Day 1 Mon, October 21, 2019最新文献

{"title":"Drilling Event Chart: A Kick Prevention Tool","authors":"Anjanava Das Purkayastha, Rohit Rana, R. Talreja, Nanthakumar Rajaiah","doi":"10.2118/198660-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/198660-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Deciphering the downhole pressure differential or overbalance created by relative magnitude of the drilling fluid pressure and formation (or pore) pressure, is paramount for safe and cost-effective drilling. A simplistic approximation of the bottomhole mud pressure would be mud pressure gradient multiplied by the vertical hole depth. For accuracy, additional factors such as cuttings load, frictional effect, and annular velocity can be introduced and applied in two scenarios—one under static conditions, equivalent static density (ESD), and the other under dynamic conditions, equivalent circulating density (ECD). Pore pressure prediction during drilling is performed using logging-while-drilling (LWD) data, drilling parameters, and events analysis (under static conditions). This paper focuses on viewing pressure indicators using an integrated illustration of the occurrence of drilling events under static conditions on a single plot named the drilling event chart and the chart's role in prevention of pressure kick events.\u0000 The most important drilling indicators that can act as precursors to an influx or kick event are the magnitude and trend of recurring gas events (connection/pumps-off/background gas). Also, the effect of different types of mud on gas levels is a key factor. The concept of solubility of gas in synthetic-oil-based-mud (SOBM) under high bottomhole mud pressure is very useful, especially to understand that the magnitude of the gas levels can be subdued in SOBM. Knowing the influence of factors such as lithology and rock permeability on the magnitude of gas peaks is equally critical. Hence, honouring the trend of gas peaks/levels rather than noting only the absolute magnitude in isolation is vital. Other than these gas events, indicators such as sudden increase in rate of penetration (ROP), cavings rate/volume, drop in ECD, drop in standpipe pressure (SPP), pit-volume increase, and increase in torque can indicate a decrease in bottomhole overbalance.\u0000 Visualization of all these parameters on a single chart has proven useful especially in absence of LWD data for cost-constrained drilling campaigns. This tool, the drilling event chart, entails information such as mud weight, ESD, ECD, gas events (connection/pumps-off gas, background gas), other abnormal drilling events (cavings, high torque, etc.), and pumps-off time. Connection/pumps-off gas events when normalized with respect to pumps-off time establish a profile of normalized gas events that gives a qualitative understanding of the pore-pressure profile. Interpretations based on the observed variation in drilling events under the prevailing mud-weight/ESD/ECD profiles have been useful in decluttering the cause of these events.\u0000 The use of this tool for early kick detection has been successful in various basins around the globe. Although the relationship of the drilling events with the bottomhole overbalance is known, their combined usage in this type of single tool provides a quick a","PeriodicalId":112955,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, October 21, 2019","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121161792","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Horizontal Well Casing Design Optimization & Implementation Case Study: Vibrations Management Through Enhanced Bottom Hole Assembly Design","authors":"N. Abaltusov, A. Ryabov, A. Dankov, Elvir Zaripov, D. Grishin, O. Teregulov","doi":"10.2118/198650-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/198650-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The objective of pilot testing was to optimize horizontal well construction cycle by decreasing the number of casing strings. The testing involved drilling of 13 wells, in which only production casing was run in hole instead of intermediate casing and a liner.\u0000 The key issue during drilling was failure of measurement tools due to high vibration. This paper covers decisions and actions being made to get a well with new casing design successfully drilled.\u0000 To mitigate the issues, the bottom hole assembly (BHA) behavior was modeled using a proprietary software for static and vibration analysis. Relevant diameters of stabilizers and drilling modes were selected. The interpreted computations were successfully used for drilling further wells.\u0000 For comprehensive approach, an optimal bit design was selected vibration mitigation wise.\u0000 Three-axis vibration sensors installed in the BHA enabled selecting of optimal drilling modes in real time.\u0000 Drilling of triple casing wells showed reduction in actual well construction time compared to quadruple casing by 20% on the average.\u0000 The record-setting well was drilled in 8.6 less days compared to a similar 4-string well. Furthermore, BHA with mud motor was used, which is less expensive compared to a BHA with Rotary Steerable System (RSS).\u0000 The three-string design was used at the fields in question for the first time.\u0000 The accumulated experience makes it possible to use this technology at other fields, where horizontal wells are drilled.","PeriodicalId":112955,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, October 21, 2019","volume":"92 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131836588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trapped Oil in Low-Permeability Zone Unswept by Water Flooding Under Permeability Heterogeneity Can be Mobilized by Ultra-Low Interfacial Tension: EOR Mechanism of Dilute Surfactant Flooding Proved by Low field NMR Core Flooding and Two-Parallel Core Flooding Experiments","authors":"C. Yuan, W. Pu, M. Varfolomeev, Tao Tan, Shuai Zhao","doi":"10.2118/198638-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/198638-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 It is a well-known EOR mechanism that residual oil in swept zone after water flooding (including oil drops, films and clusters) can be mobilized by low interfacial tension (IFT) during surfactant flooding. The aim of this work is to investigate if trapped oil in low-permeability zone (unswept by water flooding) can be mobilized or not by ultra-low IFT in dilute surfactant flooding without any additional conformance control treatment using polymer, gel, or foam, etc. Anionic–nonionic surfactant was used to attain ultra-low oil-water IFT of 10-4 mN/m at a low surfactant concentration of 0.2wt% under high salinity without adding any additional solubilizer, alkali, alcohols, etc. Using this surfactant solution, low field NMR core flooding experiment was conducted using heterogenous core. This core was drilled from artificial rectangular-sandstone core with two layers (gas permeability in low- and high-permeability layer is 90mD and 1200mD, respectively). Then, two-parallel core flooding experiment was conducted, where two core holders were parallelly installed (one for low-permeability core, one for high-permeability core) to simulate the heterogenous permeability condition.\u0000 NMR core flooding results showed that the reduction percentage of oil saturation in large pores (mostly distributed in high-permeability layer) was much higher than that in small pores (mostly distributed in low-permeability layer) during water flooding. After a high water cut of 98%, surfactant was injected. It was found that oil saturation in both high- and low-permeability layer was decreased, and the reduction percentage in small pores was much higher than that in large pores, which partly indicates that ultra-low IFT cannot only mobilize residual oil in swept zone in high-permeability layer, but also effectively mobilize trapped oil in unswept zone in low-permeability layer. This EOR mechanism was further verified by two-parallel core flooding experiment. Under the permeability max-min ratio of 705.1 to 48.96 mD (water permeability), there was no oil production from low-permeability core during water flooding even when water cut was 98% in high-permeability core. This means that it is difficult for injected water to penetrate into low-permeability core under such a heterogeneity. However, when changed to surfactant flooding, low-permeability core started to produce oil. A surfactant injection of 0.3 PV can yield an oil recovery of about 5% and 16% from low- and high-permeability core, respectively, which proves that ultra-low IFT has ability to mobilize trapped oil in low-permeability zone unswept by water flooding under heterogenous permeability without any additional conformance control treatment.","PeriodicalId":112955,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, October 21, 2019","volume":"210 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132339472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recycling Marine Used Oil Using Green Ship Conversion Technique","authors":"Mahmoud Mohamed Eslam","doi":"10.2118/198543-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/198543-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Out-of-the-box idea that is centered around using a new technical procedure supported with a special rule to fight and prevent marine pollution from merchant ships transiting through narrow water ways such as canals and straights, and how to convert the pollutant (in this case used oil or sludge) produced from the main propulsion systems of merchant ships into recycled lube oil, and then reuse it utilizing a new technique (Green ship conversion)\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Catalytic distillation\u0000 Exposing used oil to a high temperature under vacuum pressure using a special catalyst to shorten the molecular structure of the hydrocarbon chain, and then return it back to its initial structure by condensation, and treatment.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 (Suez Canal as a case study) Legislative, Add a new mandatory rule and circular to all ships to deliver their used oil at the anchorage area before transiting the canalGreen ship conversion:\u0000 The Green ship conversion is a unique idea based on using a coastal supply vessel to move among merchant ships passing through navigational straits and canals in the anchorage area or in heavily crowded ports. This vessel will collect used oil (sludge) from ships, store it in its storage tanks, and then recycle it using catalytic distillation plant installed on-board the ship's deck.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Receiving the used oil from the transiting ships, recycling on-board using catalytic distillation plant.\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 \u0000 Green ship conversion is a unique idea, recycling the used oil completely offshore with no need to onshore facilities.\u0000 \u0000","PeriodicalId":112955,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, October 21, 2019","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127170002","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of Enhanced Oil Recovery with the Upscaled Three Phase Flow Model in an Oil Reservoir","authors":"S. Rabbani, H. Abderrahmane, M. Sassi","doi":"10.2118/198575-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/198575-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 For past few decades, Enhanced Oil Recovery (EOR) has been posing an exigent task for researchers in oil and gas industry. Traditionally for many geological formations, water and gas are used as displacing fluids for oil recovery. More recently foam–a dispersion of liquid in gas–has proved to be highly successful than traditional fluid displacement methods to recover trapped oil in the porous rock. Foam increases oil displacement efficiency by controlling gas mobility and gravity override. In this work oil recovery efficiency using water, gas and foam flooding is compared. To determine optimal oil recovery scenario, we perform numerical modelling for two-phase immiscible flows in porous media and perform simulations to determine oil recovery from water, gas and foam flooding. 2D two-phase and three-phase flow models are created in COMSOL and effects of viscous instabilities and permeability of different ground layers on recovery factor are investigated.","PeriodicalId":112955,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, October 21, 2019","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114180666","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Applications of Interbed Multiple Elimination","authors":"Qunli Qi, Z. Ye, Kai Gao, Guanmei Li","doi":"10.2118/198594-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/198594-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Multiple contamination both surface related and interbeded are common and known to hinder the interpretation, reservoir characterization and inversion studies. Surface related multiple is always present and strong on marine data, but not often a problem on land data. Interbed multiple is rather dependent on the subsurface structures and not always obvious, however in presence of strong subsurface reflectors, interbed multiple contamination could be marked, this article mainly focus on IME – Interbed Multiple Elimination. Two methodologies including data driven Extended SRME IME in combination with radon transform based demultiplex and ISS (inversion scattering series) based IME are introduced. Good demultiple results are demonstrated by case study.","PeriodicalId":112955,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, October 21, 2019","volume":"124 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128125106","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An Innovative Approach to Determine Initial Fluid Composition by Tuning an Equation-of-State to Experimental Data Using Response Surface Modeling","authors":"U. Aslam, Dalia Martinez Cruz, Luis Hernando Perez Cardenas, Alfredo Leon Garcia, Christian Ramírez Ramírez","doi":"10.2118/198668-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/198668-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Modern cubic Equations-of-State (EOS) are used to describe reservoir fluid phase-behavior and for volumetric prediction under varying pressure, temperature, and fluid composition. These equations require calibration to the measured laboratory data for reliable prediction. Typical techniques use linear regression or gradient descent methods to calibrate an EOS to measured data. This results in a single solution, whereas such calibration is an inverse problem with a non-unique solution. In addition, these calibration techniques are limited to cases where the initial fluid composition is known. Bayesian inference accelerated by response surface modeling, also termed proxy modeling, is a technique commonly used to calibrate subsurface models to historical production data. This paper extends the application of a proxy modeling approach to regressing an EOS while simultaneously determining the initial fluid composition of a multi-component hydrocarbon mixture.\u0000 The proposed technique is demonstrated through its application to a PVT model based on a black-oil fluid sample obtained from an oil field in the Gulf of Mexico. The initial fluid composition of the fluid sample was unknown, but the sample was characterized using two PVT experiments including CCE (Constant Composition Experiment) and DLE (Differential Liberation Experiment). The PVT model was initially parametrized by uncertain input parameters with prior distributions. The fluid composition of a typical black-oil fluid sample was used as an initial guess in the PVT model. An initial proxy model was created using the parametrized PVT model with the objective of reducing the mismatch between simulated and user-selected measured PVT data.\u0000 The proxy model was continuously improved using a sequential design algorithm which involves Latin Hypercube (LHC) sampling, genetic algorithm followed by the gradient optimization. This sequential design ensures that multiple calibrated PVT models with an acceptable degree of accuracy are found while exploring the entire solution space of possible PVT models. In addition, the proposed technique helps determine the initial fluid composition which traditional regression approaches lack. Results show that the mismatch between the simulated and the measured PVT data is significantly less than using traditional approaches. Comparison of prior versus posterior ensembles of PVT models generated using the proxy model reveals that the mole fractions of various components gradually converge to a single value and the uncertainty in the phase envelope is significantly reduced.\u0000 The proxy model used in our proposed technique provides a robust minimization method which chooses and works with most significant EOS parameters, alleviating the tedious and time-consuming process of regression parameters selection. New regression parameters can be introduced midway during regression and the tuned parameters are always within reasonable physical limits since they are sampled from","PeriodicalId":112955,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, October 21, 2019","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114559798","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Engineering Design Enabled Drilling the Longest Intermediate Section","authors":"Amir Galaby, M. Cárdenas, H. Cengiz, B. R. Kosberg, Martin Sanderson, Ara Krikor","doi":"10.2118/198670-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/198670-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 As the demand for natural gas continuously increases to meet electricity production needs, more alternative natural gas sources are usually required to cope with the increased demand in the summer months. In South Iraq, this situation is the main driver for exploiting economically feasible and efficient solutions in finding additional natural gas resources. As a result, the Iraqi government embraces the challenge by drilling deeper formations which are gas bearing, with limited experience in such fields. In the most recent appraisal campaign for these gas fields, performed in 2015 and 2016, one of the main challenges were bits and bottom hole assembly (BHA) failures while drilling through different interbedded and abrasive formations. Changing the bits type, BHA centralization, drive system and drilling parameters did not result in significant benefits.\u0000 For the 17 ½\" section, up to six (6) independent runs were required to successfully drill the entire section. The success was limited due to severe shocks and vibrations, high axial forces and high torque that caused failures on downhole mud motors and bits, leading to fishing operation and severe non-productive time. Other problems like unstable drilling parameters, extremely low rate of penetration (ROP) and poor wellbore quality were observed, leading to excessive reaming and backreaming as well as stuck pipe events and difficulties to maintain well verticality. To avoid and minimize the impact of these challenges, a comprehensive engineering team performed various finite element analysis on the interaction between BHA, drilling bit and formations drilled. The conditions on which the wellbore was maintained in the offset wells with its drilling fluids strategy and drilling parameters were reanalyzed. The bits selections were revised, identifying areas of opportunity to introduce fit for purpose technologies on cutters and bits profile. The ultimate challenge was to drill the full 1800 m of the section in one run avoiding any BHA related failure.\u0000 The results exceeded expectations in the fourth well, where no BHA related failures were observed, and the drilling bit was able to drill the full 1800 m. Connection practices were also optimized. This enabled an improvement in the wellbore quality based on caliper logs. Improved wellbore conditions allowed a smooth casing run and consecutive cement job. This paper will discuss the engineering methodology followed to achieve this important milestone in one of the few gas fields in Iraq. It will go through the details of the technologies implemented on BHA analysis, bit selection, drilling parameters optimization and drilling fluids strategy implemented.\u0000 The objective of this paper is to share with the oil and gas industry a methodical approach for efficient drilling, and how to address drilling challenges with technology introduction and engineering design.","PeriodicalId":112955,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, October 21, 2019","volume":"100 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132189840","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Comprehensive Overview of Early Implementation of Chemical Eor Sector Model for North Kuwait Sabriyah Lower Burgan Reservoir","authors":"Mohammad Al-Ghnemi, E. Ozkan, H. Kazemi, M. T. Al-Murayri, M. Pitts, E. Dean","doi":"10.2118/198645-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2118/198645-ms","url":null,"abstract":"This study focuses on a multi-well pilot test for a chemical enhanced oil recovery (CEOR) project in Sabriyah Lower Burgan reservoir that is located in the north of Kuwait. The objective of this research is to evaluate the economic applicability of a proposed Alkaline Surfactant Polymer (ASP) formulation based on laboratory core flooding in a multi-well pattern of the candidate reservoir. Simulation and economic modelling was used for this evaluation. Sabriyah Lower Burgan is a large sandstone reservoir with excellent rock properties (Darcy permeabilities). The field is currently developed through primary depletion with an active edge water drive. All forms of EOR were evaluated and CEOR was the only practical technology that passed all screening criteria. Understanding the reservoir behavior is critical and evaluating multiple implementation strategies is important to insure economic success. The objective of the pilot test is to demonstrate that the recommended ASP formulation can economically mobilize remaining oil (ROS) in Sabriyah Lower Burgan reservoir. The process to achieve this objective includes: Expand a small scale pilot into a large multi-well pilot.Evaluate different well pattern configurations using numerical simulation to demonstrate the effectiveness of CEOR in producing additional oil.Apply economics to all case studies to determine applicability and commerciality of the different proposed case studies.List observated key challenges associated with large scaled field implementation. Including economics in a technical CEOR assessment will help understand practical aspects of field CEOR implementation for the Sabriyah Lower Burgan field.","PeriodicalId":112955,"journal":{"name":"Day 1 Mon, October 21, 2019","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2019-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126748983","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}