Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy最新文献

{"title":"Biocompatible and bio-orthogonal surface engineering of inorganic self-assembled nanocrystals for precision drug targeting: a review.","authors":"Rideb Chakraborty, Suriya Prakaash Kannan, Damodharan Narayanasamy","doi":"10.1080/03639045.2026.2695098","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03639045.2026.2695098","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Inorganic nanocrystals represent a transformative platform for targeted drug delivery, offering unique physicochemical properties derived from their crystalline cores. However, clinical translation is contingent upon sophisticated surface engineering to navigate biological barriers, ensure colloidal stability, and achieve precision targeting.</p><p><strong>Significance of review: </strong>This review critically examines the synergistic convergence of biocompatible coatings and bio-orthogonal chemistry as a paradigm shift in nanocrystal surface design. We systematically analyze advanced coating materials including polymeric (PEG, zwitterions, poly(2-oxazoline)), protein-based, and lipid architectures that establish stealth coronas against opsonization and immune clearance. Concurrently, we evaluate bio-orthogonal methodologies (SPAAC, IEDDA) enabling site-specific, catalyst-free conjugation of targeting ligands under physiological conditions.</p><p><strong>Key findings: </strong>The integration of these approaches facilitates stimuli-responsive smart nanocrystals capable of logic-gated activation within pathological microenvironments.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>We further address translational challenges including long-term biocompatibility, scalable manufacturing, and regulatory pathways, proposing design principles for next-generation nanotherapeutics where interfacial chemistry dictates biological destiny.</p>","PeriodicalId":11263,"journal":{"name":"Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":"1665-1685"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148316344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Preparation and characterization of pre-nanoemulsions encapsulating multiple oil-soluble active substances.","authors":"Yuxin Liu, Zhenlin Shang, Wenxin Hu, Dongxu Liu, Jun Zhu, Xiaojing Pei, Ze Zhang","doi":"10.1080/03639045.2026.2696491","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03639045.2026.2696491","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Nanoemulsions (NEs) are promising delivery systems for lipophilic active ingredients. However, traditional preparation methods of NEs are energy-intensive, complex, and lead to poor stability and high costs.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aims to introduce a novel pre-nanoemulsions (PNEs) system to overcome the limitations of traditional NE preparation methods.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The PNEs, composed of an oil phase, surfactant, co-surfactant, and aqueous phase, form thermodynamically stable isotropic mixtures. The optimized PNEs were characterized in terms of particle size, zeta potential, and polydispersity index (PDI). Comprehensive stability tests, including centrifugation, dilution, and long-term storage, were conducted. Turbiscan analysis was also performed to further assess their stability. Additionally, the sustained release and transdermal absorption capabilities of the PNEs were evaluated.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The optimized PNEs exhibited a particle size of 115.8 ± 2.6 nm, zeta potential of -40.4 ± 2.4 mV, and PDI of 0.15 ± 0.02, with high encapsulation efficiency for lipophilic substances. Comprehensive stability tests, including centrifugation, dilution, and long-term storage, demonstrated robust performance, which was further confirmed by Turbiscan analysis. The PNEs also showed enhanced sustained release and transdermal absorption capabilities.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This universal PNEs system provides a simple, low-cost, and efficient solution for delivering lipophilic active ingredients. It addresses the key challenges of traditional NEs and offers significant potential for practical applications across various industries.</p>","PeriodicalId":11263,"journal":{"name":"Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":"1790-1802"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148351014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mitigating chemical degradation in amorphous and lipid-based formulations through cyclodextrin complexation and nanosizing.","authors":"Stephie Lee, Preetanshu Pandey","doi":"10.1080/03639045.2026.2703800","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03639045.2026.2703800","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate formulation enabling technologies for improving bioavailability of a poorly water-soluble, weakly basic compound with inherent chemical stability challenges.</p><p><strong>Significance: </strong>While exposure enhancement is a key objective in developing poorly soluble compounds, chemical stability liabilities may be overlooked during technology screening. A balanced assessment of pharmacokinetics (bioavailability) and stability is critical for successful formulation development.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Initial screening evaluated pH modification, lipid-based formulation (LBF), and amorphous solid dispersion (ASD) technologies. Stability and pharmacokinetic (PK) performance were assessed in dogs and compared with conventional crystalline formulation. Due to chemical stability challenges, additional technology screening using nanosizing and cyclodextrin complexation was conducted. Chemical stability studies were performed under accelerated conditions (40 °C/75%RH).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The pH-modified formulation showed no PK improvement. LBF and ASD provided a 40-50% increase in AUC_0-24, indicating enhanced exposure in the amorphous state. However, all three approaches exhibited chemical degradation, with LBF showing >25% degradation after 3 weeks at 40 °C/75%RH. The addition of antioxidants did not improve stability. Nanosizing and cyclodextrin complexation resulted in >2-fold increases in <i>C</i>_max and AUC_0-24. Importantly, both approaches demonstrated excellent chemical stability under accelerated conditions.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Although LBF and ASD improved PK exposure, chemical instability limited their suitability. Nanosizing and cyclodextrin complexation provided superior bioavailability enhancement with robust stability, highlighting the importance of simultaneously optimizing exposure and chemical stability during formulation development.</p>","PeriodicalId":11263,"journal":{"name":"Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":"1834-1848"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148444929","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dual-drug-loaded lipid-based formulation for colon cancer therapeutics: in vitro optimization and characterization.","authors":"Rushikesh Sanjay Shewale, Shyam Sudhakar Gomte, Jyoti Bishlay, Dimpal Suthar, Amit Kumar Pandey, Aakanchha Jain","doi":"10.1080/03639045.2026.2705399","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03639045.2026.2705399","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The current investigation aims to fabricate, optimize and characterize dual-drug-loaded liposomes for the management of colon cancer.</p><p><strong>Significance: </strong>Lipid-based nanocarriers are versatile nanocarriers that facilitate the loading of both hydrophilic and hydrophobic therapeutic agents. The simultaneous delivery of capecitabine (CAP) and celecoxib (CEL) is anticipated to enhance anticancer efficacy against colon cancer.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>CAP-CEL-loaded liposomes (CAP-CEL-LIPs) were designed and optimized utilizing Box-Behnken Design (BBD). The optimized LIPs were characterized for particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), entrapment efficiency and morphological studies. <i>In vitro</i> drug release studies were conducted under both acidic and physiological conditions. Hemocompatibility was evaluated using the hemolysis assay and the stability of the LIPs was assessed over a duration of one month.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The optimized CAP-CEL-LIPs demonstrated a mean particle size of 130 ± 2.36 nm with a PDI of 0.162 ± 0.008, showing the homogeneous particle size distribution. The encapsulation efficiency for CAP and CEL was found to be 64.96 ± 2.81% and 92.23 ± 2.22%, respectively. SEM and TEM images revealed the spherical morphology of the developed LIPs. <i>In vitro</i> drug release investigations revealed a controlled release profile for both drugs under both acidic and physiological conditions. The hemolysis assay showed hemolysis rate of less than 2%, thereby confirming superior blood compatibility. Stability data indicated that LIPs remained stable for one-month. The developed CAP-CEL-LIPs showed significant cytotoxic potential with enhanced cellular uptake and apoptotic activity against colon cancer cells.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The engineered CAP-CEL-LIPs could be a promising platform for managing colon cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":11263,"journal":{"name":"Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":"1869-1891"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148469584","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Next-generation drug delivery for age-related macular degeneration: promise of controlled release formulations.","authors":"Priyanka Bangar, Atul Garkal, Tejal Mehta","doi":"10.1080/03639045.2026.2691481","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03639045.2026.2691481","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To review emerging long-acting drug delivery and implantable systems developed to overcome the limitations of conventional intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy for neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD).</p><p><strong>Significance of review: </strong>nAMD is a leading cause of irreversible vision loss worldwide. Although intravitreal anti-VEGF injections are clinically effective, their short intraocular half-life necessitates frequent administration, resulting in high treatment burden, poor patient compliance, and increased risk of procedure-related complications. Long-acting injectable and implantable drug delivery systems offer a promising approach to maintain therapeutic drug levels while reducing injection frequency and healthcare burden.</p><p><strong>Key findings: </strong>Recent advances in controlled-release technologies, including electrospun nanofibers, injectable microcapsules, core-shell nanofibers, 3D-printed implants, dip-cast tubular devices, nanostructured thin-film systems, suprachoroidal implants, encapsulated cell technologies, and gene therapy-based approaches, demonstrate sustained drug release ranging from several weeks to over 1 year. These platforms provide improved drug stability, higher payload capacity, tunable release kinetics, and favorable biocompatibility. Clinically validated refillable implants, such as Susvimo^™, confirm the feasibility of long-term intraocular anti-VEGF delivery.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Next-generation long-acting ocular drug delivery systems have the potential to transform nAMD management by reducing invasive procedures, improving patient adherence, and maintaining durable therapeutic efficacy. Continued optimization and clinical translation of these technologies are essential for their successful integration into routine ophthalmic care.</p>","PeriodicalId":11263,"journal":{"name":"Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":"1686-1699"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148316356","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and <i>in vitro</i> evaluation of an alginate-chitosan based pharmaceutical formulation for the prolonged release of <i>Borago officinalis</i> essential oil.","authors":"Oumhani Benorif, Kamel Hachama, Nassiba Moghni, Abdelkader Khadraoui, Safia Djedri Bani, Yacine Boutoumi","doi":"10.1080/03639045.2026.2721400","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03639045.2026.2721400","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Essential oils have potential biological activities, but they are volatile and have poor stability, which limits their use in orally administered pharmaceuticals; therefore, the purpose of this research was to develop and characterize a controlled-release oral suspension of <i>Borago officinalis</i> L. essential oil designed using an alginate chitosan <i>in situ</i> gel system. GC-MS analysis of the essential oil found that its primary components were diacetone alcohol (62.42%), fenchone (8.60%), and hexanal (4.12%), all of which together comprise over 70% of the composition of the oil. The DPPH assay demonstrated that the essential oil had antioxidant activity. Preliminary disk diffusion screening showed antimicrobial activity against <i>Escherichia coli</i>, <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>, <i>Bacillus subtilis</i>, and <i>Pseudomonas aeruginosa</i>. An extended-release oral suspension was formulated from both sodium alginate and chitosan as the primary gel-forming polymers, which allowed for <i>in situ</i> gelling under gastrointestinal (GI) conditions. The system produced has been shown to exhibit shear-thinning characteristics and acceptable levels of viscosity, as well as an extended release of the essential oil contained therein. Therefore, the alginate-chitosan <i>in situ</i> gelling solution is a valid option for the long-term oral delivery of <i>Borago officinalis</i> L. essential oil through a pharmaceutical approach to oral medication.</p>","PeriodicalId":11263,"journal":{"name":"Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":"1-20"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148788924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Carbon nanotubes as gene delivery vectors: navigating endosomal escape and intracellular fate.","authors":"Hichem Bensaada, Evgeny A Turetskiy, Idrisa Kiryowa","doi":"10.1080/03639045.2026.2684653","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03639045.2026.2684653","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have emerged as non-viral gene delivery vectors, due to their physicochemical properties, high surface area, anisotropic needlelike geometry, tunable surface chemistry, and unique optical and thermal characteristics. This review synthesizes mechanistic understanding of CNT-mediated gene delivery: cellular uptake, receptor-mediated targeting through surface functionalization, and the challenge of endosomal escape.</p><p><strong>Significance of review: </strong>Understanding how CNTs enter cells, behave intracellularly, and what determines functional therapeutic outcomes is essential for advancing their clinical development.</p><p><strong>Key findings: </strong>We detail four primary endosomal escape mechanisms: direct cell membrane translocation through intrinsic needlelike property or with cell-penetrating peptide (CPP) facilitation, the proton sponge effect from polyamine coatings, and photothermal/photochemical internalization. We also compare their efficiency against lipid nanoparticle (LNP) and polymeric vector. We further examine CNT's intracellular fate, covering protein corona formation, complement pathway activation and its immune consequences, macrophage recognition, and biodegradation. Intracellular fate trajectories are linked to measurable functional outcomes. Lysosomal sequestration governs their silencing potency, tumor tissue pharmacokinetics determine knockdown duration, and CNS biopersistence coincides with sustained microglial activation. An immunotoxicological evaluation framework adapted from established NCL and regulatory guidelines (ISO/TS 10993-20, ISO/TR 10993-22, ICH S8) is outlined, encompassing complement split product quantification, PBMC cytokine profiling, inflammasome activation assays, and <i>in vivo</i> immunophenotyping.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Translational obstacles remain. Including biopersistence, unpredictable protein corona composition, cytotoxicity, and the absence of standardized manufacturing and characterization protocols. Emerging stimuli-responsive hybrid nanostructures and AI-assisted design offer promising pathways forward, contingent on coordinated progress in reproducible manufacturing, longitudinal fate monitoring, and rigorous immunotoxicological assessment.</p>","PeriodicalId":11263,"journal":{"name":"Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":"1639-1664"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148204555","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An in vivo study on extended-release formulation of buprenorphine in Sprague-Dawley rats.","authors":"Maryam Dibaei, Hoda Lavasani, Seyed Mohammad Iman Moezzi, Banafsheh Kiani-Dehkordi, Sanaz Jamshidfar, Mahdi Gholami, Nastaran Hosseinifar, Mohammadreza Rouini","doi":"10.1080/03639045.2026.2684428","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03639045.2026.2684428","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>Buprenorphine, an opium derivative, is approved as an analgesic. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the <i>in vivo</i> performance of an extended-release subcutaneous injection formulation of buprenorphine.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The extended-release formulation of buprenorphine was developed by Nano Daru Pharmaceutical Company to exhibit <i>in vivo</i> characteristics comparable to Sublocade^®. We assessed the <i>in vivo</i> release profile, pharmacokinetic parameters, and histopathological characteristics of the prepared formulation in Sprague-Dawley rats.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Following subcutaneous administration of the liquid formulation, a semi-solid drug reservoir was formed. The dimensions of the implant progressively diminished as a result of polymer biodegradation, with the largest size observed on Day 1 and the smallest on Day 35. A mean release of 84% of buprenorphine was observed over a 35-day period from the implant. No significant inflammatory cell infiltration was detected at the site of administration around the implants at different time points during the study period. The plasma concentration-time profile of the formulation showed an initial peak on Day 1 post-administration; buprenorphine levels then declined gradually, reaching their lowest concentration on Day 3. Subsequently, the concentration increased, reached a secondary peak, and then declined slowly thereafter.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>According to the results, the plasma buprenorphine concentrations indicate sustained delivery of buprenorphine over a one-month period.</p>","PeriodicalId":11263,"journal":{"name":"Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":"1737-1749"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148444949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On-site microfluidic analysis of combined and individual drug effects on breast cancer spheroids.","authors":"Franciele Flores Vit, Yu Tzu Wu, Eric Fujiwara, Hernandes F Carvalho, Lucimara G de la Torre","doi":"10.1080/03639045.2026.2699821","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03639045.2026.2699821","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To investigate the synergistic cytotoxic effects of doxorubicin (DOX) and paclitaxel (PXT), as well as lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, in MCF-7 breast cancer spheroids cultured in an integrated microfluidic system.</p><p><strong>Significance: </strong>This study highlights the potential of microfluidic 3D tumor models to identify synergistic chemotherapy combinations under physiologically relevant conditions, supporting their application in preclinical drug screening and personalized oncology.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A modular microfluidic device with reversible sealing was developed to culture MCF-7 spheroids under continuous flow. Outlet reservoirs enabled direct analysis of glucose consumption and LDH activity. Spheroids were treated with DOX or PXT alone (0.025-0.1 mg·mL^-1) or in combination (DOX 0.050 or 0.070 mg·mL^-1 with PXT 0.025 mg·mL^-1). Cell viability and death mechanisms were evaluated after 180 min using live/dead fluorescence imaging and metabolic assays.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Single-drug treatments showed limited cytotoxicity, whereas combined DOX and PXT reduced spheroid viability by approximately 80-85%, predominantly through apoptosis.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>This microfluidic platform enhances physiological relevance and analytical efficiency in 3D tumor drug testing, representing a promising tool for preclinical chemotherapy evaluation.</p>","PeriodicalId":11263,"journal":{"name":"Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":"1820-1833"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148396508","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transformable nanosystems for cancer treatment.","authors":"Hamed Morad, Reza Abdollahzadeh, Mostafa Rostamnezhad, Zahra Khademi, Negar Mottaghi-Dastjerdi, Khalil Abnous, Seyed Mohammad Taghdisi","doi":"10.1080/03639045.2026.2704691","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03639045.2026.2704691","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To review the design strategies and therapeutic applications of transformable nanosystems in cancer therapy.</p><p><strong>Significance of review: </strong>Conventional nanosystems face limitations in tumor penetration, cellular uptake, immune evasion, and adaptability to the tumor microenvironment. Transformable nanosystems can dynamically respond to tumor-specific stimuli, improving therapeutic efficacy and reducing systemic toxicity.</p><p><strong>Key findings: </strong>Recent studies on transformable nanosystems were reviewed, focusing on stimuli-responsive mechanisms, therapeutic applications, theranostics, and strategies to overcome metastasis and multidrug resistance. Transformable nanosystems improved tumor penetration, cellular uptake, controlled drug release, immune modulation, and therapeutic efficacy through mechanisms such as size reduction, charge reversal, shell detachment, and morphology transformation.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Transformable nanosystems are promising next-generation platforms for cancer therapy; however, challenges related to safety, scalability, and clinical translation remain.</p>","PeriodicalId":11263,"journal":{"name":"Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":"1715-1736"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148560964","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}