{"title":"Crosstalk between environmental factors and sex determination pathway: insights from lepidopteran insects and cladoceran crustaceans","authors":"Yasuhiko Kato , Hajime Watanabe","doi":"10.1016/j.cois.2025.101403","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cois.2025.101403","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Insects exhibit a remarkable diversity of sex determination systems. Sex determining mechanisms have been extensively analyzed using the genetic model insects, such as <em>Drosophila melanogaster</em>, revealing that insect sex is determined in a cell-autonomous manner. The sexual identity of each cell is governed by the conserved transcription factor Doublesex, while the regulatory mechanisms controlling its expression are species specific. In contrast, our understanding of how environmental factors modulate the sex determination pathway remains limited. In this review, we summarize recent discoveries on the crosstalk between environmental factors and sex determination pathways in the lepidopteran insects and the cladoceran crustaceans, which are closely related to insects. We discuss how the symbiotic bacterium <em>Wolbachia</em> hijacks the host WZ/ZZ sex determination pathway in the lepidopteran <em>Ostrinia furnacalis</em>. In addition, we highlight how males that are genetically identical to females are produced in response to environmental stimuli in the cladoceran crustacean <em>Daphnia magna</em>. Based on these findings, we explore the evolutionary, ecological, and applied implications of the molecular mechanisms underlying environmentally influenced sex determination.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11038,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in insect science","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 101403"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144339982","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Marlène Goubault , Alice Roux , Mathieu Bussy , Elizabeth A Tibbetts
{"title":"Neuroendocrine control of insect aggression: do environmental stressors modulate aggressive behavior?","authors":"Marlène Goubault , Alice Roux , Mathieu Bussy , Elizabeth A Tibbetts","doi":"10.1016/j.cois.2025.101407","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cois.2025.101407","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Aggressive behavior is crucial for survival and reproductive success across the animal kingdom, enabling individuals to secure resources and protect against natural enemies. Aggressive behavior is also highly plastic, with animals quickly adjusting their aggression level in response to environmental and social context. Neuroendocrine systems govern this regulation. While the neuroendocrine mechanisms of aggression have been extensively studied in vertebrates, they remain underexplored in insects. Recent advances in analytical techniques have provided new opportunities to investigate these mechanisms with greater precision. This research is particularly timely as insects face an increasing number of environmental stressors, including anthropogenic factors, which disrupt their neuroendocrine systems. This review aims to highlight the roles of hormones (juvenile hormone, ecdysteroids) and biogenic amines (dopamine, tyramine, octopamine, serotonin) in regulating insect aggression, emphasizing recent advances. We further discuss how environmental stressors impact neuroendocrine pathways and the resulting implications for aggression, population stability, and ecosystem services.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11038,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in insect science","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 101407"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144526782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Josquin Daron, Alexander Bergman, Louis Lambrechts
{"title":"Dynamics and evolution of transposable elements in mosquito genomes","authors":"Josquin Daron, Alexander Bergman, Louis Lambrechts","doi":"10.1016/j.cois.2025.101406","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cois.2025.101406","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Decoding mosquito genomes is essential for understanding their role as vectors of human pathogens. Transposable elements (TEs), once considered ‘junk DNA’, are now recognized as key drivers of genomic plasticity and evolution. These mobile DNA fragments are more abundant in culicine than anopheline mosquitoes, influencing their genome size and complexity. TEs may contribute to mosquito adaptation, influencing traits such as insecticide resistance and habitat expansion. Recent advances in long-read sequencing technologies and functional assays are uncovering TE dynamics, but challenges remain in measuring and manipulating their activity, which is critical to demonstrate their phenotypic effects. Further research into the environmental and biological conditions that activate TEs in mosquitoes, as well as the host mechanisms of TE regulation, such as small RNA pathways, will significantly enhance our understanding of mosquito biology.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11038,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in insect science","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 101406"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144526781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The effect of biogenic amines in the neuromodulation of insect social behavior","authors":"Francesca Barbero, Luca P Casacci","doi":"10.1016/j.cois.2025.101390","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cois.2025.101390","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Interactions among colony members in insect societies involve a wide range of behaviors, including collective defense, recruitment, foraging, and parental care. Despite significant advances in research, our understanding of how variations in neuroanatomical structure and physiological conditions drive changes in behavior remains incomplete. This review examines the critical role of biogenic amines in modulating social behaviors in insects.</div><div>We highlight recent findings that demonstrate how these molecular messengers interact with hormonal signaling pathways, affecting essential colony traits such as development, fertility, reproduction, and caste differentiation. Caste-specific adaptations are evident in the brains of eusocial species. Key insights suggest that the aminergic system is fundamental for the transition from solitary to social structures. Research on insect brain architecture indicates that social evolution has led to changes in neural circuits rather than simply an increase in brain size.</div><div>Besides regulating intracolony dynamics, biogenic amines significantly influence interactions between social insects and other species. These findings may challenge established notions of mutualism, such as pollination or other plant–insect interactions, suggesting that some behaviors could result from brain manipulation via aminergic control.</div><div>We argue that understanding the complex interplay of various biogenic amines and other molecular messengers is essential for comprehending the neuroendocrine signaling mechanisms that underlie insect social structures. By synthesizing recent findings and examples, this review provides an overview of how biogenic amines contribute to the evolution of social behaviors in insects, offering insights for future research in this field.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11038,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in insect science","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 101390"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144141633","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Environmentally induced changes on tephritid fly behavior and physiology and their implications for management","authors":"Martín Aluja, Larissa Guillén","doi":"10.1016/j.cois.2025.101408","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cois.2025.101408","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>We review literature on the interaction of the environment and the behavior/ecology of tephritid flies and dwell on how this knowledge can be used in their environmentally friendly management. We draw some examples from other insects, as it can serve as a roadmap for future research on fruit flies. We touch on barometric pressure, hormesis, epigenetics, cross-protection interactions, plasticity, chemoreception, host plant relationships, and gut microbiota; on the influence global change/warming is having in geographic and host range expansion; and on the physiological mechanisms flies use to cope with environmental stresses such as desiccation or heat/cold.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11038,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in insect science","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 101408"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144625573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"The dose makes the poison: plant toxin concentrations and herbivore immunity against pathogens and parasitoids","authors":"Paul J Ode , Enakshi Ghosh","doi":"10.1016/j.cois.2025.101405","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cois.2025.101405","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Hormesis, the phenomenon in which low doses of toxins promote beneficial biological responses and higher doses compromise these responses, offers an underexplored framework for understanding herbivore eco-immunology. Here, we explore how insect herbivores might exploit plant secondary metabolites to enhance immune function. We propose that herbivores experience a ‘window of enhanced immunity,’ where toxins confer immune benefits at low concentrations, but suppress immune responses at higher concentrations. This concept bridges the interplay between bottom-up (plant defense) and top-down (natural enemy) pressures, providing insights into how herbivores balance challenges posed by exposure to plant toxins and exposure to their natural enemies. We discuss how both generalist and specialist herbivores navigate this balance, highlighting the evolutionary adaptations that influence their strategies. We suggest that the immune systems of specialist and generalist herbivores may both exhibit hormetic responses to plant toxins, although the shape of this relationship likely differs depending on their ability to detoxify and sequester plant toxins.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11038,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in insect science","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 101405"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144511663","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Melanie Hempel , Joseph D Warren , Jiangtao Liang, Christen Hughes, Zhijian Tu
{"title":"Mosquito sex determination: recent advances and applications","authors":"Melanie Hempel , Joseph D Warren , Jiangtao Liang, Christen Hughes, Zhijian Tu","doi":"10.1016/j.cois.2025.101385","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cois.2025.101385","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mosquitoes have evolved divergent sex-determining chromosomes, and they employ diverse primary signals for sex determination. As only females feed on vertebrate blood, manipulating genes involved in sex determination can facilitate genetic control measures for mosquito-borne infectious diseases, such as dengue and malaria. We highlight new advances in mosquito sex determination, describe innovative applications, and discuss relevant evolutionary insights and future directions.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11038,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in insect science","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 101385"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144076629","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Melissa Kelley , Patrick A Limbach , Joshua B Benoit
{"title":"tRNA expression and modifications as critical components in the biology of blood-feeding arthropods","authors":"Melissa Kelley , Patrick A Limbach , Joshua B Benoit","doi":"10.1016/j.cois.2025.101404","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cois.2025.101404","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Alterations to the proteome are necessary for physiological processes in blood-feeding arthropods. To account for this, transfer RNA (tRNA) levels and chemical modifications are utilized for protein synthesis. Here, we discuss an overview of tRNA regulation in blood-feeding systems. This topic expands to host–microbial interactions as tRNA modifications require micronutrients acquired from symbionts and diet. Lastly, modifications are likely involved in the molecular dynamics between vectors and pathogens, which may impact transmission to vertebrate hosts. The tRNA levels and their modifications likely play crucial roles in the tripartite interaction between mosquitoes, their microbiome, and transmissable pathogens, providing a novel target to suppress the spread of mosquito-borne diseases.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11038,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in insect science","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 101404"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144511673","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Chemosensory and behavioral effects of Methoprene, a commonly used juvenile hormone analog and insect pesticide","authors":"Tiphaine PM Bailly , Philip Kohlmeier","doi":"10.1016/j.cois.2025.101392","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cois.2025.101392","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Juvenile hormones (JH) regulate insect development, reproduction, and behavior. The JH analog Methoprene, widely used in pest control, disrupts these processes by inhibiting maturation rather than causing mortality. Beyond its physiological effects, Methoprene influences insect behavior, including mate choice, social organization, and foraging, by altering neuronal sensitivity and gene expression via the Methoprene-tolerant receptor. These behavioral disruptions may negatively impact insect populations, including pollinators like honeybees. While laboratory studies highlight Methoprene's behavioral consequences, field research is needed to assess its ecological effects. Understanding these broader impacts is crucial for evaluating the risks associated with JH-based pest control strategies.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":11038,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in insect science","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 101392"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144186693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Editorial overview: Innovative approaches to insect conservation in the face of global challenges","authors":"Toke T Høye , Eliza M Grames","doi":"10.1016/j.cois.2025.101391","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cois.2025.101391","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":11038,"journal":{"name":"Current opinion in insect science","volume":"71 ","pages":"Article 101391"},"PeriodicalIF":5.8,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144173009","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}