Ecological genetics最新文献

{"title":"Comparison of the variability and nitrogen-fixing activity of rhizobia strains isolated from Trifolium Hybridum L. and Galegaorientalis Lam. nodules at different stages of plant vegetation","authors":"A. Baymiev, I. Koryakov, E. Akimova, A. Vladimirova, R. Matniyazov, Alexei Kh. Baymiev","doi":"10.17816/ecogen313071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/ecogen313071","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: The beginning of the life cycle of a leguminous plant in its natural habitat is usually associated with interaction with nodule bacteria in order to form a nitrogen-fixing symbiosis. In a short period of time, a plant needs to “choose” suitable microsymbionts for itself. Since a wide variety of rhizobial strains is formed in the rhizosphere of legumes, the choice made by the macrosymbiont will further influence its productivity. \u0000AIM: The purpose of our work was to compare the principles of selection by different plants of their microsymbionts at different stages of plant development. \u0000MATERIALS AND METHODS: Nodule bacteria Trifolium hybridum L. and Galegaorientalis Lam. were taken into the study. Their genetic diversity was studied by the RAPD method, a phylogenetic analysis of bacteria and their symbiotic nodC and nifH genes was carried out, and their nitrogen-fixing activity was assessed. \u0000RESULTS: It was found that the rhizobia that form nodules on the roots of the studied leguminous plants at different stages of their vegetation have certain patterns. It was found that the highest polymorphism and specific nitrogen-fixing activity are characteristic of bacteria obtained from nodules formed at the initial stage of vegetation. \u0000CONCLUSIONS: We assume that the plasticity of the rhizobia genome gives the host plant the ability to more flexibly adjust its nitrogen-fixing apparatus to changes in growing conditions.","PeriodicalId":11431,"journal":{"name":"Ecological genetics","volume":"29 10","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138596495","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of high light conditions on the response of Arabidopsis thaliana plants with suppressed mitochondrial alternative oxidase","authors":"E. Garmash, Kirill V. Yadrikhinskiy, M. Shelyakin, Elena S. Belykh","doi":"10.17816/ecogen531104","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/ecogen531104","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: Plants as sessile organisms have developed biochemical pathways to protect themselves from the excess light energy. Mitochondrial alternative oxidase (AOX) participates in the oxidation of reductants exported from chloroplasts, thereby optimizing photosynthesis and protecting cells from photodamage. \u0000AIM: The effect of high light on respiration and the relative transcripts content of a number of genes in Arabidopsis thaliana plants of the T-DNA insertional line for AOX1a (aox1a) was studied and compared with the response of the antisense silencing of AOX1a line (AS-12) and wild type line Col-0. \u0000MATERIALS AND METHODS: Four-week-old A. thaliana plants of three lines grown at 90 µmol/m2 · s and then exposed to moderately high light conditions, 400 µmol/m2 · s, in a short-term experiment (8 h). Respiratory pathways activity, gene expression, and superoxide anion content were determined during experiment. \u0000RESULTS: Plants of the aox1a line in response to high light were characterized by the absence of the total and alternative respiration reaction and the absence of the AOX1 protein in spite of the increased mRNA level of AOX1c, in contrast to the Col-0 and AS-12 lines. Also, an increased content of transcripts of only SAPX and CHS were found, while in the other lines a compensatory increase in the expression of many “defense” genes was revealed. \u0000CONCLUSIONS: Thus, the aox1a line was characterized by a low compensatory effect at the level of defense systems activation. This is apparently caused by the absence of the AOX1 protein and, as a result, the weakening of the stress signal and stress response. The results obtained indicate the important role of AOX in the response of respiration to light stress; can be used to study the signaling pathways of regulation of AOX1a expression.","PeriodicalId":11431,"journal":{"name":"Ecological genetics","volume":"63 49","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138594711","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of polymorphism of redox-sensitive genes in the mechanisms of oxidative stress in obesity and metabolic diseases","authors":"M. Shkurat, E. V. Mashkina, Natalya P. Milyutina, T. P. Shkurat","doi":"10.17816/ecogen562714","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/ecogen562714","url":null,"abstract":"The review summarizes ideas about the role of polymorphic variants of redox-sensitive genes that regulate the development of oxidative stress in obesity and associated metabolic diseases. The concept of oxidative stress, activated oxygen metabolites (AOM), which include reactive forms of oxygen, nitrogen, and chlorine, is considered, and an idea of the antioxidant system and its enzymatic link is given. The important role of gene polymorphism of AOM-producing enzymes — CYBA, CYBB, MT-ND1/2/4L, MT-CO1/3, XOR, CYP, NOS2/3, MPO — in the induction of oxidative stress in obesity has been shown. The dualism of AOM in obesity is emphasized: on the one hand, they are necessary for normal adipogenesis and signaling, and, on the other hand, they play a trigger role in the development of oxidative stress. It has been demonstrated that an imbalance in antioxidant system in obesity and metabolic disorders may be associated with variability in the genes of key antioxidant enzymes and proteins — SOD1/2/3, CAT, GPX1-8, GSR, GSTP1, GSTM1, GSTT1, PRDX3, TXNIP, HMOX1, NQO1, NFE2L2, KEAP1. The critical role of polymorphism in the Nrf2 transcription factor gene, the main regulator of redox homeostasis under physiological conditions and in obesity, has been demonstrated. It has been demonstrated that disruption of redox homeostasis due to genetic variability of the prooxidant-antioxidant system contributes to the development of the pathological obesity phenotype. Understanding the genetic mechanisms underlying oxidative stress in obesity and metabolic diseases is necessary to expand knowledge about the mechanisms of pathogenesis of these diseases and to develop effective methods for their correction.","PeriodicalId":11431,"journal":{"name":"Ecological genetics","volume":"12 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138597068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of the genetic diversity of Ayrshire cattle in Russia. Message 2. Genome analysis based on data on the distribution of ROH patterns in Ayrshire cows","authors":"A. E. Ryabova, M. Pozovnikova, N. Dementieva, Yury S. Shcherbakov, O. V. Tulinova, E. Romanova, Anastasia I. Azovtseva","doi":"10.17816/ecogen568871","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/ecogen568871","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: The analysis of ROH distribution is an important focus of genetic resource conservation programs of cattle. Characterization of ROH-islands allows to identify genetic factors affecting productivity traits of dairy cattle. \u0000AIM: was to analyze intra-breed genetic diversity and population structure of Ayrshire cattle, based on data on distribution of homozygosity patterns, as well as to identify loci associated with selection intensity and utility traits. \u0000MATERIALS AND METHODS: ROH distribution data were obtained using whole genome genotyping on Illumina BovineSNP50 (50K) DNA chips (Illumina Inc., USA). The object of the study was the DNA of Ayrshire cows (600 cows), which belonged to farms with different levels of selection and breeding work. \u0000RESULT: The results of our studies showed a generally similar level of inbredness of the analyzed Ayrshire cattle herds. The homogeneity of the population is confirmed by a large number of animals (72.83%) with FROH values between 0.10 and 0.20. Cluster analysis revealed consolidated groups of individuals, due to their ancestral origins. The discovered ROH-patterns included 268 genes, 32 of which were involved in regulation of the synthesis of protein and fat milk components. The results obtained may be used in breeding programs for Ayrshire cattle in Russia. \u0000CONCLUSIONS: The Russian population of Ayrshire cattle is distinguished by unique qualities in protein and fat milk composition and genome architecture, while maintaining genetic diversity and insignificant traces of Ayrshire cattle gene pool.","PeriodicalId":11431,"journal":{"name":"Ecological genetics","volume":"42 17","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138597817","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of mutagenic activity of phlorotannin-enriched extracts of three brown algal species","authors":"Elena R. Tarakhovskaya, Renata T. Islamova, E. B. Zamyatkina, E. Stepchenkova","doi":"10.17816/ecogen595899","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/ecogen595899","url":null,"abstract":"BACKGROUND: Phlorotannins are unique phenolic compounds produced by brown algae. Due to their considerable biological activity these metabolites are extensively studied in the context of medicinal applications. However, to date, no studies addressed potential genotoxicity of phlorotannins. \u0000AIM: The objective of this research is an assessment of mutagenic activity of intracellular and cell wall (CW) bound phlorotannins of three brown algal species. \u0000MATERIALS AND METHODS: Mutagenicity of phlorotannin extracts of Desmarestia aculeata, Fucus serratus, and Ectocarpus siliculosus was assessed by the Ames test, carried out using three tester strains of Salmonella typhimurium (TA97, TA98, and TA100) with and without metabolic activation. \u0000RESULTS: Intracellular phlorotannin extracts of all tested algae showed relatively low values of minimum inhibitory concentration against S. typhimurium (20–30 μg/ml), with extract of D. aculeata being the most toxic. Intracellular phlorotannins of F. serratus and CW-bound polyphenols of E. siliculosus demonstrated moderate mutagenic activity in the Ames test inducing frameshift mutations with the number of His+ revertants more than twice higher compared to the control. The phlorotannin extracts of D. aculeata showed no mutagenic activity. \u0000CONCLUSIONS: The brown alga D. aculeata may be regarded as a promising source of phlorotannins for medical applications, as its phlorotannin-enriched extracts have high antibiotic activity and are not mutagenic.","PeriodicalId":11431,"journal":{"name":"Ecological genetics","volume":"94 9","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138596019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The peculiarities of cell elongation growth of cereal coleoptiles under normal and flooding conditions","authors":"A. A. Kirpichnikova, G. Kudoyarova, V. Yemelyanov, M. Shishova","doi":"10.17816/ecogen623901","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/ecogen623901","url":null,"abstract":"The review examines modern knowledge on the mechanisms of the early stages of plant cell elongation growth. Coleoptiles are used as a model object representing juvenile organs of cereal seedlings. Elongation growth is considered to be a protective morphophysiological stage of seedling development during underground germination. The molecular mechanisms of elongation growth include: changes in the properties of the cell wall, activation of proton pumps, as well as aquaporins of plasma membrane and tonoplast. Particular attention is paid to the hormonal system of regulation, including auxin and ethylene. Coleoptiles of rice, a semi-aquatic plant tolerant to oxygen deficiency, demonstrate that the mechanisms of elongation growth are changing intensively under submergence, but they completely ensure cell growth. There is also a redistribution of importance and abundance between phytohormones. The data presented in the review indicate the necessity to continue investigations on the mechanisms of elongation growth under normal and stress conditions.","PeriodicalId":11431,"journal":{"name":"Ecological genetics","volume":"117 19","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138599696","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Metabolomics of senescence of heterotrophic suspension cultures of Nicotiana tabacum L. VBI-0","authors":"R. Puzanskiy, A. A. Kirpichnikova, A. Shavarda, V. Yemelyanov, M. Shishova","doi":"10.17816/ecogen624132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/ecogen624132","url":null,"abstract":"Background. Heterotrophic cell cultures are widely used as a model in plant biology. During a culture cycle the composition of the medium changes, the sucrose is depleted, and the density increases. Finally, arrest of a growth is followed by cell death in a short time. These processes are accompanied with physiological alterations, corresponding to senescence. \u0000Materials and methods. Nicotiana tabacum VBI-0 cells were cultured in suspension MS medium supplied with 3% sucrose. Cells were sampled at 7th day, during intensive growth, and at 28th day, when the culture was in the stationary phase. The GC-MS method was used to profile the metabolites. \u0000Results. Sucrose depletion in media caused starvation of heterotrophic tobacco cell culture and was associated with a decrease in the accumulation of free amino acids. At the same time, the level of pentoses and complex sugars, including sucrose, increased. But at the same time, the levels of glucose and fructose were not changed significantly and levels of hexose phosphates decreased. Also, cells during culture senescence showed higher levels of accumulation of malate, pyruvate and some other carboxylates. \u0000Conclusion. The metabolomic data indicate that culture senescence was associated with a drop in the level of biosynthesis, a decrease in the activity of the upper part of glycolysis, and the accumulation of complex sugars, pentoses and carboxylates.","PeriodicalId":11431,"journal":{"name":"Ecological genetics","volume":"82 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138598206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transgenic medicinal plants as producers of bioactive substances","authors":"E. Y. Yembaturova, Yulia S. Cheryatova","doi":"10.17816/ecogen567947","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/ecogen567947","url":null,"abstract":"The paper covers the questions of secondary metabolite modulation in medicinal plants by means of gene engineering. It is demonstrated that cutting-edge tools of contemporary biotechnology tools made it possible to manage the biosynthesis of important bioactive substances, modify the secondary metabolism, enabling plants to synthesize and produce new compounds, as well as eliminate metabolic pathways of synthesizing harmful substances. \u0000Currently, large-scale production of bioactive substances (BAS) requires highly productive plants to produce them. Applying methods of gene engineering to medicinal plants is a promising way to reduce the resource consumption and increase their productivity, quality and the product’s marketability [1]. Traditional growing and collecting techniques are challenged by resource shortage, environmental damage, etc. [2]. Gene engineering helps to increase pest, disease and herbicide resistance, gain greater yields and higher BAS content [3]. \u0000Using transgenic medicinal plants (TMP) as BAS producers in the pharmaceutical industry is crucial for metabolic engineering. Current research of the secondary metabolism modulation in TMP enables to modify the key BAS biosynthesis and the secondary metabolism, so that plants can produce new substances, or, on the contrary, silence the metabolic pathways for harmful ones. This way, greater TMP biomass with higher BAS content can be obtained in bioreactors. This would require rather modest investments — an advantage for biopharmacy. Nowadays, TMP are grown in vitro as calluses or suspension cell cultures. Biotechnology can modify the secondary metabolism in TMP to produce surplus amounts of necessary BAS, reduce the content of toxic compounds or even synthesize new substances. The versatility of transcription and translation mechanisms in medicinal plants enables them to accumulate homologous substances and synthesize heterologous ones. It is known that in TMP, MYB transcription factors are involved in gene regulation in secondary metabolic pathways, regulation of genes engaged in developmental processes, etc. [4]. In conclusion, we should emphasize the relative biosafety of BAS obtained from TMP, for human use, as they are chemically pure and are not connected with biological hazards.","PeriodicalId":11431,"journal":{"name":"Ecological genetics","volume":"14 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138602872","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The application of the entomopathogenic fungus Akanthomyces muscarius modified GFP to study endophytization","authors":"G. Mitina, A. Choglokova, Marina A. Cherepanova, S. Timofeev, V. Dolgikh","doi":"10.17816/ecogen568650","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/ecogen568650","url":null,"abstract":"Entomopathogenic fungi (EPF) of the genus Akanthomyces (formerly Lecanicillium) are one of the most common and important fungal entomopathogens, infecting sucking insects of the order Hemiptera mainly. The fungi can also parasitize on phytopathogenic fungi (rust, powdery mildew). The entomopathogens from these genera reported as endophytes in various plants under natural conditions [1–2], contributing to an increase in plant immunity to pathogens, as well as a decrease in plant colonization by pests. Endophytic colonization of plants by the fungus Akanthomyces lecanii can suppress the growth of the peach aphid [3]. Akanthomyces muscarius strains caused the death of moth when feeding on cabbage colonized by the fungus [4]. Endophytic properties were assessed using the A. muscarius (= Lecanicillium muscarium) strain Vl 72-GFP fluorescently labeled with GFP [5]. The transformation was done by electroporation of germinated conidia of the high-virulent “wild” strain Vl 72 by the pBARGPE1 vector harboring an eGFP gene, showed an expression of fluorescent protein without affecting fungal growth and virulence. The influence of the fungus on the growth rates of beans was revealed when leaves, sterile soil and seeds were treated with a suspension of conidia of 108 spores/ml. On the 7th day, stimulation of the growth of the stems and roots of the beans was observed when the seeds were soaked in a spore suspension of the fungus. When spraying the leaves, only the stem’s elongation was observed. The studied strain colonizes beans irregularly. When treating the seeds, the fungus was isolated in greater quantities from the roots (26%), when spraying the leaves — from the stem (36%), when watering the soil — also from the stem (43%). Infection of A. muscarius plants by spilling the soil was most effective. No effect of endophytization was found on the number of aphids after 14 days of aphid plant colonization. As a result of the introduction of the spores of Vl 72-GFP strain by shedding the soil under flower crops (lantana, gerbera, acanthus) in the greenhouse of Saint Petersburg Botanical Garden, this strain was isolated from the leaves of the Acanthus mollis L. after one month, which confirms the ability of this species to endophytic colonization of plants in greenhouse conditions. Analysis of hyphae Vl 72-GFP in the plant performed on an AxioImager M1 fluorescent microscope demonstrated the same level of fluorescence as in A. muscarius hyphae growing on the media.","PeriodicalId":11431,"journal":{"name":"Ecological genetics","volume":"16 7","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138603026","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Identification of genetically modified crops in Tajikistan","authors":"Samariddin S. Barotov, Firuza Yusufovna Nasyrova, Farzona A. Abdukholiqova","doi":"10.17816/ecogen568487","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.17816/ecogen568487","url":null,"abstract":"The technology of genetically modified crops (also called GM crops, GM products) allows, using genetic engineering methods, to select a specific genetic trait of one organism for inclusion in the genome of the original crop. This has made it possible to develop food crops with beneficial properties and eliminate undesirable properties in others. Despite the great agricultural benefits of transgenic crops, they have not gained acceptance in some countries: a) consumer suspicion due to allergic reactions observed to some transgenic products, b) lack of international regulations regarding these GM crops and c) negative environmental impacts Wednesday. Impacts resulting from mass production of transgenic crops, such as loss of genetic diversity, development of more adaptive weeds, migration of transgenic genes to their wild relatives, and less likely migration of transgenic genes to other unrelated organisms through horizontal transfer [1]. In addition, contamination of food products with transgenic residues has prompted various countries to restrict the import of food products made from transgenic plants or plants labeling products or ingredients as or derived from transgenic crops [2]. \u0000The aim of this study is to qualitatively evaluate various GM crops from the perspective of landrace conservation and sustainable development to achieve food security. \u0000Six varieties of agricultural crops were selected as the object of study: 2 varieties of tomatoes imported from abroad (2022 harvest at the experimental site of the IBPPG TNAS), 1st grade potatoes from the Dushanbe market (produced in Pakistan), 2 varieties of local production. “Sharaf” corn and 1 variety of corn (made in China). \u0000Isolation of genomic DNA was carried out according to the method: Easy Pure Food and Fodder Security Genomic DNA Kit (TransGen Biotech., China), or EasyPure Plant Genomic DNA Kit (TransGen Biotech., China). Identification was carried out using primers to the CaMV35S promoter. \u0000The results of PCR identification of GMOs showed that the endogenous CaMV35S promoter was found in potatoes (produced in Pakistan) and corn (produced in China). This endogenous CaMV35S promoter was not detected in the local tomato and potato and maize landraces studied, indicating the absence of a GM source in these samples. \u0000This is consistent with the data that the local varieties of the studied crops are traditional and do not contain GM sources.","PeriodicalId":11431,"journal":{"name":"Ecological genetics","volume":"13 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138603125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}