Crop, Forage and Turfgrass Management最新文献

{"title":"Mowing height and post-application irrigation influence annual bluegrass control with methiozolin","authors":"John M. Peppers,&nbsp;Shawn D. Askew","doi":"10.1002/cft2.70046","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cft2.70046","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Methiozolin was registered for preemergence and postemergence annual bluegrass control in 2019 and offers good cool-season turfgrass safety. The methiozolin label indicates that a higher rate is required to effectively control annual bluegrass (<i>Poa annua</i> L.) at mowing heights greater than that of typical golf course putting greens. Additionally, the herbicide label recommends post-application irrigation for effective annual bluegrass control that is difficult to administer timely due to demands of golf play. The objective of this research was to determine the effect of mowing height and post-application irrigation on annual bluegrass control with methiozolin. Three field studies were initiated in Blacksburg, VA, on creeping bentgrass (<i>Agrostis stolonifera</i> L.) and Kentucky bluegrass (<i>Poa pratensis</i> L.) research fairways as a split-plot design, with three mowing heights (0.15, 0.30, and 0.6 inches) as main plots. Subplots were arranged as a four by two factorial with four levels of methiozolin rate (0.45–3.6 lb ai acre⁻¹) and two levels of post-application irrigation (0 and 0.2 inches). At all locations, as mowing height increased, more methiozolin was required to control annual bluegrass 80% (C₈₀). At two of the three locations, post application irrigation increased annual bluegrass control at 0.3 inches or higher heights of cut. When turf was maintained at 0.3 inches, annual bluegrass C₈₀ was reduced by approximately 50% with post application irrigation compared to no irrigation in two of the three trials. Results from these studies support product label recommendations regarding increased use rates with higher heights of cut but cannot confirm the need for post-application irrigation in putting green height turf.</p>","PeriodicalId":10931,"journal":{"name":"Crop, Forage and Turfgrass Management","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cft2.70046","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144190926","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Profitability of prophylactic R3 pesticide applications in soybean when pest pressure is low","authors":"Carrie A. Knott,&nbsp;Carl A. Bradley,&nbsp;Chad Lee,&nbsp;Raul Villanueva","doi":"10.1002/cft2.70048","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cft2.70048","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Identifying and implementing management strategies that maximize soybean (&lt;i&gt;Glycine max&lt;/i&gt;) profitability is one of the most important decisions soybean producers consider each year. One management strategy that has received considerable attention is the prophylactic application of foliar insecticide and fungicide tank mixes applied at the R3 (beginning of pod development) growth stage. Anecdotal accounts that a synergistic effect occurs when a prophylactic fungicide and insecticide application occurs at R3, resulting in greater profitability, are likely contributing to the interest in this management practice. Interest may also be due to the inconsistent results documented in scientific literature. When low pest (disease and/or insect) pressure exists, every possible scenario has been reported. There have been reports of synergistic effects where soybean seed yield was greater for the fungicide and insecticide tank mix applied at R3 than when the fungicide and insecticide were applied separately or for the untreated control (Henry et al., &lt;span&gt;2011&lt;/span&gt;). In contrast, fungicide and insecticide tank mixes have been reported to be similar to the untreated control and the individual fungicide and insecticide treatments (Nelson et al., &lt;span&gt;2016&lt;/span&gt;). There are also many reports that the tank mix produces greater seed yield than the untreated control (Barro et al., &lt;span&gt;2023&lt;/span&gt;; Dorrance et al., &lt;span&gt;2010&lt;/span&gt;; Rod et al., &lt;span&gt;2021a&lt;/span&gt;), the fungicide treatment (Henry et al., &lt;span&gt;2011&lt;/span&gt;; Kandel et al., &lt;span&gt;2016&lt;/span&gt;), or the insecticide treatment (Dorrance et al., &lt;span&gt;2010&lt;/span&gt;; Henry et al., &lt;span&gt;2011&lt;/span&gt;). Finally, there are reports that soybean seed yield following the fungicide and insecticide tank mix were similar to that of the untreated control (Barro et al., &lt;span&gt;2024&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Even though considerable inconsistency is reported, investigations of the synergistic effect of prophylactic insecticide and fungicide tank mixes applied at R3 in full season soybean (spring-planted soybean preceded by corn [&lt;i&gt;Zea mays&lt;/i&gt;] production the previous calendar year) have not been completed in Kentucky within the last 10 years. Furthermore, work in double crop soybean (soybean planted in early summer which was preceded by winter wheat [&lt;i&gt;Triticum aestivum&lt;/i&gt;] in the same calendar year) found that prophylactic fungicide plus insecticide applications at R3 increased soybean seed yield by 5 bu acre&lt;sup&gt;−1&lt;/sup&gt; compared to an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) based (Villanueva, &lt;span&gt;2023&lt;/span&gt;) R4 (fully developed pod) insecticide application that occurred (Rod et al., &lt;span&gt;2021a&lt;/span&gt;).&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Full-season soybean trials were evaluated at three locations and double crop soybean trials were evaluated at two locations (Table 1). Beginning at R1, plots were evaluated once per week to determine insect defoliation and disease incidence and severity (Culman et al., &lt;span&gt;2014&lt;/span&gt;; Dorrance &amp; Mills, &lt;spa","PeriodicalId":10931,"journal":{"name":"Crop, Forage and Turfgrass Management","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cft2.70048","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144140713","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agronomic performance and profitability of maize and cowpea intercropping as affected by increased rows of cowpea in Ethiopia","authors":"Ehtemariam Teklemariam,&nbsp;Tarekegn Yoseph,&nbsp;Tewodros Ayalew","doi":"10.1002/cft2.70047","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cft2.70047","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study assessed the effects of row arrangement and cropping systems on maize (<i>Zea mays</i> L.) agronomy and profitability in a maize–cowpea (<i>Vigna unguiculata</i> L.) intercropping system under field conditions in Ethiopia. A factorial combination of two cowpea varieties, TVU and White Wonder Trailing (WWT), a three-row arrangement (1 maize [M]: 1 cowpea [C], 1 M: 2C, and 1 M: 3C), and three cropping systems (sole maize, maize+WWT, and maize+TVU) were evaluated using a randomized complete block design with three replications. The results revealed that row arrangement significantly (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.05) affected seeds cob⁻¹ and harvest index, with the TVU variety yielding the highest values. The 1 M: 2C arrangement with the TVU variety produced the highest harvest index value, grain, and biological yields. Overall, the traits assessed were more evident in solo cropping than in intercropping. The land equivalent ratio (LER) and area time equivalent ratio (ATER) for intercropping surpassed critical thresholds in all cases. The TVU variety achieved the highest LER and ATER in the 1 M: 2C arrangement. Additionally, the 1 M: 2C+TVU combination yielded a monetary advantage index score of $2017.35 ha⁻¹, a net benefit of $3614.22 ha⁻¹, and an acceptable marginal rate of return. Therefore, it is recommended that the TVU variety be grown in a 1 M: 2C arrangement for the study areas and similar agroecological conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":10931,"journal":{"name":"Crop, Forage and Turfgrass Management","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144118042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of pitfall traps for capturing arthropods in turfgrass","authors":"Midhula Gireesh,&nbsp;Shimat V. Joseph","doi":"10.1002/cft2.70045","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cft2.70045","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The turfgrass system is a complex ecosystem where many soil-born arthropods dwell and co-exist. Often, turfgrass is threatened by many pests, such as billbugs (<i>Sphenophorus</i> spp.; Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Monitoring pests is an important strategy for effective management decisions. The four-way linear pitfall trap is commonly used to determine adult <i>Sphenophorus</i> spp. population in turfgrass; however, it is challenging to deploy, labor-intensive, and requires regular intensive maintenance. The objectives of this study were to (1) compare trap captures of <i>Sphenophorus</i> spp. and predators using solo-cup, pail, two and four-way linear pitfall traps, and (2) evaluate whether increasing the number of simpler traps improves capture efficiency of soil-dwelling arthropods. The captures of adult <i>Sphenophorus</i> spp. and carabids in the four-way linear pitfall trap were not consistently greater than those caught in the two-way linear or single solo-cup pitfall traps. The four and eight solo-cup pitfall traps captured more <i>Sphenophorus</i> spp. and most soil-active predators than the four-way linear pitfall trap. The pail pitfall trap was not efficient in capturing soil-active arthropods. Thus, increased numbers of solo-cup pitfall traps, at least four in a defined trapping area, could be an alternative to the four-way linear pitfall trap to sample or monitor <i>Sphenophorus</i> spp. or carabids. Deploying and maintaining a solo cup is much easier than a four-way linear pitfall trap.</p>","PeriodicalId":10931,"journal":{"name":"Crop, Forage and Turfgrass Management","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cft2.70045","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143914265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluating the agronomic effect of warm-season annual grasses interseeded into orchardgrass","authors":"Justin C. Burt,&nbsp;Kathy J. Soder,&nbsp;David M. Jaramillo","doi":"10.1002/cft2.70044","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cft2.70044","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Pasture systems in the northeastern United States are primarily comprised of cool-season perennial grasses. However, these systems are subject to a lag in forage production during the hot summer months. Incorporating warm-season annual grasses (WSA) into these forage systems may improve overall forage productivity, especially for producers with a limited land base. Therefore, the objective of this study was to compare the agronomic effect of WSA interseeded into orchardgrass (<i>Dactylus glomerata</i> L.; OG) and harvested at two different intervals. This study compared monocultures of OG to OG interseeded with sorghum-sudangrass (<i>Sorghum bicolor</i> × <i>S. bicolor</i> var. sudanense; SSG), pearl millet (<i>Pennisetum glaucum</i> L.; PM) or teff grass (<i>Eragrostis tef</i> L.; TEFF), harvested on either a 6- or 12-week interval. Results indicated that inclusion of WSA into OG did not improve total herbage accumulation or nutritive value beyond the OG monoculture at either harvest interval (<i>p</i> &gt; 0.42). However, inclusion of WSA into OG did affect the proportion of OG in the stand at both harvest intervals (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.01). The greatest effect was observed in plots interseeded with SSG, in which there was a ∼14% and ∼25% decrease in OG compared to OG monoculture plots when harvested on a 6- and 12-week interval, respectively. This study concluded that interseeding WSA into OG did not improve agronomic parameters of the stand compared to OG despite implementing different harvest frequencies. Future research is warranted evaluating the effect of warm-season annual legumes under similar conditions on the forage production of cool-season perennial grass pastures.</p>","PeriodicalId":10931,"journal":{"name":"Crop, Forage and Turfgrass Management","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cft2.70044","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143884168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhancing drought resilience in grass pea through arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and rhizobium symbiosis","authors":"Hamid Reza Shamsaee,&nbsp;Meysam Oveysi,&nbsp;Mohammad Nasri,&nbsp;Hamid Reza Larijani,&nbsp;Hamid Reza Tohidi Moghadam","doi":"10.1002/cft2.70043","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cft2.70043","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A 2-year experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficiency of Rhizobium bacteria and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in improving the growth and yield-related traits of grass pea (<i>Lathyrus sativus</i> L.) under different irrigation regimes (well-watered, mild water stress, and severe water stress). The results showed that unfertilized and water-stressed plants had the lowest performance, while plants inoculated with bioinoculants exhibited the best growth and yield. Water limitation led to a reduction in total chlorophyll content (20.3%), leaf area index (20.32%), relative water content (5.5%), seeds/pod (2.9%), pods/plant (20.23%), 1000-seed weight (2.92%), pod harvest index (0.72%), seed yield (24.5%), and biological yield (17.69%) compared to the well-watered treatment over 2 years. Rhizobium inoculation enhanced relative water content, seeds/pod, 100-seed weight, biological yield, and pod harvest index by an average of 9.25%, 4.82%, 4.81%, 16.78%, and 1.36%, respectively. Similarly, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi inoculation increased relative water content (7.7%), seeds/pod (3.8%), 1000-seed weight (3.9%), pod harvest index (1.04%), and pod partitioning index (13.9%). These findings suggest that applying a combination of bioinoculants from different microbial groups can be an effective strategy for enhancing the productivity of grass pea under water-limited conditions.</p>","PeriodicalId":10931,"journal":{"name":"Crop, Forage and Turfgrass Management","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143884169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Soybean relative maturity group choices may not be related to latitude only","authors":"Md. Rasel Parvej,&nbsp;David L. Holshouser","doi":"10.1002/cft2.70042","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cft2.70042","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Selecting an appropriate relative maturity group (MG) soybean [<i>Glycine max</i> (L.) Merr.] for a geographic location within a state is a crucial factor in ensuring profitable soybean production. Choosing an inappropriate MG can significantly reduce yield. We determined the probability of a relative MG yielding similar to or better than the other MGs by analyzing the yield data of full-season and double-crop soybean from Official Variety Tests (OVT) that were conducted across five locations in Virginia from 2006 to 2015. We considered MGs 3 to 5 for full-season and MGs 4 to 5 for double-crop soybean. Each MG was divided into three sub-groups: early (x.0-x.3), mid (x.4-x.6), and late (x.7-x.9). While MG significantly influenced soybean yield in most site-years with few exceptions, location affected the yield performance of a MG more for full-season than double-crop soybean. For full-season soybean, late MG-3 and 4 at Orange (38.3°N, −78.1°W), early to mid-MG-5 at Warsaw (38.0°N, −76.8°W), mid to late MG-4 at Painter (37.6°N, −75.8°W), and early to late MG-5 at Blackstone (37.1°N, −78.0°W) and Suffolk (36.7°N, −76.8°W), VA, had the highest outyielding capacity and probability to yield similar to or greater than other MGs. For double-crop soybean, late MG-4 consistently performed best across most locations, except for Blackstone, where early MG-5 was the optimal choice. Results offer valuable insights to soybean producers for confidently selecting the best MG with the greatest yield probability in their farming locations within Virginia. This analysis can serve as a model for similar investigations in other states using OVT data.</p>","PeriodicalId":10931,"journal":{"name":"Crop, Forage and Turfgrass Management","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143883984","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Relationships among vegetation indices for different crops in the Northern Great Plains","authors":"A. Chatterjee","doi":"10.1002/cft2.70041","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cft2.70041","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Wide-spread adoption of proximal sensors in crop health assessment requires understanding of changes in canopy reflectance during the growing season and associations among readings from different sensors. Chlorophyll meter reading (Soil Plant Analysis Development, SPAD), red normalized difference vegetation index (RNDVI), and red-edge normalized difference vegetation index (RENDVI) were measured for sugarbeet (<i>Beta vulgaris</i> L.), corn (<i>Zea mays</i>), sunflower (<i>Helianthus annuus</i> L.), soybean (<i>Glycine max</i>), and spring wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i>) throughout the 2021 growing season. Cumulative growing degree days (GDD) had a significant relationship with SPAD, RNDVI, and RENDVI. The correlation coefficient indicated SPAD was more associated with RENDVI (<i>r</i> = 0.73) than RNDVI (0.50). The <i>R</i>² values of multiple linear regression of SPAD and GDD with RNDVI and RENDVI were the lowest for spring wheat (0.33 and 0.52, respectively) and the highest for corn (0.94 and 0.95, respectively). For all major five crops grown in the Northern Great Plains, GDD showed a strong relationship with all three indices. For in-season crop health assessment based on vegetation indices, inclusion of GDD could be a useful predictor variable to develop a single model algorithm applicable for multiple crops at a regional scale.</p>","PeriodicalId":10931,"journal":{"name":"Crop, Forage and Turfgrass Management","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143801516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Variety choice influences soft red winter wheat yield more than seed treatment","authors":"Haleigh J. Ortmeier-Clarke,&nbsp;Spyridon Mourtzinis,&nbsp;Damon L. Smith,&nbsp;Martin I. Chilvers,&nbsp;Darcy E. P. Telenko,&nbsp;Shawn P. Conley","doi":"10.1002/cft2.70037","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cft2.70037","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Seed treatments are commonly used to protect most major crops in the United States from seed- and soil-borne pathogens. In winter wheat (<i>Triticum aestivum</i> L.) systems in the North Central United States, target pathogens include both true fungi like <i>Fusarium</i> spp. or <i>Rhizoctonia</i> spp. and oomycetes like <i>Pythium</i> spp. or <i>Globisporangium</i> spp. Potential benefits of seed treatments may include improved germination and emergence, protection against early season diseases, and improved plant vigor, but there is little recent research on the benefits of seed treatments in winter wheat in the North Central United States. Field experiments were established at 10 locations across Wisconsin, Indiana, and Michigan in 2021 and 2022 to evaluate the effect of seed treatments on winter wheat yield. The trial design was a randomized complete block with four replications. Treatments were a factorial of two varieties, Harpoon and Kaskaskia, and five seed treatments, non-treated control, Athena-R, CruiserMaxx Vibrance Cereals, Stamina F4, and Raxil Pro MD/Shield. The variety Harpoon resulted in greater yield and lower test weight than Kaskaksia. The only seed treatment to affect yield was Athena-R when applied to the Harpoon variety. No other seed treatment significantly impacted yield. Results of this study suggest that while seed treatments can provide yield protection, variety selection had a bigger role in overall yield potential.</p>","PeriodicalId":10931,"journal":{"name":"Crop, Forage and Turfgrass Management","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cft2.70037","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143762027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of dicyandiamide-treated urea on furrow-irrigated rice yield and nitrogen uptake","authors":"Justin L. Chlapecka,&nbsp;Trenton L. Roberts,&nbsp;Jarrod T. Hardke","doi":"10.1002/cft2.70038","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cft2.70038","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Furrow-irrigated rice (FIR; <i>Oryza sativa</i> L.) has been grown in the upper Mid-South since the 1980s. Nitrogen use in FIR is less efficient than direct-seeded, delayed-flood rice due to the lack of a flood, which ultimately protects applied nitrogen (N) from nitrification and subsequent denitrification. If urea applied to FIR fields could be protected from nitrification, N use efficiency could be increased. To address this issue, a test was initiated in 2018 to determine the utility of a blended-urea product that included &lt; 0.1% <i>N</i>-butyl-thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT), a urease inhibitor that is recommended on most urea applications to rice, and 0.85% dicyandiamide (DCD), a nitrification inhibitor. A control with no supplemental N application plus six different N management programs were tested as urea + NBPT with or without DCD. Analyses across six sites over 2 years suggested that DCD did not affect any of the variables measured, including total N uptake, recovery efficiency of N, rice grain yield, and rice milling yield. While this is contrary to some previous studies, the product used in the current study contained approximately 10 times less DCD than previous studies in rice. Therefore, out of the products tested, the authors recommend purchasing the lowest cost option.</p>","PeriodicalId":10931,"journal":{"name":"Crop, Forage and Turfgrass Management","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.1,"publicationDate":"2025-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cft2.70038","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143762028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}