Day 2 Tue, August 17, 2021最新文献

{"title":"Underwater Photogrammetry as an Environmental Assessment Tool to Monitor Coral Reefs and Artificial Structures","authors":"Mahamadaly Vincent, Urbina Bareto Isabel, Fréchon Louis, Pinel Romain, Garnier Rémi, Deslarzes Kenneth","doi":"10.4043/31025-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/31025-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Over the past decade, photogrammetry has grown considerably thanks to technical advances in digital cameras and computing performance. Popular in terrestrial applications with the development of UAV acquisition, photogrammetry provides access to accurate scene reconstruction, high-resolution measurements, and temporal comparisons with a wide range of geolocated and scaled 2D and 3D supports. Nowadays, photogrammetry represents a particular challenge in the underwater field such as environmental monitoring, marine construction, technical inspection, and archaeology. Our study aims to develop underwater acquisition protocols and new tools for marine resources surveys and management to understand the role of 3D characteristics in both coral reefs and artificial structures. Two specific protocols were designed and optimized to reconstruct from coral colonies to coral reefs and artificial structures (up to 500m²) with a mean resolution of 0.05cm/pixel. Here several quantitative descriptors based on 2D and 3D metrics (such as slope, length, surface, volume, rugosity) were calculated for morphological studies and temporal comparisons. The photogrammetric technique now offers higher quality and accuracy tools compared to traditional survey methods. These advantages make possible to access to new scientific surveys of underwater ecosystems and as environmental management tools may prove to be valuable for future.","PeriodicalId":10936,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, August 17, 2021","volume":"24 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83216934","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subsea Sulfate Removal and Low Salinity Plant Membrane Life Prediction for IOR and EOR","authors":"Ojonimi Samuel Haruna, Torbjørn Hegdal, Xiaofei Huang","doi":"10.4043/31035-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/31035-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Subsea water treatment technology for water injection provides a solution for an optimized water injection strategy on both green and brownfield applications. There are no space and weight constraints on the seabed, which enables simple, flexible, and reliable designs.\u0000 A full-scale sulfate removal and low salinity plant designed for seabed operation with minimum maintenance intervention has been in operation for ten months without any chemical cleans. This paper reviews the performance results used to predict the life and longevity of a subsea sulfate removal unit (SRU) for a field application in the North Sea.\u0000 The ability to reliably predict the potential risks and serving life of a system is crucial for the success of subsea processing equipment. Results from a test conducted over ten months evaluated the key design parameters such as SRU membrane permeate flux, recovery rate, and analyzed membrane fouling behavior during the test period. Lessons learned from the testing are incorporated into the model for more accurate and reliable membrane life prediction.\u0000 Field data was analyzed to extrapolate aging factors that are used in the membrane design projection software. The projection software simulated aging performance of the membrane over the membrane lifespan under subsea operation conditions, and the results were applied to determine operating philosophy, maintenance, and intervention interval for the subsea plant. Lessons learned from this field study were discussed and used as guidelines for the next phase full-scale design and practice.\u0000 This novelty field practice establishes a break-through step towards full implementation of subsea seawater treatment and injection for increased oil recovery (IOR) and enhanced oil recovery (EOR) purposes. This firsthand data helps the operators to optimize the operation on the seabed, which minimizes the downtime and demonstrates promising advantages of CAPEX and OPEX saving in the long run.","PeriodicalId":10936,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, August 17, 2021","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81106889","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Making LNG Affordable as a Means to Monetize Associated Gas Offshore","authors":"J. Dimbour, D. Gadelle, Benoît Laflotte, L. Disaro","doi":"10.4043/31177-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/31177-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Today, the gas associated with oil production is becoming an environmental concern for existing fields when it is flared. There are substantial quantities of associated gas still burnt at fields every year.\u0000 When offshore, the reinjection of such associated gas into the reservoir is not always technically feasible, it is expensive, and may become a blocker for new offshore oil developments.\u0000 Associated gases can be monetized in the form of LNG produced directly offshore, it can become an enabler of new oil projects, and a means to reduce CO2 emissions and meet commitments.\u0000 LNG production at sea can be achieved at a competitive CAPEX, by using an innovative mega-module concept.\u0000 Furthermore, when treating rich associated gases, the production and export of high-value liquid by-products - LPG and condensates and even possibility ethane - can greatly improve the economics of LNG production itself by creating additional revenues, at a marginal increment cost thanks to the integrated process and utilities functionalities, while keeping the possibility to adjust to several LNG market specifications.","PeriodicalId":10936,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, August 17, 2021","volume":"65 2 Spec No 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85057501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Qualification of Metal 3D Printed Parts for Production Use","authors":"M. Vasquez","doi":"10.4043/31144-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/31144-ms","url":null,"abstract":"As more organizations incorporate additive manufacturing systems to produce production parts, it is becoming clear that successfully moving beyond prototyping requires a more advanced and thoughtful qualification strategy. To achieve the desired outcomes, organizations in the oil and gas sector now need to learn how to build a methodical and scalable system for measuring and characterizing materials, processes, and parts. This paper will discuss an approach to solving this problem within the context of 3D Printing using metal powder. For both new and experienced users of this technology there needs to be a recognition that the workflow prior to and after printing are just as critical in producing repeatable parts as the machine operation itself. Additionally, the relatively small sample size of machine to machine comparison in the oil and gas sector raises questions about the best strategy to use when builing a supply chain to support productionazition of 3D Printed components. This paper addresses this challenge by showcasing new software tools to manage the data generated within sensors on production scale 3D Printers that can then be connected directly to the materials and post processing workflows to provide users with actionable data to manage and troubleshoot their production process with efficiency.","PeriodicalId":10936,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, August 17, 2021","volume":"66 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90626013","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Productivity Optimization and Validation of Multistage Fracturing in a Rare Geomechanical Setting with Production Logging","authors":"G. Agrawal, Ajit Kumar, Shaktim Dutta, Apoorva Kumar, S. Pandey, A. Jha, R. Gondalia","doi":"10.4043/31291-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/31291-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 A reservoir with a rare geomechanical setting of higher stresses at shallower depths and vice versa was fractured. The multistage fracture responses were validated using production logging data. Further, production optimization was achieved by understanding the flow profile and geomechanical setting to decide on an optimal flow condition for the wells.\u0000 An innovative solution-driven approach was identified with production logging playing a key role. Based on the geomechanical model, calculated fracture gradient indicated higher stress in the shallower section and lower stress in deeper intervals. Multistage fracturing was performed. Post fracturing, production logging was carried out in Well A at two different chokes to understand flow behavior in wellbore and correlate with reservoir response. Based on these results, an intermediate choke was selected for production logging in Well B to observe any improvement in flow behavior. An integrated study of geomechanics, fracture performance and production logging resulted in deciding an optimal flow condition for the wells.\u0000 Results are presented for a two well operation. Production logging results indicated that deeper intervals were producing higher compared to shallower layers, thereby validating the geomechanical model. Also, fissures were encountered during deep stage fractures, indicating potentially high production from reservoir from these stages due to better flow conduit. This was also confirmed from the production logging results.\u0000 In Well N1, production logging data, in the lower choke, indicated sluggish and unstable flow behavior with the top three stages underperforming. However, at higher choke, a steady and uniform flow was observed. The production logging results were also observed to be in line with the obtained frac-operation parameters on the higher choke. However, an anomaly was observed in the second stage of Well N1, which is estimated to be as a result of fractures closing down due to higher stresses in shallower depths.\u0000 Based on this, an intermediate choke was selected to flow Well N2 and record production log data to observe and evaluate the flow behavior at a different choke. The flow was still observed to be sluggish and unstable at the intermediate choke. Hence, a final decision was taken based on all the different conclusions to flow the wells at higher choke to maintain optimal frac stage performance and a uniform and steady flow.\u0000 Rare geomechanical setting of reservoirs presented challenges in accurately characterizing them. The paper recognizes the versatility of the production logging tool in delivering and understanding both reservoir response and wellbore flow conditions. The integration of fracture response with production logging results enabled validation of the reservoir response and provided valuable insights into understanding the flow behavior inside the well, and finally optimizing well productivity.","PeriodicalId":10936,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, August 17, 2021","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85334481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Premium Anti-Rotation Casing Connector with Metal-to-Metal Seal Optimized for High Fatigue Performance to Meet Market Needs by Reducing OPEX and Risk Exposure","authors":"Scott Patrick Ellisor, Andrew J. Grohmann, Justin Lee Rye, Jim T. Kaculi","doi":"10.4043/31075-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/31075-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The oil and gas industry continues to face the need to reduce risk exposure and OPEX as a means to compensate for market volatility and lower oil prices. Typical casing connector designs and methods of running casing are becoming less viable as the industry struggles to lower installation costs and reduce HSE concerns. This dilemma leads manufactures to provide practical solutions to reduce the risk exposure while driving costs down by reducing installation time and required rig personnel. This paper outlines how this innovative and fully qualified technology lowers overall risk exposure while reducing OPEX during the installation of casing connectors.\u0000 A new premium threaded connector named BADGeR™ has been designed and fully qualified and its features have been patented. State of the art verification techniques utilizing finite element analysis were used to fully simulate the combined load conditions during the qualification program that mimic field conditions and meet and exceed industry standard requirements. Special consideration was given to connector make-up and metal-to-metal sealing technology, superior fatigue performance, welding, coating, galling, surface finish, and lubrication. After a lengthy iterative design process, the final design was fully qualified following ISO 13679 / API 5C5 with additional fatigue performance testing.\u0000 Details of the design features, analysis methodology and results, structural and sealability test results, and fatigue test results are presented. Advantages of this casing connector design relative to traditional industry casing connectors are highlighted.\u0000 BADGeR includes an innovative hands-free anti-rotation mechanism that significantly reduces rig time and HSE risk exposure. The connector has automatic make-up with gas tight metal-to-metal seal performance that is not impacted by increased tension to the string. The fatigue performance of this connector exceeds the current market offerings. This combination of features incorporated into the connector has gained the attention of the industry and the opportunity to use this technology for critical service wells applications.","PeriodicalId":10936,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, August 17, 2021","volume":"25 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86365470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Facing the Challenges of Implementing Systems Engineering","authors":"James Anthony Bullion","doi":"10.4043/31271-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/31271-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 The objective of this paper is to introduce and address the programmatic and technical challenges associated with the implementation of systems engineering (SE) at the enterprise level in the oil and gas environment. However, the lessons applied here could be tailored and applied to the project level. Currently, there is a strong movement towards a digital transformation of the industry, from exploration of new fields to the revitalization of more mature fields. A systems engineering environment is a prerequisite for the conversion and implementation of Digitalization Transformation. This paper will outline and address the risks and rewards of the partial to full implementation of the principles and methodologies of systems engineering across the lifecycle of a project. The ideas and methods presented here are what should follow once a decision to implement SE into an organization has been made. It assumes that the reader has reviewed the costs, benefits, and results of a digital engineering approach. The scope of this paper will address the technical as well as the organizational challenges that the initiator should be prepared to address in order to be successful.","PeriodicalId":10936,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, August 17, 2021","volume":"72 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75651724","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Electrical & Optical Double Barrier Qualification and Implementation on FENJA Electrically Trace Heated Pipe-in-Pipe Project","authors":"Frederic Le-Naour, Antoine Marret, K. MacLeod, R. Vivet, I. M. Aglen","doi":"10.4043/31214-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/31214-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper provides an overview of the work completed to design, qualify, manufacture and integrate electrical and optical double barrier penetrators with the Electrically Trace Heated Pipe-in-Pipe (ETH-PiP) as part of the Neptune Energy Fenja Development Project.\u0000 Typical subsea penetrator systems in the oil and gas industry, such as pumps, compressors and X-trees are designed to be retrievable, to enable periodic refurbishment as well as providing the option for replacement, if required. However, the ETH-PiP architecture makes retrieval of system components complicated and uneconomical. Both the electrical and optical dual barrier penetrator system designs have to comply with a set of ETH-PiP specific criteria, such as to be maintenance free over a 25 years service life, prevent water ingress to the pipeline, provide pressure containment for operational media (in an unlikely scenario where the inner pipe bursts) and guarantee minimum footprint to allow an optimum integration onto the Pipeline End Termination (PLET) structure. In addition, the electrical system has to comply with a medium voltage rating (i.e. 5.0/8.7kV) to ensure a wide range of possible ETH-PiP architectures. The optical system has to maintain insertion loss below 0.5dB and a back reflection below -45dB to comply with the stringent requirements of distributed temperature monitoring sensor system over long distances.\u0000 The qualification program of the electrical dual barrier penetrator system was performed in accordance with IEC 60502-4 and SEPS-SP-1001. A tailor made sequence had to be developed for the optical system, based on guidance from SEAFOM-TSD-01, considering that the system partly falls outside the associated standard application.\u0000 The electrical dual barrier penetrator system qualification sequence was developed in two phases; firstly, the electrical transition contacts in the feedthrough chamber were qualified in accordance with IEC 60502-4 and secondly, four electrical double barrier penetrator prototypes were manufactured to allow the completion of the qualification sequence defined as per SEPS-SP-1001. The optical dual barrier penetrator system qualification employed the manufacturing of three prototypes to execute the pre-defined qualification sequence.\u0000 Following the individual qualification of the electrical and optical dual barrier penetrator systems, subsequent welding and full-scale assembly trials were performed to ensure that the maximum allowable temperatures within the penetrators would not be exceeded during welding to the PLET, and to proof test the assembly procedure. Electrical verification testing was also undertaken during these trials to verify that the integrity of the penetrators had been maintained during the assembly and that the PLET arrangement did not give rise to any electrical stresses that could result in excessive deterioration of the penetrators.\u0000 Integration of the four electrical and two optical dual barrier penetrator systems to t","PeriodicalId":10936,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, August 17, 2021","volume":"177 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76794174","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Repurposing Oil & Gas Wells and Drilling Operations for Geothermal Energy Production","authors":"R. M. Pilko, N. Hart-Wagoner, A. Horn, Joseph A. Scherer","doi":"10.4043/31090-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/31090-ms","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 This paper explores a market solution for Operators’ companies to compound their investments in wells, fields, and infrastructure in a low carbon world by applying improved well design, drilling and completion technologies that are adapted to a new generation of geothermal energy production systems. The paper frames challenges posed to the upstream industry by the movement to a low carbon economy, including the climate transition risks related to societal, regulatory, and capital allocation trends. It then examines the technical challenges and solutions related to repurposing oil and gas fields and wells for geothermal energy production and makes high-level recommendations for Operators interested in accessing this new market for geothermal energy - as well as satisfying Environmental, Social and Corporate Governance (ESG) investors.","PeriodicalId":10936,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, August 17, 2021","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73145325","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Data-Driven Performance Optimization in Section Milling","authors":"S. Neema, Lakitosh Singh, Felipe Chiquiza, Joy A. First, Chris Collier, T. Oo, Kalyan Katla, Devon Martin","doi":"10.4043/30936-ms","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.4043/30936-ms","url":null,"abstract":"One of the major efforts in Oil and Gas industry's digital transformation is the increased use of data in optimizing processes. This paper focuses on optimizing the process of section-milling during well abandonment by leveraging data gathered from past section-milling cycles. Several mathematical model-based techniques have been presented in recent years for improving the rate of penetration (ROP) in section-milling. However, only a few data-driven methodologies have been adopted in this field of interest, most likely due to unavailability of data. A trainingsubset of field data from section-milling operations is used for developing a range of machine learning models. Performance of these models is then evaluated using mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) against testing subset of data.","PeriodicalId":10936,"journal":{"name":"Day 2 Tue, August 17, 2021","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91553624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}