Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy最新文献

{"title":"Synthesis, characterization, and in vivo evaluation of desvenlafaxine decanoate, a new long-acting injectable antidepressant.","authors":"Maria Luiza Ferreira Dos Santos, Philipe Raphael Oliveira Campos, Renes Resende Machado, Nilo Edgar Jardim Filho, Eduardo Eliezer Alberto, Isabela da Costa César","doi":"10.1080/03639045.2026.2753167","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03639045.2026.2753167","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The aim of this study was to design, synthesize, and characterize a novel long-acting injectable antidepressant prodrug, desvenlafaxine decanoate.</p><p><strong>Significance: </strong>Long-acting injectable drugs represent a useful approach for the treatment of mental illnesses, since these formulations extend dosing intervals and are beneficial for patients unable to self-administer oral medication or to maintain adherence to treatment. Although some antipsychotic depot formulations are used in clinical practice, there is a lack of studies on long-acting injectable antidepressants.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This prodrug was synthesized by esterifying desvenlafaxine with decanoic acid, affording the target compound in 75% yield. Structural characterization was performed by ¹H and ¹³C NMR, high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS), and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). An in vivo proof-of-concept study was conducted in mice following intramuscular administration of desvenlafaxine decanoate.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>A selective HPLC-DAD method was developed to separate desvenlafaxine succinate and desvenlafaxine decanoate, achieving retention times 6.08 and 15.70 min, respectively. LC-MS/MS analysis of plasma samples collected 2 hours after administration demonstrated significant levels of desvenlafaxine in systemic circulation. The plasma detection was a proof-of-concept for the in vivo hydrolysis of the ester prodrug.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings support the feasibility of desvenlafaxine decanoate as a promising long-acting injectable antidepressant for patients requiring prolonged maintenance therapy.</p>","PeriodicalId":11263,"journal":{"name":"Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":"1-9"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149230899","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Harnessing Functionalized Nano Lipid Carriers for Cardioprotection: Dual Drug Delivery in Focus for Precision Therapeutics.","authors":"Neha Quadri, Imran Khan, Abdul Qadir, Mohd Aqil, Abul Kalam Najmi","doi":"10.1080/03639045.2026.2751049","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03639045.2026.2751049","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) remain the leading cause of global mortality, accounting for approximately 17.9 million deaths worldwide in 2019, with nearly 85% caused by heart attacks and strokes. Despite significant advancements in conventional pharmacotherapy, challenges such as poor bioavailability, non-specific drug targeting, rapid degradation, and limited therapeutic efficacy continue to hinder effective cardiovascular treatment. This review aims to explore the potential of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) as advanced drug delivery systems for cardioprotection, with special emphasis on dual drug-loaded and functionalized NLC strategies.</p><p><strong>Significance of review: </strong>NLCs, composed of blends of solid and liquid lipids, have emerged as promising nanocarriers due to their enhanced drug loading capacity, controlled release behaviour, improved drug solubility, and excellent biocompatibility. Surface functionalization of NLCs with specific targeting ligands enables site-specific delivery to cardiovascular tissues, thereby minimizing systemic toxicity and improving therapeutic outcomes. Furthermore, the incorporation of dual therapeutic agents within a single NLC platform offers synergistic cardioprotective effects and enhanced treatment efficiency.</p><p><strong>Key findings: </strong>The review highlights recent advancements in ligand-functionalized and dual drug-loaded NLC systems for cardiovascular therapy. These nanocarriers demonstrate improved pharmacokinetic profiles, sustained drug release, enhanced tissue targeting, and reduced off-target effects. Additionally, individualized NLC-based formulations tailored to patient-specific therapeutic requirements show significant promise in precision cardiovascular medicine.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Functionalized dual drug-loaded NLCs represent a novel and promissing strategy for improving cardioprotective therapy. Their ability to enhance targeted delivery, therapeutic efficacy, and patient safety positions them as a transformative platform for future cardiovascular disease management, pending preclinical and clinical validation.</p>","PeriodicalId":11263,"journal":{"name":"Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":"1-22"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149192167","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction.","authors":"","doi":"10.1080/03639045.2026.2748237","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03639045.2026.2748237","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11263,"journal":{"name":"Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":"1"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149192101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Spotlights on cervical cancer: progression, diagnosis and clinical manifestations, epidemiology, treatment approaches, role of artificial intelligence and future directions.","authors":"Hesham M Tawfeek, Ahmed A H Abdellatif, Hassan Barakat","doi":"10.1080/03639045.2026.2741083","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03639045.2026.2741083","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>Cervical cancer remains a major cause of illness and death among women worldwide, especially in low- and middle-income countries, where access to vaccination, screening, and advanced treatment is limited.</p><p><strong>Significance: </strong>This review offers a comprehensive overview of the current evidence on cervical cancer, covering its epidemiology, molecular progression, clinical manifestations, diagnostic strategies, and emerging therapeutic approaches. It also emphasizes the integration of emerging technologies, particularly artificial intelligence, into cervical cancer screening, diagnosis, prognostic assessment, and treatment planning. In addition, it highlights recent advances in precision medicine, liquid biopsy, targeted therapies, immunotherapy, and nanotechnology-based drug delivery systems, while identifying current challenges and future research priorities.</p><p><strong>Key findings: </strong>This review article pointed out the recent applied technologies for early diagnosis of cervical cancer e.g. biosensors which can overcome the limitations of immunohistochemistry and biochemical based assays. Therapeutic vaccines have also been developed as an alternative to therapeutic drugs and surgical operations for the prevention of cervical cancer. In addition, targeted delivery and nanotechnology applications in tumor diagnosis, investigation, and management as well as the delivery of HPV vaccines. Artificial intelligence (AI) has demonstrated considerable potential for the early detection of HPV infections and management of cervical cancer through surgical planning <i>via</i> AI-enhanced robotic systems.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Cervical cancer research should focus on precision medicine, integrating recent models of artificial intelligence, advanced screening technologies, immunotherapy, and global public health initiatives. Combining these approaches could lead to improving early tumor detection, optimizing treatment outcomes, reducing disease burden, and contributing to eliminating cervical cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":11263,"journal":{"name":"Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149069307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development and optimization of baicalin-loaded transniosomes using quality by design: dermatokinetic and <i>in vivo</i> efficacy evaluation.","authors":"Alhussain H Aodah, Bjad K Almutairy, Ahmed I Foudah, Mohd Asif Ansari, Mohd Imran, Aftab Alam","doi":"10.1080/03639045.2026.2743079","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03639045.2026.2743079","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>This study aimed to develop and optimize a baicalin-loaded transniosomal gel (BCL-TN) to enhance the dermal delivery and therapeutic efficacy of baicalin for the management of skin cancer.</p><p><strong>Significance: </strong>Baicalin possesses potent anticancer activity but exhibits poor skin permeability, which limits its clinical utility in topical oncology. A transniosomal gel system was therefore designed to improve cutaneous penetration and therapeutic performance.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>BCL-TN were prepared by the thin-film hydration technique and optimized for particle size, polydispersity index (PDI) and entrapment efficiency (%EE) using a Box-Behnken design (BBD). The optimized formulation was incorporated into a 1% w/v Carbopol 980 hydrogel and evaluated for physicochemical characteristics, <i>in vitro</i> drug release, and <i>ex vivo</i> skin permeation. Skin penetration depth was assessed by confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM), and <i>in vivo</i> antitumour efficacy was evaluated in a 7,12-dimethylbenz[a]anthracene (DMBA)/croton-oil-induced murine skin cancer model and compared with a marketed 5-fluorouracil cream.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The optimized BCL-TN gel exhibited a particle size of 100.5 ± 3.8 nm, a zeta potential of -25.84 ± 1.04 mV, and a PDI of 0.316 ± 0.12. Entrapment efficiency and drug loading were 87.16 ± 2.62% and 12.16 ± 1.06%, respectively, and the gel displayed a skin-compatible pH of 5.9. <i>In vitro</i> release studies showed a 2.53-fold increase in drug release compared with the baicalin suspension, while <i>ex vivo</i> skin permeation was 2.70-fold higher. CLSM demonstrated that the BCL-TN gel penetrated to a depth of approximately 30 µm, compared with only 10 µm for the baicalin suspension. <i>In vivo</i> evaluation revealed a significantly greater reduction in tumor size in animals treated with the BCL-TN gel than in those receiving the marketed formulation.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The BCL-TN gel is a promising transdermal delivery platform with considerable therapeutic potential for the treatment of skin cancer.</p>","PeriodicalId":11263,"journal":{"name":"Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":"1-18"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149105619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vitro release kinetics and mathematical modeling of ribes nigrum extract-loaded PLGA/chitosan nanoparticles.","authors":"Emre Karaduman, Deniz Uygunoz, Ayca Aslan Aras, Neslihan Merve Eren, Secil Gunay Avci, Mehmet Burcin Piskin, Emek Moroydor Derun","doi":"10.1080/03639045.2026.2744774","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03639045.2026.2744774","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>The objective of this study was to improve the controlled release performance of <i>Ribes nigrum</i> L. (blackcurrant; RN) extract by encapsulating it within polymer-based nanoparticulate delivery systems and to evaluate their <i>in vitro</i> release kinetics.</p><p><strong>Significance: </strong>Nanoparticulate delivery systems offer improving stability and sustained release of plant-derived bioactive compounds with limited stability or bioavailability. Understanding release mechanisms through kinetic modeling is critical for rational formulation design, particularly for future mucosal delivery applications requiring prolonged local release.</p><p><strong>Method: </strong>Three RN-loaded nanoparticle formulations were prepared: chitosan-based nanoparticles (RN-CS), PLGA-based nanoparticles (RN-PLGA), and chitosan-coated PLGA nanoparticles (CS-RN-PLGA). Particle size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential were characterized using dynamic light scattering and electrophoretic mobility measurements. <i>In vitro</i> release studies were conducted over extended periods, and release profiles were fitted to eight kinetic models: Zero-order, First-order, Higuchi, Korsmeyer-Peppas, Weibull, Baker-Lonsdale, Hixson-Crowell, and Peppas-Sahlin.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The CS-RN-PLGA formulation demonstrated the most favorable sustained release profile, achieving approximately 90% cumulative release over 300 h. This formulation exhibited near zero-order release behavior (R² = 0.9796) and followed anomalous transport kinetics, indicating a combined contribution of diffusion and polymer relaxation mechanisms.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>These findings demonstrate the value of comprehensive kinetic modeling in the design of nanoparticulate delivery systems and indicate that RN-loaded hybrid polymeric nanoparticles may be promising candidates for sustained-release mucosal delivery platforms. Further biological, stability, and <i>in vivo</i> studies are required to evaluate their therapeutic relevance and safety under physiologically relevant conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":11263,"journal":{"name":"Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":"1-16"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149126807","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Design buccal film for systemic delivery of insulin.","authors":"Atena Esmaeili, Faridabedin Dorkoosh, Fatemeh Rafieian","doi":"10.1080/03639045.2026.2729380","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03639045.2026.2729380","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To review advanced mucoadhesive buccal films as a noninvasive platform for systemic insulin delivery.</p><p><strong>Significance: </strong>Buccal delivery may improve patient adherence and glycemic control by bypassing gastrointestinal degradation and first-pass hepatic metabolism. However, insulin transport across the buccal mucosa is limited by salivary washout, mucus barriers, enzymatic degradation, tight epithelial junctions, and insulin's large, hydrophilic nature.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This review examines formulation strategies designed to overcome these barriers, including insulin-loaded nanocarriers, permeation enhancers, and protease inhibitors incorporated into mucoadhesive film matrices, often with impermeable backing layers to direct drug release toward the buccal mucosa. Key design elements include polymer selection (e.g. chitosan derivatives, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, alginate, and silk fibroin), nanocarrier systems (liposomes, micelles, and nanoparticles), and fabrication methods such as solvent casting, electrospinning, and 3D printing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Current approaches can improve residence time, protect insulin from degradation, enhance mucosal permeability, and support controlled release. Multicomponent films integrating mucoadhesive polymers with functional excipients and nanocarriers show the greatest promise for improving systemic insulin absorption.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Mucoadhesive buccal films are a promising alternative for insulin administration. Future progress will likely depend on smart, stimuli-responsive formulations, especially glucose-responsive systems, and precision manufacturing approaches such as 3D printing. Clinical translation will require improved stability, permeability, standardization, and scalable production.</p>","PeriodicalId":11263,"journal":{"name":"Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":"1-24"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148954904","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Novel cocrystal inclusion compound of bezafibrate with l-proline: preparation, characterization, and <i>in vitro</i>/<i>in vivo</i> evaluation.","authors":"Kangjie Wen, Hongguo Han, Tingyu Jin, Xingyi Zhu, Yunfen Hua","doi":"10.1080/03639045.2026.2741086","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03639045.2026.2741086","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Context: </strong>Bezafibrate (BEZA) suffers from poor water solubility, which severely restricts its in vitro dissolution performance and further limits in vivo bioavailability.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To improve the solubility and dissolution of BEZA and enhance its bioavailability.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The cocrystal of BEZA and L-proline (L-Pro) (BEZA-L-Pro cocrystal) was prepared using liquid-assisted ball milling method. Additionally, the BEZA-L-Pro/hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HP-β-CD) inclusion compound was prepared through neat ball milling. The preparation conditions were optimized. The formation of the cocrystal and inclusion compound was confirmed by powder X-ray diffraction, differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The stoichiometry of the inclusion compound was determined by phase solubility tests.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The optimal cocrystal preparation conditions were: BEZA to L-Pro molar ratio of 1: 1, ethanol as solvent, η of 0.8 μL/mg, milling speed of 150 rpm. The optimal inclusion compound preparation conditions were: BEZA-L-Pro to HP-β-CD molar ratio of 1: 1, milling speed of 200 rpm. The saturation solubility test showed that the saturation solubility of cocrystal and inclusion compound was 1.48 times and 3.91 times of BEZA, respectively. The dissolution test showed that the cumulative release rate of cocrystal and inclusion compound in acetate buffer solution (pH 4.5) within 120 min was 2.5 times and 4 times of BEZA, respectively. The in vivo study demonstrated that the bioavailability of cocrystal and inclusion compound was 1.4 times and 2 times of BEZA, respectively.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The prepared BEZA-L-Pro cocrystal and BEZA-L-Pro/HP-β-CD inclusion compound can significantly improve the solubility and dissolution of BEZA, and enhance its bioavailability.</p>","PeriodicalId":11263,"journal":{"name":"Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":"1-13"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149059088","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Influence of infill pattern on ketoprofen release rate from 3D printed buccal films.","authors":"Jelena Čanji Panić, Nemanja Todorović, Milica Rančić, Milica Kalaba, Ivan Ristić, Senka Popović, Mladena Lalić-Popović","doi":"10.1080/03639045.2026.2736231","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03639045.2026.2736231","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Objective: </strong>To evaluate whether fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printing, combined with a simple filament soaking technique and modifications of infill pattern geometry, can modulate the release rate of ketoprofen from buccal films.</p><p><strong>Significance: </strong>This proof-of-concept approach explores a low-complexity strategy for producing personalized buccal dosage forms with adjustable drug release using commercially available materials and minimal processing steps.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) filaments were loaded with ketoprofen by soaking in a saturated ketoprofen solution in absolute ethanol. Buccal films were 3D-printed using two infill patterns (lines and triangle). Drug content was quantified by UV/Vis spectrophotometry. Solid-state characterization was performed using DSC and FTIR. Dissolution testing was conducted for 120 min in 200 mL phosphate buffer (pH 6.8).</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Ketoprofen-loaded films were successfully printed from soaked commercial PVA filaments. DSC and FTIR indicated conversion of ketoprofen to an amorphous form and possible solid dispersion formation within the polymer matrix. Infill geometry influenced drug release: triangle-pattern films showed slower release (79 ± 2% at 120 min) compared with line-pattern films (96 ± 5% at 120 min).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Combining filament soaking with FDM 3D printing enables fabrication of ketoprofen buccal films with sustained release. Simple infill pattern modifications effectively modulate release profiles, highlighting the potential of this accessible approach for personalized buccal drug delivery.</p>","PeriodicalId":11263,"journal":{"name":"Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":"1-14"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148988427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chemical aspects of controlled cisplatin release and apoptosis via <i>Nerium oleander</i> latex nano-carriers in breast cancer cells.","authors":"Sultan Saad Almadhhi, Raju Suresh Kumar, D V Surya Prakash, Nipun Babu Varukattu, Chandrababu Rejeeth","doi":"10.1080/03639045.2026.2711865","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03639045.2026.2711865","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Plant-derived nano-carriers offer a sustainable and targeted strategy for cancer therapy. This study reports the synthesis and characterization of a latex-hybrid nano-carrier derived from <i>Nerium oleander</i> (LHNC), engineered for cisplatin (CDDP) delivery in breast cancer models. Physicochemical analyses confirmed stable, porous nanostructures with uniform particle size (∼120-150 nm), moderate surface charge (+21 mV), and high drug loading efficiency (∼85%). The system exhibited pH-responsive sustained release under acidic conditions, mimicking the tumor microenvironment. Biological evaluations demonstrated that LHNC/CDDP significantly enhanced cytotoxicity compared to free CDDP, reducing MCF-7 cell viability to ∼38% at 24 hr. Mechanistic studies revealed elevated ROS generation, mitochondrial membrane depolarization, nuclear condensation, and caspase-mediated apoptosis. Flow cytometry confirmed pronounced G2/M arrest and increased apoptotic fractions, validating the pro-apoptotic and anti-proliferative effects of the nano-carrier. Comparative analyses across luminal (MCF-7), triple-negative (MDA-MB-231), and non-tumorigenic (MCF-10A) models highlighted selective cytotoxicity toward malignant cells while sparing normal epithelial cells. Collectively, these findings position LHNC/CDDP as a promising bioinspired nanocarrier platform that integrates natural polymer advantages with chemotherapeutic precision. While the <i>in vitro</i> data provide compelling proof-of-concept, translational application requires rigorous toxicological evaluation, dose optimization, and <i>in vivo</i> validation, particularly given the bioactive cardiac glycosides in <i>N. oleander.</i></p>","PeriodicalId":11263,"journal":{"name":"Drug Development and Industrial Pharmacy","volume":" ","pages":"2031-2048"},"PeriodicalIF":2.6,"publicationDate":"2026-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148618828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}