{"title":"Mechanisms of SSRI Therapy and Discontinuation.","authors":"Trevor Sharp, Helen Collins","doi":"10.1007/7854_2023_452","DOIUrl":"10.1007/7854_2023_452","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>SSRIs are one of the most widely used drug therapies in primary care and psychiatry, and central to the management of the most common mental health problems in today's society. Despite this, SSRIs suffer from a slow onset of therapeutic effect and relatively poor efficacy as well as adverse effects, with recent concerns being focused on a disabling SSRI discontinuation syndrome. The mechanism underpinning their therapeutic effect has long shifted away from thinking that SSRIs act simply by increasing 5-HT in the synapse. Rather, a current popular view is that increased 5-HT is just the beginning of a series of complex downstream signalling events, which trigger changes in neural plasticity at the functional and structural level. These changes in plasticity are then thought to interact with neuropsychological processes to enhance re-learning of emotional experiences that ultimately brings about changes in mood. This compelling view of SSRI action is underpinning attempts to understand fast-acting antidepressants, such as ketamine and psychedelic drugs, and aid the development of future therapies. An important gap in the theory is evidence that changes in plasticity are causally linked to relevant behavioural effects. Also, predictions that the SSRI-induced neural plasticity might have applicability in other areas of medicine have not yet been borne out. In contrast to the sophisticated view of the antidepressant action of SSRIs, the mechanism underpinning SSRI discontinuation is little explored. Nevertheless, evidence of rebound increases in 5-HT neuron excitability immediately on cessation of SSRI treatment provide a starting point for future investigation. Indeed, this evidence allows formulation of a mechanistic explanation of SSRI discontinuation which draws on parallels with the withdrawal states of other psychotropic drugs.</p>","PeriodicalId":11257,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in behavioral neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":"21-47"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89717334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Peter Theiss, Francesco G Pucci, Konstantin V Slavin
{"title":"Invasive Neuromodulation Techniques for Treatment-Resistant Depression.","authors":"Peter Theiss, Francesco G Pucci, Konstantin V Slavin","doi":"10.1007/7854_2023_460","DOIUrl":"10.1007/7854_2023_460","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Surgically implanted neurostimulation devices for the treatment of depression have been studied for the last three decades. While the surgical risk associated with these treatment approaches clearly limits their use to the most severely impacted depressed patients, they offer a unique opportunity to better understand the impact of relatively localized alteration of neural activity in patient groups. As a result, these approaches provide a strict test of the role of individual neural structures or networks in mechanistic models of depression. In this chapter, we review the proposed mechanisms of action and evidence for clinical efficacy of vagal nerve stimulation, deep brain stimulation, and epidural cortical stimulation in patients with depression. The evidence for efficacy remains limited for all three modalities, but the long-term follow-up studies of treated patients have highlighted the importance of interactions between neural regions in determining therapeutic response, and suggest that personalized approaches to stimulation are likely to be required.</p>","PeriodicalId":11257,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in behavioral neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":"297-311"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138800965","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ameera Azar, Troy Hubert, Thomas G Adams, Josh M Cisler, Kevin M Crombie
{"title":"Exercise and Fear and Safety Learning.","authors":"Ameera Azar, Troy Hubert, Thomas G Adams, Josh M Cisler, Kevin M Crombie","doi":"10.1007/7854_2024_494","DOIUrl":"10.1007/7854_2024_494","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Fear conditioning paradigms have been studied for over 100 years and are of great interest to the behavioral and clinical sciences given that several safety learning processes (e.g., extinction learning and recall) are thought to be fundamental to the success of exposure-based therapies for anxiety and related disorders. This chapter provides an overview of preclinical and clinical investigations that examined the effects of exercise on initial fear acquisition, fear extinction learning and consolidation, and return of fear outcomes. This chapter highlights the collective body of evidence suggesting that exercise administered after extinction learning enhances the consolidation and subsequent recall of extinction memories to a greater extent than exercise administered prior to extinction learning. This suggests that the addition of exercise after exposure therapy sessions may improve treatment outcomes for people with anxiety and related disorders. Potential mechanisms are discussed in addition to suggestions for future research to improve our understanding of the effects of exercise on fear conditioning and extinction outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11257,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in behavioral neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":"125-140"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141747721","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Brandon L Alderman, Hannah M Perdue, Amber H Sarwani
{"title":"Exercise for the Prevention and Treatment of Depression.","authors":"Brandon L Alderman, Hannah M Perdue, Amber H Sarwani","doi":"10.1007/7854_2024_496","DOIUrl":"10.1007/7854_2024_496","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Depression is among the world's leading causes of disability and accounts for a significant loss of life. Despite large investments in research for antidepressants and psychotherapies, non-response, partial response, and small effects remain significant problems. Exercise and physical activity are two lifestyle behaviors that have been studied for well over half a century for the prevention and treatment of depression. The aim of this chapter is to summarize the current evidence base supporting the efficacy of exercise and physical activity in the prevention and treatment of depression, including evidence supporting exercise as a monotherapy and adjunct to antidepressant medication and psychotherapies. We conclude the chapter by outlining challenges to prescribing exercise for depression and general recommendations for encouraging behavioral adoption for individuals suffering from depression.</p>","PeriodicalId":11257,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in behavioral neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":"157-175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141747723","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Margaret K Tanner, Simone M Mellert, Isabella P Fallon, Michael V Baratta, Benjamin N Greenwood
{"title":"Multiple Sex- and Circuit-Specific Mechanisms Underlie Exercise-Induced Stress Resistance.","authors":"Margaret K Tanner, Simone M Mellert, Isabella P Fallon, Michael V Baratta, Benjamin N Greenwood","doi":"10.1007/7854_2024_490","DOIUrl":"10.1007/7854_2024_490","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Prior physical activity reduces the risk of future stress-related mental health disorders including depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder. Rodents allowed to engage in voluntary wheel running are similarly protected from behavioral consequences of stress. The present review summarizes current knowledge on mechanisms underlying exercise-induced stress resistance. A conceptual framework involving the development (during exercise) and expression (during stress) of stress resistance from exercise is proposed. During the development of stress resistance, adaptations involving multiple exercise signals and molecular mediators occur within neural circuits orchestrating various components of the stress response, which then respond differently to stress during the expression of stress resistance. Recent data indicate that the development and expression of stress resistance from exercise involve multiple independent mechanisms that depend on sex, stressor severity, and behavioral outcome. Recent insight into the role of the prefrontal cortex in exercise-induced stress resistance illustrates these multiple mechanisms. This knowledge has important implications for the design of future experiments aimed at identifying the mechanisms underlying exercise-induced stress resistance.</p>","PeriodicalId":11257,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in behavioral neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":"37-60"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141855126","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jennifer L Etnier, Samuel W Kibildis, Samantha L DuBois
{"title":"Exercise and Acute Cognitive Enhancement.","authors":"Jennifer L Etnier, Samuel W Kibildis, Samantha L DuBois","doi":"10.1007/7854_2024_492","DOIUrl":"10.1007/7854_2024_492","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Substantial research has explored the effects of a single session of exercise on cognitive performance. Meta-analytic reviews provide summary statistics relative to these effects when the cognitive task is performed while exercising and when performed after exercise. When performed concomitantly the effects of exercise are typically small or negative with the exception of moderate effects for speed of cognitive performance during moderate intensity exercise. When cognitive performance is assessed following the cessation of exercise, the effects are typically positive. When considering the effects following exercise, most studies have focused on executive function and episodic memory as the cognitive outcomes of interest with meta-analyses supporting small-to-moderate benefits. When potential moderators related to exercise parameters or participants characteristics are examined, results suggest that 20 minutes of moderate to vigorous intensity exercise consistently benefits performance with larger effects evident for executive function tasks with higher cognitive demands, for long-term memory tasks when exercise is performed prior to information encoding, and when considering individuals with lower initial cognitive performance levels. These observed benefits are likely due to the impacts acute exercise can have on physiological arousal, brain function, and brain neurotrophic factors. Advancements in our understanding of the potential of a single session of exercise to benefit cognitive performance are important for exercise prescription and to inform chronic exercise programs designed to benefit cognition.</p>","PeriodicalId":11257,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in behavioral neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":"79-102"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142105391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Sex and Gender in Population Neuroscience.","authors":"Daniel E Vosberg","doi":"10.1007/7854_2024_468","DOIUrl":"10.1007/7854_2024_468","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>To understand psychiatric and neurological disorders and the structural and functional properties of the human brain, it is essential to consider the roles of sex and gender. In this chapter, I first define sex and gender and describe studies of sex differences in non-human animals. In humans, I describe the sex differences in behavioral and clinical phenotypes and neuroimaging-derived phenotypes, including whole-brain measures, regional subcortical and cortical measures, and structural and functional connectivity. Although structural whole-brain sex differences are large, regional effects (adjusting for whole-brain volumes) are typically much smaller and often fail to replicate. Nevertheless, while an individual neuroimaging feature may have a small effect size, aggregating them in a \"maleness/femaleness\" score or machine learning multivariate paradigm may prove to be predictive and informative of sex- and gender-related traits. Finally, I conclude by summarizing emerging investigations of gender norms and gender identity and provide methodological recommendations to incorporate sex and gender in population neuroscience research.</p>","PeriodicalId":11257,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in behavioral neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":"87-105"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140174115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mohammad Noaeen, Dany Doiron, Joey Syer, Jeffrey Brook
{"title":"Advancing Population Health Through Open Environmental Data Platforms.","authors":"Mohammad Noaeen, Dany Doiron, Joey Syer, Jeffrey Brook","doi":"10.1007/7854_2024_512","DOIUrl":"10.1007/7854_2024_512","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Data stand as the foundation for studying, evaluating, and addressing the multifaceted challenges within environmental health research. This chapter highlights the contributions of the Canadian Urban Environmental Health Research Consortium (CANUE) in generating and democratizing access to environmental exposure data across Canada. Through a consortium-driven approach, CANUE standardizes a variety of datasets - including air quality, greenness, neighborhood characteristics, and weather and climatic factors - into a centralized, analysis-ready, postal code-indexed database. CANUE's mandate extends beyond data integration, encompassing the design and development of environmental health-related web applications, facilitating the linkage of data to a wide range of health databases and sociodemographic data, and providing educational training and events such as webinars, summits, and workshops. The operational and technical aspects of CANUE are explored in this chapter, detailing its human resources, data sources, computational infrastructure, and data management practices. These efforts collectively enhance research capabilities and public awareness, fostering strategic collaboration and generating actionable insights that promote physical and mental health and well-being.</p>","PeriodicalId":11257,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in behavioral neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":"297-323"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141901274","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Adaptive and Maladaptive Exercise in Eating Disorders.","authors":"Katherine Schaumberg, Lauren Pictor, Max Frank","doi":"10.1007/7854_2024_499","DOIUrl":"10.1007/7854_2024_499","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>While exercise is generally associated with positive health outcomes, in the context of eating disorders, exercise has high potential to become maladaptive. Maladaptive exercise is compelled or compulsive in nature for the purposes of weight and shape control or to obtain/avoid other eating disorder-relevant consequences. A transdiagnostic eating disorder feature with moderate-to-high prevalence across restrictive- and bulimic-spectrum eating disorders, maladaptive exercise is often associated with negative mental and physical health sequalae. Several proposed threat- and reward-related biobehavioral mechanisms may initiate or perpetuate maladaptive exercise. While exercise is generally contraindicated during periods of acute medical concern, adaptive forms of exercise are also present among those with eating disorders, and facilitation of adaptive exercise has potential to promote physical and mental health benefits during eating disorder recovery. Detailed assessment and targeted interventions are needed to address the clinical conundrum of how and when to integrate exercise into eating disorder treatment.</p>","PeriodicalId":11257,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in behavioral neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":"223-240"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141747720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Exercise and Neuroendocrinology.","authors":"Anthony C Hackney","doi":"10.1007/7854_2024_491","DOIUrl":"10.1007/7854_2024_491","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The intent of this chapter is to provide a basic overview and explanation of the neuroendocrine system responses to an exercise session in healthy adults. Specifically, the physiologic mechanisms for inducing the hormonal responses of this system and the scope of such responses are addressed. Additionally, factors that augment or attenuate exercise hormonal responses are presented as well as issues related to sex differences, and exercise-related hormonal dysfunction.</p>","PeriodicalId":11257,"journal":{"name":"Current topics in behavioral neurosciences","volume":" ","pages":"61-76"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141747722","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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