Drug Development and Therapeutics最新文献

{"title":"Randomized single-blind clinical evaluation of Safoof-e-Pathar phori in urolithiasis patients","authors":"S. Arif Zaidi, W. Ahmad","doi":"10.4103/2394-6555.191151","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2394-6555.191151","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: Safoof-e-Pathar phori (SPP), a unani polyherbomineral formulation, used for antilithiatic activity since long time. This study was aimed to evaluate the clinical efficacy of SPP in adult human patients with urolithiasis. The study was a randomized, placebo-controlled, and single-blind, clinical trial. Materials and Methods: Forty-five patients who have stone size below 15 mm in the age group of 15-55 years with diagnosis of calcium oxalate renal calculi were taken in the study. Out of which, only 30 patients fulfilled the criteria and completed the study. Twenty patients received SPP (Group I) and ten patients were given placebo (Group II) for 2 months. The patients were investigated for routine, hemogram, blood urea, serum creatinine, calcium, phosphorus, serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase, serum glutamic pyruvic transaminase, and uric acid levels at definite time intervals. Similarly, routine and microscopic urine examination was done with radio-imaging KUB and ultrasound KUB examination, etc., which were repeated on completion of the study. Results: All patients received the same dosage of SPP or placebo for a 2-month period. On starting SPP, symptomatic relief was reported by patients. The disappearance of stones was noted in patients as confirmed by X-ray KUB and Ultrasound KUB examination. Totally, 56.67% of patients showed reduction in size of stone and 49.31% showed litho expulsive effect. Conclusion: The use of SPP in the treatment of calcium oxalate stone as noninvasive remedy for the urolithiatic patients is validated and proved. Since the dose of formulation is too high, further study on dose reduction followed by preclinical evaluation may be attempted for development of scientific data.","PeriodicalId":11347,"journal":{"name":"Drug Development and Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76525860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of ethosomes as surrogate carriers for bioactives","authors":"Devina Verma, Tahir Khuroo, S. Talegaonkar, Z. Iqbal","doi":"10.4103/2394-6555.191175","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2394-6555.191175","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Ethosomal vesicular system delivering a bioactive phytochemical, chrysin, was developed for transdermal delivery to increase its permeability and penetrability. Materials and Methods: Ethosomal system was optimized by keeping lecithin and ethanol concentration as independent variable while size and size distribution were taken as dependent variables. The optimized formulation was then subjected to various in vitro characterization parameters. Results: Ethosomal vesicle with an optimum size and polydispersity index of 134 ± 35 nm and 0.153, respectively, and entrapment efficiency of 80.05 ± 2.6% was considered as optimized and subjected to characterization. The scanning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy showed spherical entities with uniform surface whereas in vitro permeation and retention study showed the sustained mode of drug release and better skin retention as compared to hydroethanolic solution of the drug. The confocal laser scanning microscopy study reiterated high penetrability of vesicles into the skin. Histopathological and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis revealed its mechanism of penetration. Conclusion : The study thus demonstrated the ability of the ethosomal vesicles as surrogate carriers for delivery of bioactive agents through the skin for better amelioration of skin inflammation and other diseases.","PeriodicalId":11347,"journal":{"name":"Drug Development and Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83515909","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparative gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis of essential oils extracted using 4 methods from the leaves of Eucalyptus globulus L.","authors":"Y. Khan, H. Ansari, Rinki, Rishika Chauhan, E. Tamboli, Sayeed Ahmad","doi":"10.4103/2394-6555.191149","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2394-6555.191149","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Eucalyptus globulus L. (family, Myrtaceae) is one of the world′s most widely planted genera. E. globulus L., commonly referred to as Tasmanian blue gum, is a fast growing, evergreen tree, native to Tasmania and South-East Australia. Apart from its extensive use in pulp industry, it is also produces Oleum Eucalypti (eucalyptus oil) that is extracted on commercial scale in many countries such as China, India, South Africa, Portugal, Brazil, and Tasmania, as a raw material in perfumery, cosmetics, food beverage, aromatherapy, and phytotherapy. Materials and Methods: Traditional hydrodistillation (HD), solvent extraction (SE), ultrasonication (US), and supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) were conducted for the extraction of essential oil from the leaves of E. globulus. Each oil was evaluated in terms of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPTLC) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) fingerprinting with qualitative and semi-quantitative composition of the isolated essential oil by gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy (GCMS), the extract yield of essential oil was 2.60%, 2.2%, 2.0%, and 3.6% v/w, respectively, for HD, SE, US, and SFE. Results: A total of 53 compounds were identified by GCMS. Comparative analysis indicated that SFE was favorable for extraction of monoterpene hydrocarbon, sesquiterpene hydrocarbon, and oxygenated sesquiterpene hydrocarbon. HD, SE, and US had certain advantages in the extraction of aliphatic saturated hydrocarbons organic acid and esters. Overlay, FTIR spectra of oil samples obtained by four extraction methods were superimposed with each other showing similar components. The maximum separation of compound seen at 254 nm and lesser at 366 nm by HPTLC fingerprinting which again showed superimposed chromatograms. Conclusion: It is concluded that different extraction method may lead to different yields of essential oils where the choice of appropriate method is very important to obtained more desired component with higher physiological activities.","PeriodicalId":11347,"journal":{"name":"Drug Development and Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85359071","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Indian herbal pharmacovigilance: The untamed saga","authors":"S. Madan, S. Gullaiya","doi":"10.4103/2394-6555.191173","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2394-6555.191173","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The acceptability of herbal formulations as therapeutic agents for numerous diseases has reached to its brim in the latest phytomedicine scenario. Since herbal medicinal products are complex mixtures from biological sources, regulations are necessary to guarantee the constant quality and quantity in order to break the unanimous myth related to herbal medicines consumption. Although the pharmacovigilance program in India has spread its roots in the field of medicines, amazingly there has been no benchmark regulations set up in the herbal segments. Aim: As per the latest regulatory scenario, the herbal drug regulation or herbal pharmacovigilance of India is lagging very much behind the highly regulated international herbal markets. The present article serves as a reminder of the fact that it is the high time for the Indian drug regulators to tame the herbal drug market since India has emerged as resourceful of enormous herbal medicines with full proof folk knowledge but is still lacking the specific legislative criteria to establish these herbal products as \"medicine.\" Conclusion: This systemic herbal pharmacovigilance will definitely boost up not only the herbal market trend, but also the confidence about using of botanical medicines regarding their safe and rationale use within the ambit of pharmacotherapy.","PeriodicalId":11347,"journal":{"name":"Drug Development and Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84778102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review on the status of quality control and standardization of herbal drugs in India","authors":"A. Dhiman, K. Sharma, Asha Sharma, P. Sindhu","doi":"10.4103/2394-6555.191165","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2394-6555.191165","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Most of the herbal medicines in the world originate from the developing countries. There are ample opportunities for these countries to expand their global export. The world market for botanical medicines including drug products and raw materials has been estimated to have an annual growth rate between 5% and 15%. Total global botanical drug market is estimated at US$62 billion and is expected to grow to the tune of US$5 trillion by the year 2050. In the USA alone, the usage of botanicals has been increased by 380% between the years 1990 and 1997. Materials and Methods: Ayurveda, the Indian system of medicine, is one of the ancient, yet living traditions that face a typical Western bias. Widespread and growing use of botanicals has created public health challenges globally in terms of quality, safety, and efficacy. Results and Discussion: The development of parameters for standardization and quality control of botanicals is a challenging task. Various regulatory authorities, research organizations, and botanical drug manufacturers have contributed in developing guiding principles and addressing issues related to the quality, safety, and efficacy. Conclusions: The present review describes the regulatory aspects of herbal drugs in India and various other countries.","PeriodicalId":11347,"journal":{"name":"Drug Development and Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89479853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening and bioconversion of glycyrrhizin of Glycyrrhiza glabra root extract to 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid by different microbial strains","authors":"Makhmur Ahmad, Jalaluddin, M. Ali, B. Panda","doi":"10.4103/2394-6555.180170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2394-6555.180170","url":null,"abstract":"Objective: The objective of the present study is to perform screening of different microorganisms (7 bacteria and 14 fungi) for conversion of glycyrrhizin (GL) to 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid (GA). Penicillium chrysogenum produced the highest concentration of β-glucuronidase enzyme (61 U/mL) and produced GA of 52 μg/mL while E. coli produced the highest β-glucuronidase of 376 U/mL with GA concentration of 2.1 μg/mL. Materials and Methods: Submerged and solid state biotransformation of GL was carried out. To 9.0 mL of bacterial supernatant, 1.0 mL 0.2% w/v of aqueous Glycyrrhiza glabra root extract was added and incubated at 37°C for 24 h. β-glucuronidase activity was measured and high-performance liquid chromatography analysis was carried out. Results and Discussion: Induced-Escherichia coli produces 2.1 μg/mL of GA with an enzyme activity of 376 U/mL which shows that the enzyme has a potential biotransformation capability. Rhizopus oryzae and P. chrysogenum have the potential ability to biotransform GL to GA with 2.6 μg/mL and 61 μg/mL of GA with enzyme activity of 569 U/mL and 61 U/mL, respectively. Conclusions: G. glabra roots containing GL can be hydrolyzed by microbial β-glucuronidase enzyme under sub-merged fermentation (SmF). β-glucuronidase, an enzyme of E. coli, was found to be the best microbial source of enzyme which biocatalyzed the reaction than fungal strain under SmF.","PeriodicalId":11347,"journal":{"name":"Drug Development and Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77205078","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cichorium intybus: A concise report on its ethnomedicinal, botanical, and phytopharmacological aspects","authors":"Sneha Das, N. Vasudeva, Sunil Sharma","doi":"10.4103/2394-6555.180157","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2394-6555.180157","url":null,"abstract":"Cichorium intybus L. (chicory) is a Mediterranean plant species belonging to the Asteraceae family. Chicory is gaining interests because of its culinary features, nutritional values and medicinal characteristics. C. intybus has been implemented in folk medicine from North Africa to South Asia for several 100 years. In Indian medicine, it has been used to treat fever, diarrhea, spleen enlargement, jaundice, liver enlargement, gout, and rheumatism. In China, it is valued for its tonic effects upon the liver and digestive tract. In Germany, chicory has been used as a folk medicine for everyday ailments. Thus, C. intybus is a plant of great economic potential due to high concentrations of fructooligosacharide, known as inulin, in its roots, used as a replacement ingredient for sugar and fat. The other various phytoconstituents reported in chicory are sucrose, cellulose, proteins, caffeic acid derivatives, flavonoids, polyphenols, carotenoids, anthocyanins, tannins, coumarins, sesquiterpene lactones, fatty acids, pectin, cholins, benzo-isochromenes, alkaloids, vitamins, amino acids, and minerals. The therapeutic investigations reveal that C. intybus is useful for maintaining normal health and has nematicidal, antihepatotoxic, antidiabetic, cardioprotective, antiallergic, antihyperlipidemic, anti-inflammatory, antineoplastic, calcium homeostater, bulking agent, immunostimulatory, prebiotic, protective against pancreatitis, antimicrobial, and antioxidant effects. This review encompasses botany, ethnomedicinal uses, phytoconstituents, pharmacological uses, and toxicity studies of C. intybus L.","PeriodicalId":11347,"journal":{"name":"Drug Development and Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75292566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening of two new herbal formulations in rodent model of urolithiasis","authors":"M. Khan, Satyendra Kumar, Arun Gupta, Sayeed Ahmad","doi":"10.4103/2394-6555.180160","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2394-6555.180160","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Kidney stone formation or urolithiasis is a complex process that is a consequence of an imbalance between promoters and inhibitors in the kidneys. The recurrence of urolithiasis also represents a serious problem in patients. Not all standard pharmaceutical drugs used to prevent urolithiasis are effective in all patients, and many have adverse effects. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the antiurolithiatic potential of two new herbal formulations DRDC/AY/8080 (tablet) and DRDC/AY/8081 (syrup) against 28-day ethylene glycol (EG)-induced urolithiasis model in Wistar rats. Materials and Methods: Animals were divided into five groups (n = 6). The control group was given normal saline, and the toxicant group was given 0.75% EG with 1% w/v of ammonium chloride (AC) for 10 days followed by 0.75% w/v EG for next 18 days in drinking water. Treatment groups received respective oral co-treatment with DRDC/AY/8080 (265 mg/kg), DRDC/AY/8081 (2.65 ml/kg), and standard (2.65 ml/kg) for 28 days along with EG and AC as given in toxicant group. After 28th day urine, blood and kidney tissue were collected. Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and K+ levels were estimated in urine, creatinine, and urea levels were estimated in serum whereas the extent of lipid peroxidation was measured in kidney tissue. Further, crystalluria and histopathological evaluation were carried out in urine and kidney tissue, respectively. Results: Toxicant group showed significant elevation (P < 0.001 vs. control) in serum creatinine, blood urea, tissue lipid peroxide, and urinary Mg2+ levels and significant reduction in (P < 0.001 vs. control) urinary Na+ and Ca2+ levels. Histopathology of the toxicant group showed damaged proximal tubules with deposits of refractile crystals and loss of tubular epithelium. Both tablet and syrup treated groups showed nephroprotective activity as evident from lower serum creatinine, blood urea, and lipid peroxide levels. Treatment with tablet and syrup formulations also showed significant (P < 0.001 vs. toxicant) elevation in urinary Na+, Ca2+, and reduction in Mg2+ levels. Histologically, both tablet/AY/8080) and syrup treatment showed protected against urolithiasis and nephrotoxicity. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the two herbal formulations DRDC/AY/8080 and DRDC/AY/8081 possess significant potential in the management of renal calculi.","PeriodicalId":11347,"journal":{"name":"Drug Development and Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90364426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vitro α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibition by aqueous, hydroalcoholic, and alcoholic extract of Euphorbia hirta L.","authors":"Manjur Ali Sheliya, R. Begum, K. Pillai, V. Aeri, S. Mir, Abuzer Ali, Manju Sharma","doi":"10.4103/2394-6555.180156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2394-6555.180156","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Euphorbia hirta L. (Euphorbiaceae), commonly known as Dudhani, is distributed in the warm region of India and China. Traditionally, it is used in respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders. In addition, the antidiabetic property of the plant was also reported in the literature. This study was designed to evaluate the effect of aqueous, hydroalcoholic, and methanolic extracts (MEHs) of E. hirta on α-glucosidase and α-amylase in vitro. Materials and Methods: Aqueous, hydroalcoholic, and MEHs of E. hirta were prepared as per application program interface. In α-glucosidase activity, α-glucosidase (0.1 μ/mL) and substrate, 2.5 mM p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside was used; absorbance was recorded at 405 nm. In α-amylase activity, α-amylase solution (1.0 μ/mL) and substrate, 0.25% starch were used, and absorbance was measured at 540 nm. The IC50values were calculated by linear regression. Results: All the extracts showed α-glucosidase inhibitory activity comparable to acarbose with MEH having highest inhibitory activity among tested extracts. The observed IC50values were 213.63, 146.9, 78.88, and 8.07 μg/mL for aqueous, hydroalcoholic, MEH, and acarbose, respectively. All the extracts have shown mild α-amylase inhibitory activity compared to acarbose. Lineweaver–Burk plot has shown that the MEH is a mixed noncompetitive inhibitor for α-glucosidase enzyme. Conclusion: The results from this in vitro study clearly indicated that MEH of E. hirta had strong inhibitory activity against α-glucosidase and mild inhibitory activity against α-amylase. It can be used for management of postprandial hyperglycemia with lesser side effects, and provide a strong rationale for further animal and clinical studies.","PeriodicalId":11347,"journal":{"name":"Drug Development and Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77265969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quality control analysis of Safoof-e-Pathar phori: Antiurolithiatic formulation","authors":"W. Ahmad, W. Khan, M. Khan, Mohd Mujeeb, S. Arif Zaidi, Sayeed Ahmad","doi":"10.4103/2394-6555.180163","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4103/2394-6555.180163","url":null,"abstract":"Aim: Safoof-e-Pathar phori (SPP), a Unani polyherbomineral formulation used for antilithiatic activity. The present study involves standardization of SPP to assess the quality. SPP were subjected to pharmacognostic studies, physiochemical properties, phytochemical analysis, high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC), high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) fingerprint profile to set the standards, which can be used as reference of quality by herbal industries for its preparation and human use. Materials and Methods: The quality control of SPP has been carried out as per the AYUSH and WHO guidelines. The HPTLC fingerprinting has been done using chloroform: ethyl acetate (9:2, v/v) for petroleum ether extract, chloroform: toluene: ethyl acetate (7:2:4, v/v/v) for chloroform extract and for methanol extract petroleum ether: ethyl acetate (9:2, v/v) was used as mobile phase. HPLC was carried out using mobile phase consisted of acetonitrile and water in the ratio of 50:50 (v/v) for the methanolic extract. GC-MS fingerprinting profile has been carried out using hexane extract. Result: SPP was subjected to qualitative estimation of phytochemicals using standard methods, which revealed the presence of various bioactive components such as anthraquinone glycosides, carbohydrates, resins, proteins, flavonoids, phenolics, tannins, and terpenoids. The quantitative estimation of total phenolics and flavonoid content showed 0.44 mg/g and 1.02 mg/g, respectively. The HPTLC fingerprint showed presence of number of compounds for extracts at different Rfvalues. However, HPLC fingerprinting showed presence of 23 well-separated compounds and GC-MS showed presence of 22 compounds. Conclusion: The quality control parameters in present study reveal complete standardization profile of SPP for the 1st time, which would be of immense value in checking quality of developed formulation for human use.","PeriodicalId":11347,"journal":{"name":"Drug Development and Therapeutics","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2016-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85685504","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}