Domestic animal endocrinology最新文献

{"title":"Expression pattern of sex steroid hormone receptors in the adult male rabbit brain","authors":"Ignacio Camacho-Arroyo ,&nbsp;Karina Hernández-Ortega ,&nbsp;Karla Mariana Peña-Gutiérrez ,&nbsp;Laura Noemi Hernández-Lúa ,&nbsp;Beatriz Arantxa Castro-Reyes ,&nbsp;Gabriela González-Mariscal","doi":"10.1016/j.domaniend.2025.106922","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.domaniend.2025.106922","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Progesterone (P4), estradiol (E2), and testosterone (T) are crucial for reproduction and are pivotal in several vertebrate central nervous system (CNS) functions. These hormones act by binding to their corresponding receptors, including those intracellularly located, such as progesterone receptor (PR), estrogen receptor (ER), and androgen receptor, which in this manuscript we named testosterone receptor (TR). The expression pattern of these receptors in the rabbit male brain is unknown. We studied PR, ER, and TR expression at mRNA and protein levels in several intact adult male brain regions by RT-qPCR and Western blot. We found the highest PR mRNA levels in the prefrontal cortex (PC) and the preoptic area (POA). PR protein content (110 kDa) was similar in all the analyzed brain regions. Maximum ERα mRNA levels were found in the mesencephalon (MSC) compared with the scarce levels presented in POA and cerebellum (CER). The two leading ERα bands (54 and 66 kDa) showed comparable content among analyzed brain regions, except in the olfactory bulb (OB). Considerable TR mRNA levels were found in the analyzed brain areas except in CER. TR protein (110 kDa) content was also high in MSC. The CER showed the lowest PR, ERα, and TR mRNA levels, but the corresponding protein contents were similar to those of different areas. These data reflect regional variability in the expression of sex steroid hormone receptors in the adult male rabbit brain. They constitute the basis for defining the distribution pattern of these receptors in the rabbit brain; in addition, they would allow comparisons to be made with reports of the expression of these receptors in female rabbit brains and the search for understanding their role in rabbits.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11356,"journal":{"name":"Domestic animal endocrinology","volume":"92 ","pages":"Article 106922"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143527283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigating hair cortisol dynamics in German Shepherd Dogs throughout pregnancy, lactation, and weaning phases, and its potential impact on the hair cortisol of offspring","authors":"Caixia Pan,&nbsp;Shu Xu,&nbsp;Wencai Zhang,&nbsp;Yu Zhao,&nbsp;Mingqiang Song,&nbsp;Jianli Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.domaniend.2025.106921","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.domaniend.2025.106921","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Pregnancy, lactation, and weaning are crucial physiological stages in the life of bitches, directly affecting the physiological health of bitches and the growth and development of newborn puppies. This study aims to investigate the physiological stress of bitches during pregnancy, lactation, and weaning, as well as the effects of these changes on newborn puppies, by analyzing the variations in hair cortisol concentrations (HCCs) of bitches and their newborn offspring during different stages. This study selected 24 female German Shepherd dogs aged 2-3 years who were pregnant and giving birth for the first time and their 118 surviving newborn offspring as experimental subjects. Hair samples were collected from the right shoulder and neck of the bitches and their offspring at four key time points: the day of mating (T0), the day of delivery (T1/NT1), the first day of weaning (T2/NT2), and the 60th day after weaning (T3/NT3). The HCCs was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to assess their physiological stress. The results showed that the maternal HCCs significantly increased during pregnancy and lactation, reaching a peak during lactation. The HCCs of puppies also significantly increased during the weaning period. Meanwhile, there was a significant but moderate correlation between the cortisol levels in maternal hair and puppies' hair during pregnancy and lactation. In addition, the maternal HCCs during pregnancy and lactation were affected by the litter size, the higher the litter size, the higher the hair cortisol level, while the cortisol levels in the hair of puppies were not affected by the litter size. Bitches may face higher physiological and psychological pressures during reproduction and nurturing offspring, especially when the litter size is large. At the same time, the physiological status of bitches may have a certain impact on puppies. Therefore, care and attention during pregnancy, lactation, and puppy weaning periods should be strengthened to ensure that bitches and puppies receive good feeding management and environmental support, maintain their physiological and psychological health, and further enhance animal welfare.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11356,"journal":{"name":"Domestic animal endocrinology","volume":"92 ","pages":"Article 106921"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143422534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Increasing cervical penetrability in sheep by long-acting treatments with oxytocin (Carbetocin) and/or prostaglandin E2 (Dinoprostone)","authors":"M. Rodríguez-Piñón ,&nbsp;D. Casuriaga ,&nbsp;G. García-Barcelo ,&nbsp;D. Fila ,&nbsp;J. Gil","doi":"10.1016/j.domaniend.2025.106920","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.domaniend.2025.106920","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The aim was to study the effect of long-acting treatments with oxytocin (Carbetocin, Cb) and/or prostaglandin E2 (Dinoprostone, Dp) on cervical penetrability and collagenolysis in synchronized ewes (12 days MAP-eCG). At 42 h post eCG, ewes were treated with Cb (Group Cb, <em>n</em> = 6, 40 μg, i.m., Decomotón, Laboratorios Callier, Uruguay); Dp (Group Dp, <em>n</em> = 10, 10 mg, slow-release intravaginal device, Propess®, Ferring Pharmaceuticals Ltd., West Drayton, UK); combined Cb and Dp treatment (Group Cb+Dp, <em>n</em> = 8) and saline solution i.m. and a placebo intravaginal device (Group C, <em>n</em> = 10). Cervical penetrability increased from 0 h to 42 h post eCG (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.003) in all groups, then decrease in Group C (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.03) from 42 to 68 h post eCG, whereas remained unchanged in Groups Cb and Cb+Dp or increase at 54 h post eCG in Group Dp (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). Thus, there was higher cervical penetrability in treated groups than Group C at the expected time of artificial insemination (54 h post eCG). At 54 h post eCG, collagen concentration was lower in Group Cb than in the others groups (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05), whereas the ratio between the activity of the activated and latent forms of MMP-2 was greater in Groups Cb and Cb+Dp than in Group C (<em>P</em> &lt; 0.05). The increasing cervical penetrability induced by Cb, but not by Dp, could be explained by an increase in MMP-2-dependent collagen degradation. Furthermore, combined treatment with Cb and Dp did not enhance the effects induced by each hormone administered separately.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11356,"journal":{"name":"Domestic animal endocrinology","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 106920"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143377695","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Granulosa cell function in domestic animals: A review on the in vitro effects of FSH, insulin and insulin-like growth factor 1","authors":"Leon J. Spicer ,&nbsp;Excel Rio S. Maylem ,&nbsp;Luis Fernando Schütz","doi":"10.1016/j.domaniend.2025.106919","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.domaniend.2025.106919","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Ovarian granulosa cells produce a variety of biologically active compounds in addition to steroid hormones that include numerous families of growth factors, cytokines and adipokines. Many of these function as endocrine, paracrine and autocrine hormones to regulate ovarian activity. The goal of this review is to provide an update on the evidence in domestic animals on how FSH, insulin and IGF1 regulate the function of granulosa cells with a focus on ovarian steroidogenesis and cell proliferation with comparisons across six domestic animals: pigs, cattle, horses, water buffalo, goats and sheep. In most species, FSH was not a mitogenic stimulus to granulosa cells whereas insulin and IGF1 were stimulatory to cell proliferation in the species it was evaluated. FSH, insulin and IGF1 were all stimulatory to granulosa cell steroidogenesis in the species it was studied. More research is needed to evaluate the role of insulin in the regulation of cell proliferation and steroidogenesis in water buffalo and goats. The role of IGF1 in regulating granulosa cell function in horses also needs further study. Most granulosa-cell secreted factors have direct effects (either positive or negative) on FSH-, insulin- and IGF1-induced steroid production in ovarian cells, but how they all work together to create a cumulative effect to regulate fertility will require further research.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11356,"journal":{"name":"Domestic animal endocrinology","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 106919"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143064515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Gonadotropins, local factors and a variety of adipokines contribute to regulate swine granulosa cell function","authors":"G. Basini,&nbsp;F. Grasselli","doi":"10.1016/j.domaniend.2025.106918","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.domaniend.2025.106918","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This paper reviews the role of endocrine regulators in swine ovarian cell functions, highlighting the intricate hormonal interactions that drive reproductive and metabolic processes. The pig represents a valuable model for human biology due to physiological and anatomical similarities. Understanding the endocrine mechanisms in swine can provide insights about human reproductive health and metabolic disorders. The present review describes some key hormones involved, including gonadotropins, sex steroids, and adipokines, and their impacts on ovarian folliculogenesis and steroidogenesis. Emphasis is placed on the crosstalk between the ovary and adipose tissue, which is critical for maintaining reproductive and metabolic homeostasis.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11356,"journal":{"name":"Domestic animal endocrinology","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 106918"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143001966","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utero-placental adaptations in response to intrauterine growth restriction in swine","authors":"Morgan S. Clemens ,&nbsp;Maria F. Tyree ,&nbsp;Claire Stenhouse","doi":"10.1016/j.domaniend.2025.106917","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.domaniend.2025.106917","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a common condition in swine associated with high piglet mortality and morbidity that develops in early gestation. This review article explores differences in uterine and placental tissues associated with IUGR fetuses compared to their normally-grown littermates at different stages of gestation. Specifically, we will review the available knowledge to date describing differences in 1) structure, 2) cellular apoptosis and proliferation, 3) adhesion, and 4) angiogenesis in endometrial and placental tissues associated with IUGR fetuses across gestation. Improved understanding of the mechanisms regulating IUGR is essential for the development of strategies to minimize the impact of IUGR in swine operations, thus improving reproductive efficiency and animal welfare.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11356,"journal":{"name":"Domestic animal endocrinology","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 106917"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143037557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Fish oil a source of omega-3 fatty acids affects hypothalamus heat resistance genes expressions and fatty acid composition in heat-stressed chicks","authors":"Hatem M. El-Tahan ,&nbsp;Chun Ik Lim ,&nbsp;Ahmad R. Alhimaidi ,&nbsp;Aiman A. Ammari ,&nbsp;Sungbo Cho ,&nbsp;In Ho Kim ,&nbsp;Hossam M. El-Tahan","doi":"10.1016/j.domaniend.2025.106915","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.domaniend.2025.106915","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study investigated the effects of fish oil (FO) supplementation on the hypothalamus heat resistance gene expressions and fatty acid composition of chicks under acute high-temperature stress, for treating Cholestasis. A total of 48 chicks (Ross 308) at age of 14 days were acclimatized to corn oil or FO (n = 24 for each) by oral gavaging for 10 days, and then subjected to heat stress (35 ± 1 °C, HT) for 3 h or maintained at the normal temperature (26 ± 1 °C, NT) as grouped as NT and FO-NT control and HT and FO-HT (n = 12 for each).. The results showed that FO supplementation had no significant (P &gt; 0.05) effect on feed intake or body weight. The FO-HT group exhibited (<em>P</em> <em>&lt;</em> <em>0.05</em>) a lower rectal temperature, and plasma interleukin-6 (IL-6), triglyceride and corticosterone levels, in accompany with lower expressions of hypothalamic adenine nucleotide translocators (ANT) and uncoupling protein (UCP) but increased (<em>P</em> <em>&lt;</em> <em>0.05</em>) plasma superoxide dismutase activity and hypothalamic neuropeptide-Y (NPY) and heat shock protein-70 (HSP-70) expressions.. Additionally, the FO-HT group (P &lt; 0.05) demonstrated a higher unsaturated fatty acid/saturated fatty acid (UFA/SFA) ratio in the breast muscle. These findings suggest that FO supplementation can enhance the heat resistance of broiler chicks under acute heat stress and alter the fatty acid composition of their breast muscle. However, further studies are needed to determine whether desirable fatty acids can cross the blood-brain barrier and their implications for human health.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11356,"journal":{"name":"Domestic animal endocrinology","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 106915"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143074115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From spermatogenesis to fertilisation: the role of melatonin on ram spermatozoa","authors":"Adriana Casao,&nbsp;Victoria Peña-Delgado,&nbsp;Rosaura Pérez-Pe","doi":"10.1016/j.domaniend.2025.106916","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.domaniend.2025.106916","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This review presents recent findings on the effect of melatonin on ram spermatozoa. This hormone regulates seasonal reproduction in the ovine species through the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, but it also exerts direct effects on spermatogenesis, seminal quality and fertility. In the testis, melatonin stimulates blood flow to this organ, but it also appears to be involved in the differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells and the secretion of testosterone through the MT1 and MT2 receptors. In the epididymis, this hormone modulates sperm maturation and the secretory activity of epidydimal epithelial cells. In addition, the antioxidant activity of melatonin may protect spermatozoa from oxidative damage during their formation in the testis and their maturation in the epididymis. After ejaculation, the melatonin present in seminal plasma may also protect sperm from oxidative damage and premature capacitation and may improve seminal quality. Finally, once the sperm begins its transit through the female genital tract, melatonin may modulate sperm capacitation. Thus, melatonin could have a bimodal activity in ram sperm capacitation, so high concentrations, such as those in seminal plasma, have a decapacitating effect. In contrast, low concentrations, such as those present in the female reproductive tract, may promote it, likely through interaction with MT2 receptors. In addition, melatonin could also be involved in chemotaxis and fertilisation, although further studies are needed to elucidate the specific role of melatonin in these processes. Finally, the effect of latitude and melatonin receptor gene polymorphisms in ram reproduction is also discussed.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11356,"journal":{"name":"Domestic animal endocrinology","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 106916"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143001962","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alterations in serum concentrations of visfatin and betatrophin in dogs with diabetes mellitus","authors":"Alexandra Slon,&nbsp;Michal Mazaki-Tovi","doi":"10.1016/j.domaniend.2025.106914","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.domaniend.2025.106914","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Canine diabetes mellitus (DM) is associated with hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Visfatin and betatrophin are adipokines involved in the pathophysiology of insulin resistance and deranged lipid metabolism, and are also altered in obesity. We hypothesized that visfatin and betatrophin serum concentrations are altered in diabetic dogs, irrespective of their body condition. The study included 23 newly-diagnosed DM (NDDM) dogs, 34 insulin-treated DM (ITDM) dogs and 24 healthy dogs. Body condition score was determined and fasted serum samples were collected for measurement of betatrophin, visfatin and insulin serum concentrations. Visfatin concentrations (mean, 95% CI) were lower in overweight NDDM (4.5 ng/mL, 2.5-8.1, P=0.05) and ITDM (2.8 ng/mL 1.8-4.3, P=0.006) than healthy (7.7 ng/mL, 5.0-11.7) dogs, but were not different among lean dogs, and were negatively correlated to betahydroxybutyric acid in ITDM dogs (r=-0.59, P=0.05). Betatrophin concentrations were lower in NDDM (69 pg/mL, 43-112, P&lt;0.001) and ITDM (53 pg/mL, 34-84, P&lt;0.001) than healthy (267 pg/mL, 167-426) dogs. Among NDDM dogs, betatrophin concentrations were higher in those with concurrent liver disease (203 pg/mL, 49-844) than those with no evidence of liver disease (19 pg/mL, 4-90, P=0.007), and were negatively correlated with glucose concentrations (r=-0.44, P=0.04) and creatinine (r=-0.60, P=0.003). Insulin concentrations were not different among NDDM and healthy dogs. Among NDDM dogs, insulin concentrations were negatively correlated to concentrations of betahydroxybutyric acid (r=-0.65, P=0.002) and were lower in dogs with concurrent kidney disease (5.6 mU/L, 2.1-15.3) compared to those with no evidence of kidney disease (20.6 mU/L, 8.0-53.2, P=0.018). In conclusion, DM in dogs is associated with alteration in visfatin and betatrophin concentrations that are not resolved by insulin treatment.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11356,"journal":{"name":"Domestic animal endocrinology","volume":"91 ","pages":"Article 106914"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143001958","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"L-thyroxine and 4-pregnane-3,20‑dione preserves pregnancy in bitches with hypothyroidism and hypoluteoidism","authors":"Marcelo Martínez-Barbitta ,&nbsp;Silvia Edelweiss Crusco ,&nbsp;Beniamino Cenci Goga ,&nbsp;Massimo Zerani","doi":"10.1016/j.domaniend.2025.106913","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.domaniend.2025.106913","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hypoluteoidism is characterized by insufficient secretion of progesterone (P4) by the corpus luteum (CL) during pregnancy, resulting in embryonic resorption and miscarriage. In dogs, hypothyroidism can occur concurrently with hypoluteoidism, therefore, the aim of this study was to propose a combination therapy to treat these two conditions in bitches. The study included 30 bitches that were artificially inseminated and divided into three experimental groups. The control group (G1) included 10 bitches with a history of normal pregnancies, normal thyroid activity and P4 levels. This group received no clinical treatment. Treatment groups included 20 bitches diagnosed with reproductive hypothyroidism and hypoluteoidism: 10 dogs in the G2 group were treated with L-thyroxine (20 μg/kg/day) only and 10 dogs in the G3 group were treated with L-thyroxine and a long-acting synthetic P4 analogue (4-pregnane-3,20-dione, 1.0 mg/kg every 72 h until cesarean section on day 61). In all dogs, pregnancy and embryonic viability was monitored by ultrasound until term. G1 females had normal pregnancies (P4: day 24, 33.33 ± 2.95 ng/mL [106.00 ± 9.38 nmol/L]; day 38, 23.95 ± 1.21 ng/mL [76.16 ± 3.85 nmol/L]; day 50, 10.53 ± 0.82 ng/mL [33.49 ± 2.61 nmol/L]; day 63, 1.11 ± 0.22 ng/mL [3.53 ± 0.70 nmol/L]; <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). G2 females suffered embryonic death detected between day 31 and day 33 by ultrasound (P4: 4.67 ng/mL ± 0.41 ng/mL, [14.85 ± 1.30 nmol/L]; <em>p</em> &lt; 0.001). In contrast, G3 females had similar plasma P4 levels to G1 dogs, and pregnancy was maintained until the scheduled cesarean section. These data suggest that combination therapy of L-thyroxine and 4-pregnane-3,20-dione maintains pregnancy to term in dogs with concomitant hypothyroidism and hypoluteoidism.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11356,"journal":{"name":"Domestic animal endocrinology","volume":"92 ","pages":"Article 106913"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-01-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143422535","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}