East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal最新文献

{"title":"Effects of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Fertiliser on Growth and Yield of Ironweed (Vernonia Galamesis)","authors":"G. Mati, M. Mburu, P. Kurji, S. Shibairo","doi":"10.4314/eaafj.v69i2.1812","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eaafj.v69i2.1812","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Ironweed (Vernonia galamensis) is a promising new crop for industrial oil but information on its response to fertiliser is scanty. A field experiment was conducted at the University of Nairobi Field Station farm during 2 seasons (January to May 1998, season 1 and March to August 1998, season 2) to determine the effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) fertiliser rates on growth, photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) interception and seed yield of 2 Vernonia galamensis cultivars (ethiopica and gibbosa). N was applied at 0, 75 and 150 kg N/ha, and P at 0, 45 and 90 kg P2O5/ha. The experiment was a 2 × 3 × 3 factorial laid out in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. N and P application significantly increased total dry matter (TDM), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) interception and leaf area index (LAI) of both varieties in late vegetative and reproductive stages. Gibbosa had consistently higher TDM, LAI, PAR and was taller compared to ethiopica throughout the growing season. Average seed yield of gibbosa was 2.3 times higher than that of ethiopica in both experiments. The highest TDM, LAI and seed yields were obtained at the highest N and P levels. Gibbosa had a significantly higher number of capsules/plant but a lower harvest index (HI) compared to ethiopica.","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"51 1","pages":"109 - 118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89028190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Varying Levels of Palm Oil Sludge in Broiler Finisher Rations","authors":"S. Dada","doi":"10.4314/eaafj.v68i4.1799","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eaafj.v68i4.1799","url":null,"abstract":"Maize (Zea mays L.) supplies the bulk of the energy in poultry feeds in the humid tropics of Africa and the increase in its demand has caused an escalation in its price. Evidently, for commercial poultry producers to realise profits, a relatively cheaper source of energy is therefore needed to meet the requirement of poultry. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the locally available agro-industrial byproducts to find alternative and cheaper energy sources to maize.","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"17 1","pages":"213 - 216"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86640092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Adoption of Rock Phosphate-Fortified Compost Manure in Western Kenya","authors":"M. Odera, J. Okalebo","doi":"10.4314/eaafj.v69i2.1820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eaafj.v69i2.1820","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Inadequate soil nutrient replenishment characterises the intensively managed farming systems of western Kenya. This has resulted in widespread negative soil nutrient balances in the region. A study was conducted to determine the impact of farmers' subjective preferences for some of technology-specific attributes inherent in Rock Phosphate (RP)-fortified compost as a technological option in application of RP, and its influence on probability of adoption. On-farm demonstrations using the technology were conducted on 8 farms where 32 farmers were encouraged to participate actively in all the activities. A tobit model (Tobin, 1958) analysis of the data collected revealed impact of technology on overall yield, and convenience associated with the use of the technology to be significant at 0.01 level in influencing adoption behaviour. Labour requirement and impact of the technology on the plants' growth vigour were not significant in explaining adoption decisions. The findings of the study were able to determine some of the technology-specific attributes associated with RP-fortified compost that are significant in explaining adoption behaviour in the region. The findings will prove valuable in guiding the design of extension packages geared towards enhancing improved soil nutrient management practices.","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"9 1","pages":"189 - 197"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78932193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Use of Herbaceous Legumes for Improving Soil Fertility and Crop Yield in Maize Cassava Cropping Systems","authors":"M. N. Njunie, M. Wagger","doi":"10.4314/eaafj.v69i1.1805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eaafj.v69i1.1805","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT This study evaluates the effects of harvest frequency and stage of development of annual and perennial forage legumes on biomass and nutrient accumulation of legume residue, rate of nutrient release from legume residue, availability of residue-derived nutrients to maize and/or cassava and soil water availability during the cropping season. Agronomic experiments were planted at Kenya Agricultural Institute (KARI), Mtwapa. The experimental design was split-plot, where the main plots were planting in pure stand of legume, maize and cassava and their combinations. The subplots were legume harvesting management: clitoria (Clitoria ternaea) cut at 2 months and then after 6 or 10 weeks, and dolichos (Dolichos purpureus) cut at 2 or 4 months after planting (MAP). The control plots were with or without inorganic fertiliser. The legumes exhibited different growth rates. During the Long Rain (LR) season when clitoria was establishing, intercropping maize with clitoria led to 27% more maize grain yield than maize without organic or inorganic fertiliser input. The reverse was true during the Short Rain (SR) season, when the presence of already well-established clitoria reduced maize grain production by 78%, such that the cumulative maize grain produced from the 2 seasons was 30% lower than that from the no-input control. The high green manure production of dolichos during the LR season led to high plant nutrient supply, 106 and 253 kg/ha for 2 and 4 MAP, respectively. The shading effect by dolichos on maize and cassava reduced the LR season maize grain yield by 27 and 49% when cut at 2 and 4 MAP, respectively. Fresh tuber yield of cassava was also reduced by 50% when dolichos harvest was delayed to 4 MAP. However, during the SR season when moisture was limiting, the nutrients were available to the maize crop, such that the cumulative maize grain yield from the 2 seasons was 37% higher than that from the no input maize pure stand control. Compared to the no-input control, fresh cassava tuber yield at 10 MAP was not affected by the presence of clitoria or dolichos harvested at 2 MAP. The soil inorganic N was abundant in the topsoil (0–20 cm) compared to the subsoil (20–40 cm) depth. These results indicate that the legumes, and the foliage harvesting management strategy influenced the maize grain and cassava production and the soil inorganic N content.","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"43 1","pages":"49 - 61"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74468514","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Bulbing Process in Onion in Response to Nitrogen Nutrition","authors":"M. Onyango","doi":"10.4314/eaafj.v68i3.1784","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eaafj.v68i3.1784","url":null,"abstract":"Bulb onion (A ilium cepa L.) is the most important species of the Allium genus. It is the third most highly produced vegetable in the world (Brewster, 1994) and the fourth in Kenya (Anon, 1989). The demand for onions worldwide is fairly constant. It is a potential export crop from tropical regions including Kenya (Currah and Proctor, 1990; Brewster, 1994). Onion is a physiologically long day plant with respect to bulbing (Jones and Mann, 1963), temperate cultivars having a relatively longer daylength requirement than tropical ones (Brewster, 1994; Currah and Proctor, 1990). Bulbing is a process in the growth and development of onion when the plant changes from the bladed leaf production phase to the scale formation phase. During this period translocation of assimilates to the leaf bases occurs in response to the stimulus of long days (Heath and Hollies, 1965). Longer daylengths enhance bulb formation (Butt, 1968, Steer, 1980). For a given daylength however, high temperatures accelerate bulb formation (Wiles, 1989) while soil nutrients may delay the process (Currah and Proctor, 1990).","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"65 1","pages":"111 - 118"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77748409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soil Chemical Properties, Sunflower Growth and Yields as Affected by Double Digging, Mulch and Compost in Central Kenya","authors":"J. Miriti, D. Thomas, C. Gachene","doi":"10.4314/eaafj.v68i3.1791","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eaafj.v68i3.1791","url":null,"abstract":"Double digging as a form of deep tillage and the between late October and late December. The utilisation of compost and mulch for improved crop experiments were conducted on a humic Nitisol production in the densely populated areas of Kenya (FAO-UNESCO, 1988) whose characteristics are is rapidly gaining attention the Kenya Institute of presented in Table I. Organic Farming (KIOF, 1994). The aim of double digging is to loosen the deep soil layers for intensive crop production. Compost is aimed at supplying essential plant nutrients and enhancing soil physical properties through addition of organic matter (FAO, 1977; Pfirter et al., 1981). Organic matter has beneficial effects on soil fertility because it increases nutrient storage capacities (Tisdale et al., 1985; Woomer et al., 1995). Mulch modulates soil diurnal temperature, reduces evaporative soil water loss and improves infiltration (Russell, 1988). All these have positive influences on crop growth.","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"33 1","pages":"159 - 163"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80861703","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pre-Tillage Control of Spear Grass (Imperata Cylindrzca [L.] Raeuschel) with Glypnosate for Soya Bean (Glycine Max [L.] Merr.) Production in Nigeria","authors":"T. Avav, O. Okereke","doi":"10.4314/eaafj.v68i3.1790","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eaafj.v68i3.1790","url":null,"abstract":"Spear grass jImperata cyclindrica) is among the world's most important weeds (Holm, 1969) and the most common weed that attacks soya bean in Benue State of Nigeria (Avav et al., 1995). Benue State produces 90% of the total soya bean produced in Nigeria (Anon 1990). Growth and development of spear grass are encouraged by annual bush burning (Akobundu and Agyalcwa, 1987; Terry and Michieka, 1987) in the study area. The customary control of I. cylindrica by smallholder farmers in the study area is by hoeing which tends to promote the propagation of the weed. The weed is however, controlled by regular hoeing which is labour intensive and costly.","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"2006 1","pages":"155 - 158"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82576195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of Two Processing Methods for Pigeon Pea Seeds (Cajanus Cajan) as Protein Source for Broiler Starters","authors":"K. .. Amaefule, F.C. Obioha","doi":"10.4314/eaafj.v68i4.1796","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eaafj.v68i4.1796","url":null,"abstract":"The search for alternative plant protein sources in broiler rations is a continuous exercise in Nigeria because of scarcity and high cost of soya bean meal, groundnut cake and fishmeal. The conventional or primary protein feedstuffs are affected by severe competition from humans and industries that command higher priority and higher prices than the compound feed industry. Pigeon pea has a very low human food preference and no industrial use. Its meal has a satisfactory protein ingredient of up to 30% of the whole ration (Springhall et al, 1974; Grimaud, 1988; Tangtaweewipat and Elliott, 1989). Ologhobo (1992) indicated that 25% pigeon pea seed meal adversely affected feed conversion efficiency of broilers because the seeds may have been raw. As with other grain legumes, the seeds contain antinutritional factors like trypsin and protease inhibitors which limit their use in poultry feeding (Grimaud, 1988; Ologhobo, 1992; D'Mello, 1992). Although pigeon pea seeds contain less trypsin and chemotrypsin inhibitors than soya bean (ICRISAT, 1991), some of the wild relatives to which Nigerian variety may belong may contain higher concentrations of protease inhibitors that influence protein digestibility. Pigeon pea seeds contain raffinose and starchyose which are flatulence causing sugars (ICRISAT, 1991). Cooking and other processing methods of grain legumes exert a beneficial effect on the starches and is desirable with fibrous foodstuffs. In this study, boiling was done for 30 min at 100°C beyond which the nutritive value of the seeds would decrease (Elias et al., 1973). Dehulling improves the digestibility of the proteins, lowers tannin content and reduces the crude fibre and calcium content of seeds (Salunkhe et al 1985). Dehulling of cooked pigeon pea seeds also increases the biological value,","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"7 1","pages":"191 - 196"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84918492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Phosphorus Fertilisation on Legume Nodule Formation and Biomass Production in Mount Kenya Region","authors":"J. Gitari, J. Mureithi","doi":"10.4314/eaafj.v69i2.1819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eaafj.v69i2.1819","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT The response of legumes to the application of phosphorus was tested in the upper midland 3 agro-ecological zone in a humic Nitisol at Karurina Location of Embu District in the central Kenya region. The legumes tested were Mucuna pruriens, Canavalia ensiformis, Glycine max, Crotalaria ochroleuca and Lablab purpureus. A split plot design was used in which 17 kg/ha phosphorus was applied to half of the plot and the remainder was planted without any P. Nodulation and biomass assessment were conducted at the respective flowering stages for each of the legumes tested. The results revealed that all legume species tested formed effective nodules at either the tap root or the lateral roots. Crotalaria showed the highest level of nodule formation whereas Canavalia formed one or no nodules per plant. Mucuna showed the highest level (4.13 t/ha) of biomass accumulation while Canavalia gave the lowest (0.56 t/ha) amount of biomass. Addition of phosphorus did not affect nodulation or biomass accumulation in any of the legume species tested.","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"109 1","pages":"183 - 187"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80528808","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of Topography on Soil Eredibility in Kakuuto Micro-Catchment, Uganda","authors":"M. Majaliwa, M. Magunda, M. M. Tenywa, M. Isabirye","doi":"10.4314/eaafj.v69i1.1802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4314/eaafj.v69i1.1802","url":null,"abstract":"ABSTRACT Soil erodibility is a property that determines the vulnerability of a soil to erosion processes. Interrill erodibility of 7 soil types, haplic Luvisols, haplic Acrisols, skeletic Luvisols, skeletic Acrisols, rhodic skelectic Acrisols, ferric Acrisols, ferri Rhodic Acrisols of Kakuuto micro-catchment of the Lake Victoria basin was measured, and its toposequence pattern investigated using a portable rainfall simulator in the field. Simulated rainfall of 7 mm/min was applied for 5 min on 0.25 by 0.25 m plots; 16 tests were run on each soil type, under 2 moisture regimes (dry and wet). Results indicated that there were 2 groups of no pairewise significant difference in interill erodibility: haplic Acrisols, haplic Luvisols, Rhodic skeletic Acrisols, and skeletic Acrisols, ferric Acrisols, ferri rhodic Acrisols and skeletic Luvisols (p=0.011) being the second. The first group was more eroded than the second. Significant differences (p=0.05) were observed along the toposequence on interrill erodibility with an increase towards the footslope. The footslope interrill erodibility was 4.13 × 106kg/m2s while values of 1.05 × 106/kgm4s and 1.74 × 106/kg/m2s were observed at the upper and the middle landscape position; respectively.","PeriodicalId":11421,"journal":{"name":"East African Agricultural and Forestry Journal","volume":"125 1","pages":"19 - 27"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2003-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84951247","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}