Labor eJournal最新文献_第5页

Importing Equality? The Effects of Increased Competition on the Gender Wage Gap 进口平等吗?竞争加剧对性别工资差距的影响

Labor eJournal Pub Date : 1999-03-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.163149

Sandra E. Black, E. Brainerd

{"title":"Importing Equality? The Effects of Increased Competition on the Gender Wage Gap","authors":"Sandra E. Black, E. Brainerd","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.163149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.163149","url":null,"abstract":"It is now well documented that the gender wage gap declined substantially in the 1980s, despite rising overall wage inequality. While Blau and Kahn (JoLE 1997) attribute much of this improvement to gains in women's relative labor market experience and other observable characteristics, a substantial part of the decline in the gender wage gap remains unexplained, and may be due to reduced discrimination against women in the labor market. This paper tests the hypothesis (based on Becker 1957) that increased globalization in the 1980s forced employers to reduce costly discrimination against women and thus accounted for part of the \"unexplained\" improvement in the gender pay gap. ; To test this hypothesis, we calculate the change in the residual gender wage gap across industries (as well as cities) over time using CPS data from 1977 - 1994, and test the correlation between this measure and changes in import shares. The wage data are further broken down by the type of market structure in an industry, i.e. whether the industry is concentrated or competitive. Since concentrated industries face little competitive pressure to reduce discrimination, an increase in competition from increased trade should lead to a reduction in the residual gender wage gap. We use a difference-in-differences approach to compare the change in the residual gender wage gap in concentrated versus unconcentrated sectors, using the latter as a control for changes in the gender wage gap that are unrelated to competitive pressures. The findings indicate that increased competition through trade did contribute to the narrowing of the gender wage gap, suggesting that, at least in this sense, trade may benefit women relative to men.","PeriodicalId":114523,"journal":{"name":"Labor eJournal","volume":"34 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128777178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 45

Why are Racial and Ethnic Wage Gaps Larger for Men than for Women? Exploring the Role of Segregation 为什么男性的种族和民族工资差距比女性大?探索种族隔离的作用

Labor eJournal Pub Date : 1999-03-01 DOI: 10.3386/W6997

Kimberly Bayard, D. Neumark, J. Hellerstein, Kenneth R. Troske

{"title":"Why are Racial and Ethnic Wage Gaps Larger for Men than for Women? Exploring the Role of Segregation","authors":"Kimberly Bayard, D. Neumark, J. Hellerstein, Kenneth R. Troske","doi":"10.3386/W6997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W6997","url":null,"abstract":"We examine the possible sources of the larger racial and ethnic wage gaps for men than for women in the U.S. Specifically, using a newly created employer-employee matched data set containing workers in essentially all occupations, industries, and regions, we examine whether these wage differences can be accounted for by differences between men and women in the patterns of racial and ethnic segregation within occupation, industry, establishments, and occupation-establishment cells. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first paper to examine segregation by race and ethnicity at the level of establishment and job cell. Our results indicate that greater segregation between Hispanic men and white men than between Hispanic women and white women accounts for essentially all of the higher Hispanic-white wage gap for men. In addition, our estimates indicate that greater segregation between black and white men than between black and white women accounts for a sizable share (one-third to one-half) of the higher black-white wage gap for men. Our results imply that segregation is an important contributor to the lower wages paid to black and Hispanic men than to white men with similar individual characteristics. Our results also suggest that equal pay types of laws may offer some scope for reducing the black-white wage differential for men the Hispanic-white wage differential for men.","PeriodicalId":114523,"journal":{"name":"Labor eJournal","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122194057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 22

The Pre-Program Earnings Dip and the Determinants of Participation in a Social Program: Implications for Simple Program Evaluation Strategies 项目前收入下降和参与社会项目的决定因素:对简单项目评估策略的影响

Labor eJournal Pub Date : 1999-02-01 DOI: 10.3386/W6983

J. Heckman, Jeffrey A. Smith

{"title":"The Pre-Program Earnings Dip and the Determinants of Participation in a Social Program: Implications for Simple Program Evaluation Strategies","authors":"J. Heckman, Jeffrey A. Smith","doi":"10.3386/W6983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W6983","url":null,"abstract":"The key to estimating the impact of a program is constructing the counterfactual outcome representing what would have happened in its absence. This problem becomes more complicated when agents self-select into the program rather than being exogenously assigned to it. This paper uses data from a major social experiment to identify what would have happened to the earnings of self-selected participants in a job training program had they not participated in it. We investigate the implications of these earnings patterns for the validity of widely-used before-after and difference-in-differences estimators. Motivated by the failure of these estimators to produce credible estimates, we investigate the determinants of program participation. We find that labor force status dynamics, rather than earnings or employment dynamics, drive the participation process. Our evidence suggests that training programs often function as a form of job search. Methods that control only for earnings dynamics, like the conventional difference-in-differences estimator, do not adequately capture the underlying differences between participants and non-participants. We use the estimated probabilities of participation in both matching estimators and a nonparametric, conditional version of the differences-in-differences estimator and produce large reductions in the selection bias in non-experimental estimates of the effect of training on earnings.","PeriodicalId":114523,"journal":{"name":"Labor eJournal","volume":"17 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124392795","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 163

Explaining Rising Income and Wage Inequality Among the College Educated 解释受过大学教育的人群收入和工资不平等加剧的原因

Labor eJournal Pub Date : 1999-01-01 DOI: 10.3386/W6873

C. Hoxby, B. Long

{"title":"Explaining Rising Income and Wage Inequality Among the College Educated","authors":"C. Hoxby, B. Long","doi":"10.3386/W6873","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W6873","url":null,"abstract":"The incomes and wages of college-educated Americans have become significantly more dispersed since 1970. This paper attempts to decompose this growing dispersion into three possible sources of growth. The first source, or extensive margin,' is the increasing demographic diversity of people who attend college. The second is an increasing return to aptitude. The third, or intensive margin,' combines the increasing self-segregation (on the basis of aptitude) of students among colleges and the increasing correlation between the average aptitude of a college's student body and its expenditure on education inputs. These tendencies are the result of changes in the market structure of college education, as documented elsewhere. We find that about 70% of the growth in inequality among recipients of baccalaureate degrees can be explained with observable demographics, measures of aptitude, and college attributes. About 50% of the growth in inequality among people who have 2 years of college education can be similarly explained. Of the growth that can be explained, about 1/4th is associated with the extensive margin, 1/3rd with an increased return to measured aptitude, and 5/12ths with the intensive margin. If the intensive margin is not taken into account, the role of increasing returns to aptitude is greatly overstated.","PeriodicalId":114523,"journal":{"name":"Labor eJournal","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1999-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115772958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 90

What is Driving Us and Canadian Wages: Exogenous Technical Change or Endogenous Choice of Technique? 是什么驱动着我们和加拿大的工资:外源性技术变革还是内源性技术选择?

Labor eJournal Pub Date : 1998-12-01 DOI: 10.3386/W6853

P. Beaudry, D. Green

引用次数: 60

Executive Compensation and Incentives: the Impact of Takeover Legislation 高管薪酬与激励:并购立法的影响

Labor eJournal Pub Date : 1998-12-01 DOI: 10.3386/W6830

Marianne Bertrand, S. Mullainathan

引用次数: 66

The Impact of Race on Policing, Arrest Patterns, and Crime 种族对警务、逮捕模式和犯罪的影响

Labor eJournal Pub Date : 1998-11-01 DOI: 10.2139/SSRN.218908

J. Donohue, S. Levitt

引用次数: 21

Permanent Layoffs in Canada: Overview and Longitudinal Analysis 加拿大永久性裁员:综述与纵向分析

Labor eJournal Pub Date : 1998-11-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.68979

G. Picot, Zhengxi Lin, W. Pyper

引用次数: 45

Combining Micro and Macro Unemployment Duration Data 结合微观和宏观失业持续时间数据

Labor eJournal Pub Date : 1998-08-01 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.120548

Gerard J. van den Berg, Bas van der Klaauw

引用次数: 92

Trade Flows and Wage Premiums: Does Who or What Matter? 贸易流动与工资溢价:谁或什么重要?

Labor eJournal Pub Date : 1998-07-01 DOI: 10.3386/W6668

Mary E. Lovely, J. Richardson

{"title":"Trade Flows and Wage Premiums: Does Who or What Matter?","authors":"Mary E. Lovely, J. Richardson","doi":"10.3386/W6668","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3386/W6668","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper we investigate relationships between trade, wages, and the rewards to skill for U.S. workers during the period 1981 - 92. We measure U.S. trade flows with three groups of trading partners -- industrial countries, newly industrial countries, and primary producers -- and we estimate the correlation of these trade flows with several types of wage premiums, using conditioning methods that separate pure wage premiums from the return to education industry by industry. We find that greater U.S. trade with newly industrializing countries is associated with increased rewards to skill and reduced rewards to pure labor, consistent with heightened wage inequality and distributional conflict. The opposite is usually true of greater trade with traditional industrial countries. Our interpretation of these results rests on two models. One is a model of North-North intraindustry trade in differentiated, skill-intensive intermediate goods ( horizontal' exchange) and North-South intraindustry trade in intermediates for finished manufactures ( vertical' exchange). The second is a simple model of industry wage premiums that are rewards for loyalty, firm-specific knowledge, or (dis)amenities, in which we posit different premiums for skilled and less-skilled workers whose labor markets are segmented from one another.","PeriodicalId":114523,"journal":{"name":"Labor eJournal","volume":"os-12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1998-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127762198","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 42