Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine最新文献

{"title":"Emerging therapies and current standards in pulmonary carcinoid management.","authors":"Danielle I Aronowitz, Kevin Hyman","doi":"10.1097/MCP.0000000000001173","DOIUrl":"10.1097/MCP.0000000000001173","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Relative to other lung tumors, pulmonary carcinoid tumors are rare and have unique histopathological and clinical features. The purpose of this review is to summarize the presentation and management of pulmonary carcinoid tumors, with a particular focus on recent clinical trials in the management of advanced and metastatic disease.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Surgical resection remains a central tenet in the management of pulmonary carcinoid tumors that are localized and even those that have locoregional spread. However, in recent years, the treatment of pulmonary carcinoid has expanded to include several systemic hormonal and cytotoxic therapies as well as radiation and endobronchial strategies. The decision to initiate any of these therapies as either primary or adjuvant treatment after resection depends upon several factors including tumor stage, disease burden, patient's functional status, and whether they will tolerate surgery.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>The treatment of pulmonary carcinoid tumors has expanded beyond just surgical resection. Novel regimens of systemic hormonal and cytotoxic therapies as well as radiation and endobronchial intervention should be customized for each patient by a multidisciplinary team of surgeons, medical and radiation oncologists, pulmonologists, and pathologists.</p>","PeriodicalId":11090,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"321-325"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143962724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A comprehensive review of benign tumors in the lung.","authors":"Abhishek Sarkar, Shaikh Muhammad Noor Husnain, Kassem Harris","doi":"10.1097/MCP.0000000000001178","DOIUrl":"10.1097/MCP.0000000000001178","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>The purpose of this review is to provide clinicians a comprehensive overview of the epidemiology, clinical symptoms, radiological features, pathological features, and management recommendations for the vast majority of benign lung tumors. Benign lung tumors are very rare with incidence ranging from 1 in 1000 to 1 in 1 million. Despite not being malignant, certain benign tumors carry significant morbidity and mortality along with diagnostic challenges.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Advancements in genomic sequencing have led to discovery of mutations in particular benign lung tumors. Improved genotyping have aided the diagnosis of certain tumors and the identification of lung lesions with malignant transformation potential. Genomic understanding has also led to targeted therapy for tumors with significant morbidity.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Despite radiographic and pathologic advances in understanding benign lung tumors, the paucity of cases continues to impact management recommendations and early detection. Global collaborative initiatives in compiling and analyzing cases are essential for stronger evidence based management recommendations.</p>","PeriodicalId":11090,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"311-320"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143969354","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Considering candidates: modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors for lung transplantation.","authors":"Julia A Maheshwari, Lorriana E Leard","doi":"10.1097/MCP.0000000000001174","DOIUrl":"10.1097/MCP.0000000000001174","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Evaluation of a candidate's risk profile for lung transplant includes understanding which patient factors can be addressed to minimize transplant risk. Some risk factors can be modified, while others cannot. This review explores current understanding of modifiable and nonmodifiable risk factors for lung transplantation.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Several risk factors for lung transplant can be resolved entirely, thereby minimizing a candidate's transplant risk. Some features cannot be eliminated, though can be optimized to minimize risk. Others cannot be altered and inherently bring risk to transplant, while a subset of nonmodifiable risk factors are considered absolute barriers to transplant.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>Robust research and novel therapies have led to increased ability to modify certain risk factors and thus decrease lung transplant risk. Further studies are needed to better understand how to estimate risk profiles when assessing candidacy and timing for lung transplant.</p>","PeriodicalId":11090,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"359-365"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143989743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advancing lung transplantation through machine learning and artificial intelligence.","authors":"Lielle Ronen, Shaf Keshavjee, Andrew T Sage","doi":"10.1097/MCP.0000000000001168","DOIUrl":"10.1097/MCP.0000000000001168","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>To explore the current applications of artificial intelligence and machine learning in lung transplantation, including outcome prediction, drug dosing, and the potential future uses and risks as the technology continues to evolve.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>While the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) in lung transplantation is relatively new, several groups have developed models to predict short-term outcomes, such as primary graft dysfunction and time-to-extubation, as well as long-term outcomes related to survival and chronic lung allograft dysfunction. Additionally, drug dosing models for Tacrolimus levels have been designed, demonstrating proof of concept for modelling treatment as a time-series problem.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>The integration of ML models with clinical decision-making has shown promise in improving post-transplant survival and optimizing donor lung utilization. As technology advances, the field will continue to evolve, with enhanced datasets supporting more sophisticated ML models, particularly through real-time monitoring of biological, biochemical, and physiological data.</p>","PeriodicalId":11090,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"381-386"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12144528/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143729180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Artificial intelligence applications for the diagnosis of pulmonary nodules.","authors":"David E Ost","doi":"10.1097/MCP.0000000000001179","DOIUrl":"10.1097/MCP.0000000000001179","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>This review evaluates the role of artificial intelligence (AI) in diagnosing solitary pulmonary nodules (SPNs), focusing on clinical applications and limitations in pulmonary medicine. It explores AI's utility in imaging and blood/tissue-based diagnostics, emphasizing practical challenges over technical details of deep learning methods.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>AI enhances computed tomography (CT)-based computer-aided diagnosis (CAD) through steps like nodule detection, false positive reduction, segmentation, and classification, leveraging convolutional neural networks and machine learning. Segmentation achieves Dice similarity coefficients of 0.70-0.92, while malignancy classification yields areas under the curve of 0.86-0.97. AI-driven blood tests, incorporating RNA sequencing and clinical data, report AUCs up to 0.907 for distinguishing benign from malignant nodules. However, most models lack prospective, multiinstitutional validation, risking overfitting and limited generalizability. The \"black box\" nature of AI, coupled with overlapping inputs (e.g., nodule size, smoking history) with physician assessments, complicates integration into clinical workflows and precludes standard Bayesian analysis.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>AI shows promise for SPN diagnosis but requires rigorous validation in diverse populations and better clinician training for effective use. Rather than replacing judgment, AI should serve as a second opinion, with its reported performance metrics understood as study-specific, not directly applicable at the bedside due to double-counting issues.</p>","PeriodicalId":11090,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"344-351"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143977011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Current concepts in the pathogenesis and clinical management of lymphangioleiomyomatosis.","authors":"Donal O'Malley, Nishant Gupta, Cormac McCarthy","doi":"10.1097/MCP.0000000000001185","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MCP.0000000000001185","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Lymphangioleiomyomatosis (LAM) is a systemic, low-grade, metastasizing neoplasm that predominantly affects women. This review demonstrates recent progression in this rare disease, from improved understanding of pathogenesis, to novel treatments. We provide an overview of recent advances that are shaping the future of LAM diagnostic and treatment approaches.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Understanding the role of hormonal pathways, immune system interactions, mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) signalling inhibition and the LAM microenvironment is creating opportunities for combination therapies with curative potential. Evidence supporting the uterine origin of LAM cells has renewed interest in hormonal signalling pathways, while potential immune evasion mechanisms of LAM cells are under investigation. More complete blockade of mTOR pathways by newer generation agents, as well as research into the crosstalk between LAM cells and their surroundings is informing development of novel combination therapies with disease modifying potential. Biomarker identification beyond vascular endothelial growth factor D (VEGF-D) is essential for diagnostic, prognostic and treatment decision making. Cellular mapping using single-cell RNA sequencing and spatial transcriptomics, as well as integration of artificial intelligence into diagnostic and therapeutic development pathways, has the potential to significantly advance our understanding of this rare disease.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>LAM research demonstrates how sustained investigation in rare disease can advance from preclinical mechanistic insights to targeted treatments. Understanding the role of hormonal pathways, immune system interactions, mTOR signalling inhibition and the microenvironment is creating opportunities for combination therapies with curative potential. Advancements in technology, including single cell analysis, spatial transcriptomics and artificial intelligence are accelerating the discover of biomarkers and therapeutic targets, positioning LAM for significant clinical advances in the coming years.</p>","PeriodicalId":11090,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144274402","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease: a paradigm of diagnosis and therapeutic challenges in pulmonary hypertension.","authors":"Benoit Aguado, Julien Grynblat, Brandon Budhram, Maria-Rosa Ghigna, Athenaïs Boucly, Fabrice Antigny, Xavier Jaïs, Olivier Sitbon, Laurent Savale, Marc Humbert, David Montani","doi":"10.1097/MCP.0000000000001184","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1097/MCP.0000000000001184","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>Pulmonary veno-occlusive disease (PVOD) is a rare and life-threatening form of precapillary pulmonary hypertension. This review aims to outline its genetic and environmental risk factors, highlight key diagnostic challenges, and discuss current treatment options.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>PVOD can occur sporadically or as a hereditary autosomal recessive condition with biallelic eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 alpha kinase 4 (EIF2AK4) mutations, leading to nearly complete disease penetrance. Known risk factors include specific drug/toxin and environmental exposures, such as mitomycin C and trichloroethylene, respectively. PVOD is characterized by progressive pulmonary venous and capillary remodelling, severe hypoxemia, and right ventricular failure. Diagnosis remains difficult due to overlapping features with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), but high-resolution computed tomography (HRCT) findings, low lung diffusion capacity for carbon monoxide (DLCO), and genetic testing can aid differentiation. Initiation of PAH-approved drugs in patients with PVOD requires careful consideration due to limited evidence of long-term clinical benefits and the high risk of developing pulmonary oedema in this population. Lung transplantation remains the only curative treatment, with posttransplant survival rates comparable to idiopathic PAH.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>PVOD is a progressive and fatal disease requiring early recognition and specific management. Due to its poor prognosis and lack of effective medical therapies, early referral for lung transplantation is crucial. Advances in genetic and molecular research may lead to novel treatment strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":11090,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-06-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144224677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The role of artificial intelligence in the diagnosis, imaging, and treatment of thoracic empyema.","authors":"Adam Zumla, Rizwan Ahmed, Kunal Bakhri","doi":"10.1097/MCP.0000000000001150","DOIUrl":"10.1097/MCP.0000000000001150","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>The management of thoracic empyema is often complicated by diagnostic delays, recurrence, treatment failures and infections with antibiotic resistant bacteria. The emergence of artificial intelligence (AI) in healthcare, particularly in clinical decision support, imaging, and diagnostic microbiology raises great expectations in addressing these challenges.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Machine learning (ML) and AI models have been applied to CT scans and chest X-rays to identify and classify pleural effusions and empyema with greater accuracy. AI-based analyses can identify complex imaging features that are often missed by the human eye, improving diagnostic precision. AI-driven decision-support algorithms could reduce time to diagnosis, improve antibiotic stewardship, and enhance more precise and less invasive surgical therapy, significantly improving clinical outcomes and reducing inpatient hospital stays.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>ML and AI can analyse large datasets and recognize complex patterns and thus have the potential to enhance diagnostic accuracy, preop planning for thoracic surgery, and optimize surgical treatment strategies, antibiotic therapy, antibiotic stewardship, monitoring complications, and long-term patient management outcomes.</p>","PeriodicalId":11090,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"237-242"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142876187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent advances in asthma mucus biology and emerging treatment strategies.","authors":"Sergey Fedosenko, Carmen Venegas Garrido, Parameswaran Nair","doi":"10.1097/MCP.0000000000001167","DOIUrl":"10.1097/MCP.0000000000001167","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>To describe the recent advances in the pathobiology and treatment of mucus hypersecretion in asthma, a critical factor contributing to airway obstruction, inflammation, and impaired lung function.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Significant progress has been made in understanding how mucin protein regulation, mucus viscosity, and adhesion are affected by cytokine-driven inflammation, especially interleukin-13, and defects in ion transport mechanisms. Advances in imaging techniques, such as multidetector computed tomography (MDCT) and hyperpolarized gas MRI, allow for a more precise assessment of mucus plugging and associated ventilation defects. Emerging therapies, including biologicals targeting type-2 (T2) inflammation, and novel mucolytics aimed at modifying mucus properties and secretion, offer promising effects in reducing mucus in severe asthmatics.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>The growing understanding of mucus biology and the development of advanced imaging and therapeutic strategies could significantly improve the management of mucus-related complications in asthma. By targeting mucus characteristics, these findings support future approaches to reduce airway obstruction, enhance lung function, and improve clinical outcomes in patients with severe asthma. A deeper understanding of the glycobiology of mucus is critical to develop new therapies.</p>","PeriodicalId":11090,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"251-261"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143566334","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Type 2 inflammation, a common denominator in chronic airway disease?","authors":"Michaela Schedel, Victoria Heimel, Christian Taube","doi":"10.1097/MCP.0000000000001159","DOIUrl":"10.1097/MCP.0000000000001159","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose of review: </strong>This review addresses the growing understanding that a specific subset of patients with a respiratory disease, including asthma, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), or bronchiectasis may have one thing in common: type 2 inflammation. In the era of personalized medicine, we need to refine clinical markers combined with molecular and cellular endotyping to improve patient outcomes.</p><p><strong>Recent findings: </strong>Recent literature reveals that type 2 markers such as blood eosinophils, fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO), and immunglobulin E (IgE), can provide valuable insights into disease progression, exacerbation risk, and treatment response, but their stability remains to be investigated. Treating asthma and COPD patients with biologics to target IL-4/IL-13, IL-5, and alarmins have shown potential, although efficacy varied. In bronchiectasis, a subset of patients with type 2 inflammation may benefit from corticosteroid therapy, despite broader concerns regarding its use.</p><p><strong>Summary: </strong>This underscores the importance of improved disease endotyping to better characterize patients who may benefit from targeted therapies. In clinical practice, personalized treatment based on inflammatory profiles has been shown to improve outcomes in heterogeneous lung diseases. Future research needs to focus on validating reliable biomarkers and optimizing clinical trial designs to advance therapeutic strategies in respiratory diseases.</p>","PeriodicalId":11090,"journal":{"name":"Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine","volume":" ","pages":"302-309"},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143656305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}