East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal最新文献

{"title":"Economic value of non-timber forest products utilized by the households adjacent to the South Nandi forest reserve in Kenya","authors":"J. O. Maua, H. Tsingalia, J. Cheboiwo","doi":"10.1080/00128325.2019.1660037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00128325.2019.1660037","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Many rural dwellers in tropical regions depend on non-timber forest products (NTFPs) for their livelihood and income requirements. However, the link between the economic benefits of NTFPs and their resource base (including local availability and sustainability) and sources are poorly understood. Understanding the dependence on NTFPs requires an economic valuation to improve on sustainable utilization and planning of NTFP resources in the forest. Further, NTFPs are undervalued and not be included in the national accounts therefore lowers overall contribution of forests to the GDP. The current study, therefore, estimated the value NTFPs from The South Nandi forest reserve, using a combination of methods. Twenty-two NTFPs and associated plant species used were cited in Focused Group Discussion, but it was firewood, grazing and medicinal plants that were mostly utilized. The collection of NTFPs took 54.5% of the households’ productive time suggesting high dependence on them. The economic value of NTFP extraction household−1 yr−1 was US$ 579.51. The annual firewood extraction was 7 285.4 ± 1 586.9 kg household−1 and households spent an average of 2.9 ± 1.2 hours to collect a headload of firewood. The net economic value for grazing cattle in the forest yr−1 household−1 ranged from US$ 11.6 to US$ 205.0. NTFPs contributed between 32.7% and 48.7% to households’ income confirming the importance of NTFPs to their livelihoods. This forest should be managed based on the principles of sustainable forest management for continued provision of these benefits.","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"34 1","pages":"368 - 391"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87419486","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Determinants and causes of postharvest milk losses among milk producers in Nyandarua North subcounty, Kenya","authors":"M. Ndungu, J. Lagat, JK Langat","doi":"10.1080/00128325.2019.1667648","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00128325.2019.1667648","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Nyandarua County has enormous milk production potential and has a large amount of milk, because of large a population of dairy cows coupled with the huge milk market demand from within and without. Despite this potential, milk postharvest losses have posed a major challenge to the dairy sector in the county. The general objective of the current study was to establish causes of losses among milk producers, as well as factors that contribute to the choice of a milk-marketing channel. A total of 188 milk producers were selected through proportionate to size sampling from Nyandarua North subcounty, including the formal and informal milk value chains. A statistical analysis, as well as a quantitative analysis was done with the help of Microsoft Excel, STATA and SPSS Ver. 21. The first step Heckman results indicate that age of household head, gender of household head, education level, breed type, total milk output, feeding system, keeping of records and type of milk container significantly influenced the choice of milk-marketing channel. The second step Heckman results suggest that dairy farming experience, distance to milk collection point, type of breed, total milk output, use of detergent to clean milk containers, feeding system and keeping of production records were significant as far as causes of milk losses among milk producers was concerned. Based on the results of the current study, it is recommended that policy implementers and dairy stakeholders should prioritise efforts to minimise postharvest milk losses considering that the implications of these losses directly affect the economic wellbeing and livelihood of farmers and other dairy chain participants. Milk-marketing channels, both formal and informal, need to be re-evaluated based on returns and convenience with emphasis on proper postharvest milk management and handling. This will reduce on the losses and additional cost incurred by milk producers and transporters resulting to higher economic returns for the respective chain participants in the dairy value chain.","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"57 1","pages":"269 - 280"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86034197","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Maize–Cassava Intercropping: An Effort to Increase Food and Feed Security and Incomes in Coastal Lowland Kenya","authors":"K. Lewa, Ws Chivatsi, H. Saha, R. Muinga","doi":"10.1080/00128325.2019.1659214","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00128325.2019.1659214","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The study was carried out at the Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organisation (KALRO) Centre at Mtwapa to assess the effect of shade on the productivity of a maize–cassava intercropping system and on the contribution of the intercropping system to food and feed during the dry season, as well as to income. Maize and cassava crops were established in two plots measuring one hectare each. One plot was established in the shade to mimic crop production under tree crops, which is characteristic of coastal Kenya. The second plot was established in an open area. There were no significant differences (p > 0.05) between the yields in the shaded and unshaded plots for all cassava products with the exception of cassava leaf yield, which was higher (p < 0.05) in the shade, (1.67 vs 1.25 t ha−1). In contrast, all the maize products differed (p < 0.05) between the shaded and unshaded treatments. Shade reduced maize grain and bran yield by 48% and stover by 29%. It was estimated that the grain yield in the shade (2.38 t ha−1) would feed a family of 10 people and leave a surplus of 1.4 t ha−1 for sale. The marketable cassava in the shaded and unshaded treatments (19 and 22 t ha−1) could be sold for KES 317 720 and KES 323 600, equivalent to US$ 3 488 and US$ 3 553, respectively. The unmarketable cassava roots (8.5 and 9.59 t ha−1), plus the maize bran (0.11 and 0.21 t ha−1) from the shaded and unshaded treatments could be an adequate energy supplement for seven to eight cows (400 kg live weight) annually. Maize stover (1.5 to 2.1 t ha−1) could be fed to 7–9 cows for 53 to 65 days. The cassava leaves would provide protein supplement for one to two cows per year. Maize–cassava intercrop systems would, therefore, contribute to food and feed security and increase incomes in coastal Kenya.","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"15 1","pages":"341 - 350"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74810366","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Farmers' Perceptions of Dairy Cattle Breeds, Breeding and Feeding Strategies: A Case of Smallholder Dairy Farmers in Western Kenya.","authors":"M N Lukuyu,&nbsp;J P Gibson,&nbsp;D B Savage,&nbsp;E J O Rao,&nbsp;N Ndiwa,&nbsp;A J Duncan","doi":"10.1080/00128325.2019.1659215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00128325.2019.1659215","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To understand farmers' preference and perceptions of breed attributes, breeding and feeding practices, 419 households in western Kenya were interviewed in a cross-sectional survey. Respondents scored their preference for cattle breeds, traits and breeding methods on a scale of 1 (most preferred) to 5 (least preferred). Preferences were compared using multinomial logistic regression models on weighted scores. The Ayrshire breed was most preferred followed by the Friesian. Using hardship tolerance as a reference trait, the Friesian was preferred 4.86 times more for high milk production and Ayrshire, Jersey and Guernsey breeds 4.61, 4.60 and 4.18 times (<i>p </i>< 0.01) more, respectively, for milk fat content. The Ayrshire was preferred 4.16 times more for its perceived low feed requirement and 1.22 times more (<i>p </i><<i> </i>0.01) for resistance to diseases. Friesian was the only breed preferred (3.18 times more) (<i>p </i>< 0.01) for high growth rate of calves. Artificial insemination (AI) was the breeding method of choice, but majority (>68%) of respondents used natural mating, because it was readily available and cheaper. The current study highlights the importance of taking into account farmers' objectives and the production environment when designing breed improvement programmes and recommends packaging of breeding together with feeding interventions.</p>","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"83 4","pages":"351-367"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1080/00128325.2019.1659215","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"37851836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Nitrogen Deficiency in Semi-Arid Kenya: Can Pigeonpea fix it?","authors":"K. Kwena, G. Karuku, F. Ayuke, A. O. Esilaba","doi":"10.1080/00128325.2019.1658696","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00128325.2019.1658696","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Few studies have evaluated improved pigeonpea varieties developed and released in Kenya for soil fertility improvement and contribution to the productivity of cereal-based cropping systems prevalent in marginal areas. A study comprising field and greenhouse experiments was conducted between 2009 and 2013, in order to evaluate improved pigeonpea varieties for nitrogen (N) uptake, biological nitrogen fixation (BNF), response to rhizobia inoculation and their effect on maize yields. Field experiments were conducted in Katumani Research Centre using a split-split plot design, with three pigeonpea varieties, two cropping systems and three crop residue regimes as the main plot, subplot, and sub-subplot, respectively. Greenhouse experiments were conducted at Muguga Research Centre where five pigeonpea varieties were screened for BNF and response to rhizobia inoculation in plastic pots filled with 10 kg of soil and replicated four times in a completely randomized design. Data collected on nitrogen uptake, BNF and maize and pigeonpea yields was subjected to analysis of variance using GENSTAT statistical software. Pigeonpea had significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher nitrogen uptake compared with maize; Mbaazi II (84–114 kg N ha−1) absorbed more N, followed by Kat 60/8 (29–44 kg N ha−1) and Mbaazi I (20–37 kg N ha−1). All the three pigeonpea varieties fixed 60–70 kg N ha−1, meaning they were all good nitrogen fixers. Mbaazi II fixed significantly (p ≤ 0.05) higher N (70 kg N ha−1) compared with KAT 60/8 (66 kg N ha−1) and Mbaazi I (62 kg N ha−1) when intercropped with maize. Inoculation with rhizobia gave mixed results. Mbaazi II-maize intercrop gave the highest maize (1.9 t ha−1) and pigeonpea (1.4 t ha−1) grain yields and produced sufficient maize stover (2.1 t ha−1) and pigeonpea stalks (2.9 t ha−1).","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"44 1","pages":"322 - 340"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83006780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gender appropriateness of field days in knowledge generation and adoption of push-pull technology in eastern Africa","authors":"A. Murage, JO Pittchar, C. Midega, Collince O Onyango, J. Pickett, Z. Khan","doi":"10.1080/00128325.2019.1644145","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00128325.2019.1644145","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Adoption studies have identified gender as one of the factors that determine technology uptake and this has been linked to women’s access to farming information or lack of it. Technology scaling up systems should utilise pathways that are compatible with the needs of rural women, who have to juggle farming with other household chores. Unfortunately, there has been limited effort to evaluate the suitability of the information pathways used to specific gender. The current study evaluates the appropriateness of field days with respect to gender of the participants. Data were collected from selected farmers who attended field days in Kenya, Uganda and Tanzania in 2014. A total of 2 615 participants were interviewed out of 6 221 who attended field days. Descriptive analysis and ordered probit and logit models were used for analysis. The majority of the participants in Kenya and Tanzania were women (51.3% and 62.6%, respectively), whereas in Uganda the majority of participants were men (57.4%). Most participants were middle aged (42 years for women and 45 years for men). The majority of the women (54.1%) had primary level education, with only 29.1% having secondary education, whereas 41% and 40.1% of men had attained primary and secondary education, respectively. The results from the econometric models shows that gender, age, education, being push-pull farmers, perceptions on Striga severity were the main significant determinants of knowledge for the ordered probit. Conversely, gender of the participant, perception on stemborers and Striga weed severity and having mobile phones were the significant determinants of willingness to adopt. The two models were significant at 1% (p < 0.001). The significance of the gender variable in the two models shows that women farmers understood more about push-pull (coefficient of ordered probit = −0.112) when trained during field days. Furthermore, the willingness to adopt push-pull after the training was much higher for women (coefficient of logit = −0.367) compared with men. The findings demonstrate that field days can be more appropriate for training farmers, especially women who are often disadvantaged in information access, as a result of their socio-economic circumstances.","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"30 1","pages":"289 - 306"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87095158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Willingness to establish private forest plantations among households in Oyo State Nigeria","authors":"S. Tijani","doi":"10.1080/00128325.2019.1656150","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00128325.2019.1656150","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study investigates the willingness of the respondents to establish private forest plantations (PFPs) in Oyo State, Nigeria. Two purposively selected and two randomly selected local government areas were used. One hundred and sixty household heads randomly selected were interviewed using the interview schedule and the data analysis was carried out using both descriptive (frequencies, percentages, mean) and inferential (Chi-Square and PPMC) statistics with α0.05. The majority of the respondents were male (89.2%), within 41–50 years (43.9%) and 92.8% were married. About 85.6% have knowledge of private ownership and 91.4% had knowledge on forest plantation establishment. Respondents’ attitude towards PFPs (78.4%) was favourable. A large percentage (96.4%) agreed that involvement in PFPs serves as income generating activity, whereas 58.3% identified government policy on forestry and land tenure system as major constraints to establishing PFPs. There were significant relationships between age (χ2 = 236.256), educational qualification (χ2 = 35.283), primary occupation (χ2 = 62.944) private ownership (r = 0.424), knowledge on forest plantation (r = 0.451), perception (r = 0.230), perceived benefits (r = 0.180), perceived constraints (r = −0.181) and willingness to establish PFPs. Respondents possessed high knowledge and favourable attitude towards PFPs despite the perceived constraints. The state, in collaboration with the Forestry Research Institute of Nigeria (FRIN), should initiate programmes to emphasise benefits of PFPs in order to encourage more participation and government policy on land use decree should be reviewed to promote participation in forest plantation establishment.","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"5 1","pages":"307 - 321"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88469558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Smallholder group dynamics and capacity building: A case study of dairy groups in Kenya","authors":"S. Makokha, D. Yongo, M. Mwirigi, D. Nyongesa","doi":"10.1080/00128325.2018.1549967","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00128325.2018.1549967","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Smallholder farmer groups increase market access and reduce transaction costs, but many challenges reduce their performance. A study on how group dynamics and capacity building influence group performance was conducted in Meru, Tharaka Nithi and Uasin Gishu Counties in 2013 with six smallholder dairy groups. Specific objectives were to determine how group dynamics influence group performance, build capacity in the groups and evaluate group performance. Focus group discussions were conducted followed by training based on findings from the discussions. Evaluation was done three months after training. Descriptive analysis was used by adopting the Institutional Analysis and Development Framework to evaluate group performance. The groups had differences in resource endowment, membership, and operating environment. After evaluation, Muchege Hortmil, Ciomburu Arithi and Langas Disabled Self-help Groups had the highest scores, whereas Kapkawa Baitany and Thuita Dairy Self-help Groups, and Chepng’oror Cooperative Society had the least. Awareness of the legal and governance systems after training increased labour division and democracy in Muchege Hortmil and Ciomburu Arithi. Strict enforcement of group rules in Muchege Hortmil improved performance, but the groups faced unfair competition from hawkers. Vulnerabilities reduced performance in Chepng’oror and Kapkawa Baitany, whereas the same vulnerabilities motivated Langas Disabled to improve. The high proportion of inactive members in Thuita reduced performance. Group performance is not so necessarily determined by the group's initial conditions, but by their efforts to organise themselves and learn. Rules are significant in determining group’s performance.","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"14 1","pages":"281 - 288"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-09-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84110688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Functional Diversity and Performance of Direct Marketing Outlets for Smallholder Farmers of Green Gram and Pigeon Pea Commodities in Machakos County, Kenya","authors":"J. Wambua, M. Ngigi, L. Muhammad","doi":"10.1080/00128325.2019.1607813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00128325.2019.1607813","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The smallholder direct marketing outlets (private grain traders) serve the smallholder farmers poorly in the rural areas of Kenya, making local markets thin and less competitive. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the diversity and the determinant factors influencing the private grain traders’ performance based on the volumes transacted of green gram and pigeon pea commodities. A multistage stratified random sampling procedure was employed for this study to obtain relevant information on the grain traders in Mwala and Yatta subcounties. One hundred and ten (110) grain traders were sampled in Mwala (38) and Yatta (72) subcounties. Descriptive statistics and a multiple linear regression were used during analysis. The descriptive statistics indicated that the grain traders were diverse in terms of age with majority being 31 to 40 years old, gender in trading found mainly males (54.5%), trader education status with the majority having college education (58.2%), access to credit with large group of traders not accessing (65.5%) and the distribution of the volume purchased of green gram and pigeon peas grain, which indicated high market concentration and the trader inequality. Our model for the trader purchases of green gram and pigeon pea grain was correctly described by the multiple linear regression model. The results obtained from the ANOVA indicated that the overall regression is significant, F(16, 93) = 2 632.316, p < 0.000 for the green gram purchases and F(16, 93) = 660.542, p < 0.01 for the pigeon peas purchases. Grain markets for the green gram and pigeon pea functions poorly, because few traders dominate the markets with high shares in the volumes purchased. Few traders are likely to offer low prices to the smallholder farmers of green gram and pigeon pea. There is a possibility of collusion in the market, owing to few traders in the market.","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"12 3 1","pages":"239 - 267"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78620101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessment of Differences in Small Farmer Uses of Produce and Determinants of Marketed Surplus of Green Grams and Pigeon Peas in Semi-arid Machakos County, Kenya","authors":"J. Wambua, M. Ngigi, L. Muhammad","doi":"10.1080/00128325.2019.1597566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/00128325.2019.1597566","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Small farmers in semi-arid areas of eastern Kenya produce green grams and pigeon peas for both subsistence and income. Because of this, it was important for a detailed investigation on the difficulty of raising marketed surplus (produce) of green grams and pigeon peas. The literature with respect to how small farmers differed in the uses of the produce and the determinants of marketed surplus is sparse. The objectives of the study therefore were to assess the differences in farm retention (for self-consumption, seed and payments in kind) and marketed surplus and to determine the factors affecting marketed surplus. Survey research design was selected for making the observations. Sampling of the households was done using a multistage technique. There were 364 households selected in two agro-ecological zones, each with 182 respondents. Data collection was done using a well-structured questionnaire. Data analysis was done using the IBM SPSS Statistics 21. One-way analysis of variance results indicated that farmers of green grams and pigeon peas differed significantly in the produce consumed, marketed and used as seed and in-kind transactions. Green grams farmers differed significantly at F(3, 1 452) = 11.420, p = 0.000, whereas pigeon peas small farmers at F(3, 1 452) = 21.680, p = 0.000. Multiple linear regression analysis results showed factors influencing farmers in marketed produce of green grams as area cultivated, yield and region of production at p = 0.01. Seeds and in-kind transactions showed positive effect at p = 0.05, whereas access to market information at p = 0.1. The factors influencing farmers on marketed production of pigeon peas were seeds and in-kind transactions and the price of output (p = 0.01). The study concluded that the design of policy interventions therefore needed to take account of small farmer variations and the factors influencing the marketed production of green grams and pigeon peas.","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"29 1","pages":"163 - 175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-08-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83622056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}