. Despite their recognized importance, there is no consistent definition of a mountain lake, which hampers describing them individually as well as in aggregate. Additionally, it makes it difficult to study and manage this unique population. We develop a rules-based approach for classifying mountain lakes according to the topography of the area draining directly to the lake. We apply the approach to the data from the United States National Lakes Assessment, for which the population is defined as lakes that are at least 1 ha in surface area and at least 1 m deep in the conterminous US (CONUS). Leveraging this national assessment allows for evaluating the condition of mountain lakes relative to all lakes in the CONUS. There are an estimated 12,353 (95 % C.I. 10,529–14,177) mountain lakes that account for 6.4 % of the lake population in the CONUS. Mountain lakes are in better condition than non-mountain lakes for 11 of 12 physical, chemical, and biological indicators (acid neutralizing capacity was the one exception). Approximately 25 % of mountain lakes are classified as eutrophic or hypereutrophic, and nearly 50 % are in fair or poor condition with respect to riparian vegetation and lakeshore disturbance. Mountain lake watersheds have lower proportions of developed land cover (mean ± 95 % CI: 0.8 ± 0.1 %) compared to non-mountain lakes (6.7 ± 0.3 %); however, developed land cover is more concentrated closer to the lakeshore for mountain lakes compared to non-mountain lakes. Coupled with characteristics such as high runoff, low hydraulic conductivity, and shallow bedrock depths, mountain lakes may be more susceptible to the adverse effects of human development and climate change compared to non-mountain lakes. These findings underscore the need for targeted monitoring, conservation, and management strategies to protect these valuable and sensitive lake environments.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 113402"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143726286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Performance of multiscale landscape metrics as indicators of soil C, N, P, and physicochemical properties of NFV in ML reaches of Yellow River Basin, China","authors":"Chenhui Wei,&nbsp;Kaili Chen,&nbsp;Zhan Yang,&nbsp;Siqi Yao,&nbsp;Chen He,&nbsp;Lin Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113391","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113391","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Landscape metrics are significant indicators of ecological functions. However, limited data are available regarding the relationship between landscape metrics and soil ecological functions. In this study, using 99 National Forest Villages (NFVs) in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River Basin as study objects, landscape metrics were computed for circular areas of ten extents in FRAGSTATS. Differences in soil carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), physicochemical properties, and landscape metrics between the middle and lower reaches were compared using a one-way ANOVA. Multiscale performance of 14 forest landscape metrics as indicators of 10 soil parameters was explored using several methods: partial correlation, linear mixed model, linear mixed-effects model, and threshold model. The results showed that NFVs in the middle reaches had higher soil C and N and better physicochemical properties, but lower soil P than the lower reaches. The landscape pattern showed large variations between the middle and lower reaches. Soil C and N were positively correlated with patch number and shape metrics, respectively, before the threshold. Soil P and physicochemical properties were negatively correlated with forest area metrics before and after the threshold. The correlation between landscape metrics and soil parameters depended on kilometer scale. Our findings highlight that soil characteristics and forest landscape patterns of National Forest Villages are linked, and landscape regulation can improve forest soil C and N, as well as the physicochemical properties. The insights from this study are vital for informing land management decisions aimed at enhancing carbon sequestration, mitigating climate change, and maintaining soil fertility. Ultimately, this research provides a reference for other river basins and landscapes, and future research should consider human activities at larger kilometer scales to predict soil properties.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 113391"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143715072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the hydromorphological status of transitional and coastal water bodies in the Basque Country, under the European Water Framework Directive","authors":"Oihana Solaun,&nbsp;Ángel Borja,&nbsp;Manuel González,&nbsp;Almudena Fontán","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113404","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113404","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Within the Water Framework Directive, the assessment of the hydromorphological quality of water bodies is relevant in the determination of their ecological status, and in the designation of heavily modified water bodies. Based on the Hydromorphological Quality Index (HQI) developed for Ireland, this work presents an adaptation of the approach applied to the transitional and coastal waters in the Basque Country, for the last consecutive 6-year periods (2011–2016 and 2017–2022). The proposed methodology determines the overall quality (HQI_g), and allows the morphological (HQI_m) and hydrodynamic regime (HQI_h) components to be assessed separately. Coastal water bodies showed a ’Good’ or ’High’ overall quality, while for most of the transitional water bodies it was ’Moderate’, except for Nerbioi interior, with ‘Poor’ quality in 2011–2016, and Oka Exterior and Deba, with ’Good’ quality in both periods. The approach is consistent with previous expert judgment assessments and could be useful in designing restoration scenarios.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 113404"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143726288","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Understanding the efficiency and uncertainty of water supply service assessment based on the Budyko framework: A case study of the Yellow River Basin, China","authors":"Tingjing Zhang ,&nbsp;Quanqin Shao ,&nbsp;Haibo Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113395","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113395","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Freshwater ecosystem services (ESs) analyses are increasingly employed to address water resource management challenges. However, few studies have systematically examined the efficiency and uncertainty of such assessments, limiting their applicability for decision-making. In this study, the InVEST water yield model was applied to assess water supply service in the Yellow River Basin (YRB) from 2000 to 2022. We evaluated the model’s sensitivity to climate variables and the parameter ω. Six sets of data/parameter input combinations were constructed to drive the model independently. Spatiotemporal trends were compared with observed data from 33 hydrological stations along the Yellow River mainstem and tributaries to assess the model performance and uncertainties. Finally, the response of water supply to climate change and vegetation dynamics was further discussed. The results showed that precipitation exhibited the highest sensitivity, and errors in precipitation inputs were the primary source of data input uncertainties. Compared to the raster-scale ω-value calculation method, the method combined with the lumped model delivered the most robust simulation results (R2, RMSE, and MAE for mainstream basins: 0.91, 50.08 mm, and 38.85 mm; for tributary basins: 0.89, 6.43 mm, and 4.04 mm, respectively). Climate change, particularly changes in precipitation, emerged as a key factor driving water supply service dynamics. These findings enhance the understanding of efficiency and uncertainty in water-related ESs assessments and offer valuable insights for applications in other regions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 113395"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143705397","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the assessment scale for small watersheds in the Han river basin using an integrated ecosystem health index","authors":"Chengrong Peng ,&nbsp;Junyan Wu ,&nbsp;Yong Gao ,&nbsp;Yongde Cui ,&nbsp;Haoyan Sun ,&nbsp;Yintao Jia ,&nbsp;Xiong Xiong ,&nbsp;Zhengfei Li ,&nbsp;Wei Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113372","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113372","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Han River is a crucial water source for the South-to-North Water Diversion Project; however, it also faces a range of ecological and environmental challenges. Currently, there is a lack of comprehensive, index-based assessments that integrate multiple biological groups to evaluate the ecological health of small watersheds. This study selects five representative rivers and develops a comprehensive evaluation index at both the sample scale and the river segment scale. The index incorporates three categories of indicators: aquatic life, water quality and hydrologic regime. To construct the river integrated ecosystem health index (R-IEHI), we first selected multiple biological group indicators, including commonly used evaluation groups such as fish, macrobenthos, and phytoplankton. When constructing the river segment-based assessment index, we first developed the F-<em>S_O/E</em> index based on species richness and river segment length. We then combined this with several other group-specific indices to create a simplified comprehensive evaluation index. The calculation of the R-IEHI score involves first normalizing each individual index, followed by a weighted summation. Both the sample-based and river segment-based indices can significantly distinguish different levels of disturbance intensity. However, since rivers are continuous systems, the river segment-based evaluation index is better suited for assessing the health of small watersheds. The river segment-based comprehensive evaluation index, applicable to other small watersheds in subtropical regions, can provide scientific data to support the protection of the Han River water source area.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 113372"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143705398","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Stochastic processes dominate bacterial and fungal community assembly in ultra-high-altitude areas of southeast Tibet","authors":"Wenzu Liu ,&nbsp;Zhuonan Hou ,&nbsp;Xinjun Zhang ,&nbsp;Ruihong Wang ,&nbsp;Mengyao Dong ,&nbsp;Daqing Luo ,&nbsp;Yuquan Wei","doi":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113394","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ecolind.2025.113394","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Microbial community assembly processes have gained increasing attention for addressing global biodiversity loss in recent years, especially their relations to different plant habitats succession. However, it remains scarce in the ultra-high-altitude regions of the plateau. This study explored the contribution of deterministic and stochastic processes in shaping bacterial and fungal communities as well as key factors influencing these processes across five habitats in the southeastern ultra-high-altitude area of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The results indicated that stochastic processes, particularly dispersal limitation and drift, dominated microbial community assembly across all five successive habitats (talus slope, alpine meadow, alpine shrubland, deciduous broadleaf forest, and mixed needle-broadleaf forest) in this study. Their relative importance varied, with drift increasing (bacterial from 31.03% to 47.13% while fungal from 38.07% to 58.88%) and dispersal limitation decreasing (bacterial from 47.29% to 22.91% while fungal from 48.69% to 33.53%), as habitat succession progresses. Bacterial community exhibited wider niche width and higher phenotypic plasticity, making homogeneous selection more significant in bacterial community compared to fungal community. Core genera made more contributions to microbial community assembly, with bacterial core genera having a greater influence than fungal core genera. Our findings firstly provide insights into the distinctive interaction of microbial community assembly with plant habitats heterogeneity in the ultra-high-altitude mountainous ecosystems.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11459,"journal":{"name":"Ecological Indicators","volume":"173 ","pages":"Article 113394"},"PeriodicalIF":7.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143705354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}