Diabetology International最新文献

{"title":"Insulin resistance and adipose tissue.","authors":"Wataru Ogawa","doi":"10.1007/s13340-023-00625-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13340-023-00625-1","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11340,"journal":{"name":"Diabetology International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10113409/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9386691","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Feasibility of a nursing guide for the oral management of outpatients with diabetes mellitus.","authors":"Rie Kudoh,&nbsp;Taiga Shibayama,&nbsp;Yoshiki Abe,&nbsp;Kikue Hidaka","doi":"10.1007/s13340-023-00622-4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13340-023-00622-4","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Support for nurses is necessary to enable them to practice the oral management of patients with diabetes; however, no support for nurses in this context has been reported. The objective of this study was to verify the feasibility of a nursing guide for the oral management of outpatients with type 2 diabetes, aimed at giving nurses the ability to independently practice oral management for patients with diabetes in an outpatient department. Questionnaires were administered to 25 certified diabetes educator nurses from 54 medical facilities. The evaluation and degree of understanding of the guide were assessed using items in the nursing guide. In addition, opinions and impressions about the guide in the form of free responses were requested. Descriptive statistics were calculated for all measured variables, and data gathered from the free responses were divided into categories based on their similarities and differences. The feasibility of the nursing guide was confirmed, and nurses confidently provided education regarding oral management to patients with diabetes using the guide. These results suggest that a guide may improve nurses' knowledge, skills, and confidence in providing patient education and improve the overall practice of oral management. Further improvements based on the opinions of nurses, such as the expression of terms, implementation of checklists for oral assessment, and identification of devices that can be utilized in a shorter time, are needed to facilitate the implementation of the guide into practice by nurses.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13340-023-00622-4.</p>","PeriodicalId":11340,"journal":{"name":"Diabetology International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10040082/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9687591","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Efficacy of 3 months of additional pioglitazone treatment in type 2 diabetes patients with alcoholic fatty liver disease.","authors":"Masahiro Asakawa, Noriko Takagi, Daisuke Hamada, Yuko Yamasaki, Hidenori Katsuta","doi":"10.1007/s13340-023-00619-z","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13340-023-00619-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Pioglitazone ameliorates liver dysfunction in type 2 diabetes (T2D) patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD); however, its efficacy in T2D patients with alcoholic fatty liver disease (AFLD) is unclear. Here, we conducted a retrospective single-center trial investigating whether pioglitazone ameliorates liver dysfunction in T2D patients with AFLD. T2D patients (<i>n</i> = 100) receiving 3 months of additional pioglitazone were divided into those with or without fatty liver (FL), and those with FL were further classified into AFLD (<i>n</i> = 21) and NAFLD (<i>n</i> = 57) groups. The effects of pioglitazone were compared across groups using medical record data on body weight changes; HbA1c, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (γ-GTP) levels; and fibrosis-4 (FIB-4) index. The pioglitazone dose (mean dose: 10.6 ± 4.6 mg/day) did not affect weight gain but significantly decreased the HbA1c level in patients with or without FL (<i>P</i> < 0.01 and <i>P</i> < 0.05, respectively). The decrease in HbA1c level was significantly more pronounced in patients with FL than in those without FL (<i>P</i> < 0.05). In patients with FL, the HbA1c, AST, ALT, and γ-GTP levels significantly decreased after pioglitazone treatment than before (<i>P</i> < 0.01). The AST and ALT levels, but not the γ-GTP level, and the FIB-4 index significantly decreased after pioglitazone addition in the AFLD group, similar to that in the NAFLD group (<i>P</i> < 0.05 and <i>P</i> < 0.01, respectively). Similar effects were observed following low-dose pioglitazone treatment (≤ 7.5 mg/day) (<i>P</i> < 0.05) in T2D patients with AFLD and NAFLD. These results suggest that pioglitazone may be also an effective treatment option for T2D patients with AFLD.</p>","PeriodicalId":11340,"journal":{"name":"Diabetology International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10307745/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9802061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship between nonrestorative sleep with short sleep duration and diabetes mellitus comorbid among a Japanese occupational population.","authors":"Hiromitsu Sekizuka, Hitoshi Miyake","doi":"10.1007/s13340-023-00620-6","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13340-023-00620-6","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Nonrestorative sleep (NRS) is one of the symptoms of insomnia and is clearly more associated with objective indices, such as sleep stability, sleep fragmentation, and inflammatory responses, than other insomnia symptoms. However, the link between NRS and diabetes mellitus is poorly understood. Therefore, the prevalence of NRS in workers and the relationships between NRS and diabetes were investigated.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The results of a single year's medical examinations were investigated for 26,144 Japanese active office workers who were 30 to 59 years old. NRS was investigated using a personal computer in a medical interview. Furthermore, the relationships between NRS and diabetes comorbidity in addition to sleep duration were also analyzed.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The mean age of the subjects was 47.9 ± 7.3 years old, and the proportion of subjects with NRS was 26%. The presence of NRS together with a sleep duration ≤ 5 h or a sleep duration of 6 h was an independent comorbid factor for diabetes compared with the absence of NRS together with a sleep duration of 7 h (odds ratio [OR] 1.34; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.14-1.58; <i>P</i> < 0.001; and OR 1.25; 95% CI 1.04-1.48; <i>P</i> = 0.015).</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>NRS in active workers may contribute to the development of diabetes even if the workers have the same short sleep durations as other workers without NRS.</p>","PeriodicalId":11340,"journal":{"name":"Diabetology International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10113405/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9387102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Comparison of the loci associated with HbA1c and blood glucose levels identified by a genome-wide association study in the Japanese population.","authors":"Takuya Sakashita, Yasuyuki Nakamura, Yoichi Sutoh, Atsushi Shimizu, Tsuyoshi Hachiya, Yayoi Otsuka-Yamasaki, Naoyuki Takashima, Aya Kadota, Katsuyuki Miura, Yoshikuni Kita, Hiroaki Ikezaki, Jun Otonari, Keitaro Tanaka, Chisato Shimanoe, Teruhide Koyama, Isao Watanabe, Sadao Suzuki, Hiroko Nakagawa-Senda, Asahi Hishida, Takashi Tamura, Yasufumi Kato, Rieko Okada, Kiyonori Kuriki, Sakurako Katsuura-Kamano, Takeshi Watanabe, Shiroh Tanoue, Chihaya Koriyama, Isao Oze, Yuriko N Koyanagi, Yohko Nakamura, Miho Kusakabe, Masahiro Nakatochi, Yukihide Momozawa, Kenji Wakai, Keitaro Matsuo","doi":"10.1007/s13340-023-00618-0","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13340-023-00618-0","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels are widely employed to diagnose diabetes. However, estimates of the heritability of HbA1c and glucose levels are different. Therefore, we explored HbA1c- and blood glucose-associated loci in a non-diabetic Japanese population.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>We conducted a two-stage genome-wide association study (GWAS) on variants associated with HbA1c and blood glucose levels in a Japanese population. In the initial stage, data of 4911 participants of the Japan Multi-Institutional Collaborative Cohort (J-MICC) were subjected to discovery analysis. In the second stage, two datasets from the Tohoku Medical Megabank project, with 8175 and 40,519 participants, were used for the replication study. Association of the imputed variants with HbA1c and blood glucose levels was determined via linear regression analyses adjusted for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), smoking, and genetic principal components (PC1-PC10). Moreover, we performed a BMI-stratified GWAS on HbA1c levels in the J-MICC. The discovery analysis and BMI-stratified GWAS results were validated with re-analyses of normalized HbA1c levels adjusted for site in addition to the above, and blood glucose adjusted for fasting time as an additional covariate.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Genetic variants associated with HbA1c levels were identified in <i>KCNQ1</i> and <i>TMC6</i>. None of the genetic variants associated with blood glucose levels in the discovery analysis were replicated. Association of rs2299620 in <i>KCNQ1</i> with HbA1c levels showed heterogeneity between individuals with BMI ≥ 25 kg/m² and BMI < 25 kg/m².</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The variant rs2299620 in <i>KCNQ1</i> might affect HbA1c levels differentially based on BMI grouping in the Japanese population.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13340-023-00618-0.</p>","PeriodicalId":11340,"journal":{"name":"Diabetology International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10113415/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9741110","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Usefulness of measuring fast valley height rate using high-performance liquid chromatography for variant hemoglobin, Hb A2-Niigata.","authors":"Mika Ito, Masataka Shikata, Masafumi Koga","doi":"10.1007/s13340-023-00617-1","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13340-023-00617-1","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>We have reported cases of hemoglobin (Hb) A2-Niigata (δ1Val → Ala) with δ chain variant Hb and falsely high HbA1c levels. In subjects with Hb A2-Niigata, shoulder-shaped anomalous peak was detected immediately before the HbA1c peaks using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC; HLC-723 G9). The phenomenon where the valley between peaks of LA1c+ , a fraction containing labile HbA1c, and HbA1c fraction [fast valley (FV)] became shallow owing to the anomalous peak was observed. In this study, we attempted to quantify the height index of the FV. We assumed that the index FV height rate (FVHR) was useful for screening Hb A2-Niigata. Five subjects with Hb A2-Niigata were compared with the control group of 50 subjects without diabetes and 50 with diabetes. Various indices were measured using HPLC chromatograms, and FVHR was calculated based on these indices. FVHR in subjects with Hb A2-Niigata was significantly higher than that in subjects without and with diabetes (<i>all P</i> < <i>0.001</i>). Furthermore, when the cutoff value of FVHR was set at 23-30%, Hb A2-Niigata could be diagnosed with high sensitivity and specificity (both 100%). Hb A2-Niigata can be screened using FVHR with high sensitivity and specificity. FVHR might be also useful for screening other variant hemoglobins with abnormal HPLC chromatograph.</p>","PeriodicalId":11340,"journal":{"name":"Diabetology International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10113408/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9756144","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cardiovascular disease prevalence in adults with type 2 diabetes in Japan: results from the Japanese centers in the CAPTURE study.","authors":"Hiroaki Seino, Yukiko Onishi, Kosei Eguchi, Keiji Nishijima, Toshihiro Sato, Shinichiro Shirabe","doi":"10.1007/s13340-022-00612-y","DOIUrl":"10.1007/s13340-022-00612-y","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>CAPTURE was a cross-sectional, non-interventional study (NCT03786406, NCT03811288) investigating the prevalence and characteristics of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adults with type 2 diabetes (T2D) across 13 countries worldwide. Here we present the findings for Japan.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Data were collected from adults aged ≥ 20 years (aged ≥ 18 years in countries outside Japan) with T2D who were managed in clinics or hospitals in 2019. Standardized methodology was used for all countries. The prevalence of CVD and its subtypes was estimated, weighted by care setting (clinics versus hospitals).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Among participants from Japan (total: 800; clinics: 440; hospitals: 360), mean (standard deviation) age was 65.6 (11.2) years and glycated hemoglobin 7.2% (0.9). Sixty-seven percent of participants were male, 57.8% had diabetes duration > 10 years, 49.8% had body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m² and 63.1% had hypertension. The weighted prevalences (95% confidence interval [CI]) of CVD and atherosclerotic CVD were 37.3% (34.2;40.3) and 33.5% (30.6;36.4), respectively. The prevalence (95% CI) of the most common subtypes of CVD was: carotid artery disease 20.5% (18.2;22.8), coronary heart disease 11.9% (9.7;14.1) and cerebrovascular disease 10.4% (8.3;12.5).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These contemporary data from the CAPTURE study on CVD prevalence in adults with T2D in Japan show that approximately one in three adults with T2D had established CVD, which is comparable to the prevalence in the global study cohort.</p><p><strong>Supplementary information: </strong>The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13340-022-00612-y.</p>","PeriodicalId":11340,"journal":{"name":"Diabetology International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10113416/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9756146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationship between diabetic complications and the nutritional index in untreated diabetes.","authors":"Shuji Horinouchi,&nbsp;Mihoko Harada,&nbsp;Sakiko Ikeda,&nbsp;Remi Horinouchi,&nbsp;Misako Kubo,&nbsp;Yuma Tashiro,&nbsp;Ayako Ijuin,&nbsp;Miki Mukai,&nbsp;Yoshihiko Nishio","doi":"10.1007/s13340-022-00595-w","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13340-022-00595-w","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This study aimed to determine the association between diabetic complications and the nutritional index at the first hospital visit in untreated patients with diabetes. Two hundred and four patients with untreated type 2 diabetes were enrolled in the present study. Nutrition-related risks were assessed using the Geriatric Nutritional Risk Index (GNRI). The patients were divided into the following three subgroups: major/moderate risk, low risk, and no risk. Intergroup comparisons of clinical characteristics were carried out. The risk of complications related to diabetes was associated with the GNRI. The major/moderate-risk group (GNRI < 92) had a high risk for diabetic retinopathy, diabetic nephropathy, and diabetic foot, while the low-risk group (GNRI of 92 to ≤ 98) had a high risk for diabetic nephropathy only. The odds ratio of diabetic retinopathy for a major/moderate risk was 17.6. The odds ratio of diabetic nephropathy for a major/moderate risk was 16.7. Nutritional assessment at the first hospital visit using the GNRI could be a simple and useful tool for predicting the risk of diabetic complications in untreated patients with diabetes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11340,"journal":{"name":"Diabetology International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9829937/pdf/13340_2022_Article_595.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9777755","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Association of the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and/or proteinuria to predict the risk of initiation of dialysis in people with and without diabetes.","authors":"Taeko Osawa,&nbsp;Kazuya Fujihara,&nbsp;Mayuko Harada Yamada,&nbsp;Yuta Yaguchi,&nbsp;Takaaki Sato,&nbsp;Masaru Kitazawa,&nbsp;Yasuhiro Matsubayashi,&nbsp;Takaho Yamada,&nbsp;Satoru Kodama,&nbsp;Hirohito Sone","doi":"10.1007/s13340-022-00603-z","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13340-022-00603-z","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aims: </strong>To determine the associations between combined urinary protein (UP) and a reduced estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) and the risk of starting dialysis with or without diabetes mellitus (DM).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A nationwide database with claims data on 335,778 people with and without DM aged 19-72 years in Japan was used to elucidate the impact of the severities of UP and eGFR on starting dialysis. Initiation of dialysis was determined from claims using ICD-10 codes and medical procedures. Using multivariate Cox modeling, we investigated the severities of UP and eGFR to predict the initiation of dialysis with and without DM.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Both eGFR < 60 and UP(+) were independent predictors for starting dialysis with and without DM, and their values exhibited a synergistic risk of dialysis. eGFR < 60 presented a nearly twofold risk for starting dialysis compared to UP(+) regardless of DM. Risk of starting dialysis was increased with UP(+) and eGFR ≥ 60 accompanied by DM although this association was not observed without DM. Those who had UP(-) and eGFR < 60 had a high risk of starting dialysis regardless of DM. Compared with DM(-)UP(-)eGFR ≥ 60, HRs for starting dialysis for DM(+)UP(+)eGFR ≥ 60, DM(+)UP(-)eGFR < 60 and DM(+)UP(+)eGFR < 60 significantly increased 17.7 (10.6-29.7), 25.5 (13.8-47.1) and 358.1 (239.1-536.5) times, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>eGFR < 60 and UP(+) together presented an extremely high risk of dialysis especially with DM. UP( +) increased the risk of starting dialysis regardless of the eGFR with DM. Both patient education and a treatment strategy by physicians might be helpful to avoid the progression of renal failure.</p>","PeriodicalId":11340,"journal":{"name":"Diabetology International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9829938/pdf/13340_2022_Article_603.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10574614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The relationship between self-care activities, social support, and glycemic control in primary healthcare patients with type 2 diabetes.","authors":"Hala Mohamed El-Radad,&nbsp;Hazem A Sayed Ahmed,&nbsp;Nahed Amen Eldahshan","doi":"10.1007/s13340-022-00598-7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1007/s13340-022-00598-7","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Egyptian studies in assessing the relationship between diabetes self-care, social support, and glycemic control in primary healthcare (PHC) are limited. Therefore, this study aimed to assess this relationship, and to evaluate the associated factors of diabetes self-care, social support, and glycemic control in Egyptian PHC patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A cross-sectional study was conducted on 320 T2DM patients at four PHC settings in Port Said city, affiliated with the General Authority of Healthcare. A semi-structured questionnaire was used to collect data, including demographic characteristics, socioeconomic status scale, disease profile, the Arabic versions of the Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities, and the received social support scales. Data were collected from January 2020 to June 2020.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Diabetes self-care activities, and self-monitoring of blood glucose had a very weak negative correlations with glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels (rho = - 0.125, <i>p</i> = 0.025, rho = - 0.112, <i>p</i> = 0.044, respectively). Receiving social support on following a meal correlated positively and very weakly with HbA1c levels (rho = 0.145, <i>p</i> = 0.010). Hardly positive correlation was found between receiving emotional support on feelings about diabetes, and following a specific diet (rho = 0.169, <i>p</i> = 0.002). Diabetes self-care activities were positively associated with higher education levels, and elevated BMI. Received social support was negatively associated with having coronary artery disease, and marital status e.g. divorced and widow. Increased age, and female gender were the predictors of good glycemic control.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>Diabetes self-care activities were linked with reduced HBA1c levels. Further studies are needed to evaluate the buffering effect of social support on glycemic outcomes in PHC patients with T2DM.</p>","PeriodicalId":11340,"journal":{"name":"Diabetology International","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":2.2,"publicationDate":"2023-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9362383/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10516629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}