Cytometry Part B: Clinical Cytometry最新文献

{"title":"Coexistence of immunophenotypically normal and aberrant mast cells in patients with clonal mast cell diseases associates with more indolent subtypes and less severe disease characteristics.","authors":"Abdulrazzaq Alheraky, Kees Meijer, Marije Nijk, Saskia K Klein, Hanneke N G Oude Elberink, Ido P Kema, André B Mulder","doi":"10.1002/cyto.b.70071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cyto.b.70071","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Aberrant antigen expression on mast cells (MCs) is one of the most accurate diagnostic markers for clonal MC diseases (CMCD). Although the coexistence of normal and pathologic MCs is frequently seen, the disease characteristics associated with it have been minimally investigated. We aimed to gain further insight into the relevance of partial aberrancy for establishing the diagnosis and risk stratification of systemic mastocytosis (SM) and monoclonal MC activation syndromes (MMAS). In patients with MMAS or SM, MC load, KIT D816V variant allele fraction (VAF), immunophenotype, mutational profile, basal serum tryptase (BST), and hematology parameters were evaluated to characterize the coexistence of normal and aberrant MCs. From 207 patients with CMCD, 75% of patients with MMAS, 67% with non-advanced SM (non-AdvSM), and 27% with advanced SM (AdvSM) exhibited partial aberrancy. This turned out to be one of the most discriminative parameters between indolent and advanced subtypes. Partial aberrancy was associated with less severe disease characteristics, that is, more indolent subtype, lower MC burden, KIT D816V VAF and BST, a mature MC immunophenotype, hematological parameters more closely corresponding to the normal-range values, and in a subgroup of patients with an SM-AHN, a less complex mutational profile. Assessing the coexistence of normal and pathologic MCs is a widely available, fast, and sensitive diagnostic and prognostic tool and may also be used in SM disease follow-up and treatment monitoring.</p>","PeriodicalId":10883,"journal":{"name":"Cytometry Part B: Clinical Cytometry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148918681","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"CD71-based immature RBC (iRBC) analysis in peripheral blood has a better correlation with leukocyte PNH clone size and improves the delineation of different PNH clone types.","authors":"Khaliqur Rahman, Kanishka Chaurasia, Kartik Jain, Kusum Gupta, Mona Vijayaran, Manoj Kumar Sarkar, Manish K Singh, Dinesh Chandra, Ruchi Gupta, Yadav Sanjeev, Rajesh Kashyap","doi":"10.1002/cyto.b.70070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cyto.b.70070","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Flow cytometric analysis of leukocytes and red blood cells (RBCs) for loss of GPI-linked proteins is the gold standard for the diagnosis of PNH. Assessment of mature RBCs is often confounded by recent transfusions and the variable survival of normal versus PNH erythrocytes. Analysis of immature RBCs (iRBCs) provides a more accurate reflection of the underlying marrow clone size compared with mature RBCs (mRBCs). CD71 (transferrin receptor) serves as a robust marker for identifying iRBCs, thereby enabling the evaluation of PNH clones. This approach is still under investigation and has not yet been incorporated into the guidelines. We evaluated it in a large cohort of patients to validate its utility. FCM-based screening of leukocytes was carried out using a single-tube five-color panel (CD45-V500, FLAER-AF488, CD157-PE, CD15-PC 5.5, CD64-APC). The three-color RBC tube (CD235a-FITC, CD59-PE, CD71-APCH7) was used only in cases in which the leukocyte PNH clone size was >1%. Clone sizes across different cell populations, CD59 staining intensity, and the ability to distinguish among normal RBCs and type II and type III clones were compared between mRBCs (CD71-) and iRBCs (CD71+). A total of 782 samples were screened over a period of 24 months for various indications, including AA, non-immune hemolytic anemia, and unexplained thrombosis. PNH clones with a leukocyte clone size >1% were detected in 120 samples. The iRBC-PNH clone size was significantly higher than the mRBC-PNH clone size (median [range]: 49.9% [0.8-97.3] vs. 12.0% [0-86.0]; p = 0.002). The iRBC-PNH clone size corresponded closely with those of neutrophils and monocytes (median [range]: 49.9% [1-97.3] vs. 54.5% [1-99.5] vs. 58.7% [6.3-98.5], respectively). The MFI of CD59 in iRBCs was higher than that in mRBCs (8996 vs. 5687; p < 0.001). Normal RBCs and type II and III clones were better delineated in iRBCs than in mRBCs. Among cases with clinical evidence of hemolysis and/or thrombosis, the iRBC-PNH clone size reflected the disease burden better than the mRBC-PNH clone size (median [range]: 80.4% [20-95.6] vs. 26.6% [1.1-85.6]). This study validates the role of CD71-based analysis of iRBC-PNH clones, which was found to improve the detection, delineation, and sizing of PNH RBC clones and to correlate better with leukocyte clone sizes and clinical features. Therefore, incorporation of CD71 into high-sensitivity FCM-based PNH screening is suggested.</p>","PeriodicalId":10883,"journal":{"name":"Cytometry Part B: Clinical Cytometry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148911166","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tissue factor-positive platelets in clinical flow cytometry: From functional heterogeneity to cardiovascular risk stratification.","authors":"Marina Camera","doi":"10.1002/cyto.b.70067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cyto.b.70067","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10883,"journal":{"name":"Cytometry Part B: Clinical Cytometry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148905290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved sample stability for clinical whole blood receptor occupancy assays with cryopreservation.","authors":"Chunli Huang, Wen-I Tsou, Pu Fang, Katharine D Grugan","doi":"10.1002/cyto.b.70069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cyto.b.70069","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Receptor occupancy (RO) assessments are a critical component of elucidating PK/PD/safety relationships during early clinical development. As an initial measure of target engagement, RO can inform the pharmacological activity, and RO data from nonclinical studies are often translated to support human dose projection when the therapeutic target is a membrane-bound protein. Currently, across the industry, RO measurements are typically performed using freshly collected blood samples that require real-time bioanalysis, often resulting in highly variable data, missed time points, substantial operational costs, and logistical challenges. Here, we describe a novel RO method that utilizes cryopreserved whole blood, representing a substantial process improvement and enhanced robustness of RO endpoints. Instead of measuring cell surface target engagement in freshly collected whole blood, this method utilizes whole blood that is cryopreserved at the time of collection without subsequent peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) isolation. This approach extends the sample stability window from 2 to 3 days to 12 months post-collection. Internal method development demonstrated that a 1:1 dilution of whole blood with freezing media followed by cryopreservation produced RO results in T cells comparable to those obtained from fresh blood. Follow-up studies confirmed that this observation extended to multiple target binding arms of multispecific T-cell engagers, as well as RO measurements in B-cell and monocyte targets. Additional studies evaluated the feasibility of implementing this method in clinical settings by assessing assay robustness, sample freezing conditions, and shipping methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":10883,"journal":{"name":"Cytometry Part B: Clinical Cytometry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148905265","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"ESCCA recommendations for managing measurement uncertainty in ISO 15189 accredited flow cytometry laboratories: A risk-based approach.","authors":"Ulrika Johansson, Catarina Martins, Neil McIver-Brown, Eleni Linskens, Efthalia Yiannaki, Thomas Keller, David Bloxham, Francesco Buccisano, Kathryn Clarke, Maria João Acosta, Katy Jones, Wolfgang Kern, Juan Flores-Montero, Daniel Payne, Katherina Psarra, Ulrich Sack, Richard Veyrat-Masson","doi":"10.1002/cyto.b.70064","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cyto.b.70064","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>In ISO 15189-accredited medical laboratories, estimation and management of measurement uncertainty (MU) is a fundamental requirement. However, both the theoretical and practical aspects of MU estimation in medical testing are still evolving. In the specific context of clinical flow cytometry, only a limited number of publications address this subject. A survey distributed to European Society of Clinical Cell Analysis members revealed that guidance in this area would be valuable, as current practices vary significantly across laboratories and countries. To address this, a dedicated working group was established to explore how MU could be implemented in flow cytometry laboratories in a manner that embeds it in the laboratory's quality system and that is consistent with ISO 15189:2022 requirements, with the view to avoid it becoming a mere compliance task. Given that a significant number of flow cytometry assays yield qualitative rather than quantitative results and considering the patient-focused, risk-based perspective of the 15189:2022 standards, we approached MU from the perspective of understanding process variability. This paper details and summarizes the result of our work. We present a set of recommendations aimed to help flow cytometry laboratories approach this subject effectively; providing guidance for the types of assays that may be suited for an estimated and monitored MU, and recommendations for how to adopt a structured, risk-based methodology to minimize sources of variation for all assays. This involves identifying sources of uncertainty throughout the analytical process, evaluating their impact, and prioritizing control efforts where the risk to result integrity and patient safety is greatest.</p>","PeriodicalId":10883,"journal":{"name":"Cytometry Part B: Clinical Cytometry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148849980","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Utility of multiparametric flow cytometry in the diagnosis and staging of Classic Hodgkin lymphoma-Experience in real-world practice.","authors":"K Balaji, Sitaram G Ghogale, Nilesh Deshpande, Jagruti Patil, Karishma Girase, Suresh Poojary, Gaurav Chatterjee, Sweta Rajpal, Nikhil Patkar, Sridhar Epari, Tanuja Shet, Sumeet Gujral, P G Subramanian, Prashant R Tembhare","doi":"10.1002/cyto.b.70065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cyto.b.70065","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Published data on flow cytometric assessment of Classic Hodgkin lymphoma (CHL) are largely limited to lymph node biopsies, where histopathological and immunophenotypic findings are already available, thereby restricting its practical applicability. Real-world evidence demonstrating the additional diagnostic role of flow cytometric immunophenotyping (FCI) in CHL is limited. This study evaluated the utility of FCI in body fluids (BF) and bone marrow samples submitted for the diagnostic evaluation and staging of CHL in routine clinical practice. We studied 126 samples from 120 patients evaluated for CHL diagnosis or staging, including fine-needle aspirates (FNAs, n = 15), tissue biopsies (n = 6), bone marrow aspirates (BMAs, n = 76), and BF (n = 29). Samples were processed using a lyse-stain-wash protocol, acquired on BD-LSRFortessa, and analyzed using Kaluza software. A single-tube 16-color antibody panel (CD3, CD11b, CD13, CD15, CD19, CD20, CD30, CD33, CD38, CD40, CD45, CD64, CD71, CD73, CD95, and CD271) was used. The findings were correlated with the clinical, histopathological, and immunohistochemical data. CHL involvement was detected in 13 samples (5 FNAs, 5 fluids, 2 BMAs, 1 lymph node). The level of Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells (HRS) ranged from 0.03% to 2.86% (median, 0.43%) in positive samples. HRS cells consistently expressed CD30, CD40, CD71, and CD95. FCI demonstrated excellent sensitivity and specificity in fluids, FNA, and core needle biopsy; however, it exhibited poor sensitivity in BMA, likely due to hemodilution or non-representative sampling. FCI complements histopathology by enabling the rapid and accurate detection of CHL involvement, particularly in BF and limited tissue samples such as FNA and small biopsies.</p>","PeriodicalId":10883,"journal":{"name":"Cytometry Part B: Clinical Cytometry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148789313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Subtype-specific immunophenotypic and cytogenetic patterns complement flow-cytometric detection of measurable residual disease in B-lymphoblastic leukemia.","authors":"Ju-Hyeong Lee, Tae-Shin Kim, Sang Mee Hwang, Hyungsuk Kim, Yoon Hwan Chang, Hyun Kyung Kim, Seon Young Kim","doi":"10.1002/cyto.b.70062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cyto.b.70062","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Measurable residual disease (MRD) is a key prognostic marker in B-lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL). Because immunophenotypic and cytogenetic features vary by genetic subtype and treatment phase, the clinical value of an integrated MRD strategy using multiparametric flow cytometry (MFC), fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), and immunoglobulin clonality next-generation sequencing (NGS) warrants evaluation. This retrospective single-center study included 136 patients with B-ALL and 491 bone marrow MRD assessments. MRD was evaluated by an 8-color MFC panel adapted from the modified EuroFlow protocol, targeted FISH probes with an exploratory integrated interpretation for low-level signals, and IGH/IGK NGS. Immunophenotypic marker expression and associations with genetic subtypes were analyzed in MFC MRD-positive samples. MRD levels were significantly correlated across modalities: MFC-FISH (ρ = 0.762), MFC-NGS (ρ = 0.674), and FISH-NGS (ρ = 0.341). Using NGS as the molecular comparator, MFC showed higher sensitivity than FISH (41.0% vs. 31.8%) with specificity of 100.0% vs. 96.9%. Discordant MFC/FISH cases showed subtype-associated patterns, with MFC-/FISH+ findings more frequently observed in cases with numerical chromosomal abnormalities (e.g., hyperdiploidy) and immunophenotypic features resembling hematogones. Immunophenotypic marker expression varied by subtype, with near absence of CD10 in KMT2A-rearranged B-ALL and increased CD81 expression in TCF3::PBX1 cases. MRD positivity by any method was associated with significantly worse relapse-free survival. MFC, FISH, and NGS demonstrate complementary but variable performance in MRD detection across B-ALL subtypes. Immunophenotypic and cytogenetic heterogeneity influence the sensitivity of individual modalities, supporting the use of an integrated, multimodal approach for MRD surveillance.</p>","PeriodicalId":10883,"journal":{"name":"Cytometry Part B: Clinical Cytometry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148688573","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extended routine lymphocyte immunophenotyping refines individual immune organization across a heterogeneous patient cohort.","authors":"Carlos Agustin Villegas Valverde, Yendry Ventura Carmenate, Vianed Marsan Suarez, Yandy Marx Castillo Aleman, Imilla Casado Hernandez, Rachely Hernandez Corrales","doi":"10.1002/cyto.b.70059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cyto.b.70059","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Routine TBNK immunophenotyping detects the major lymphocyte compartments but may underestimate the biologically relevant variation contributed by less frequent but well-defined minor lymphocyte subsets. This study evaluated whether extending routine TBNK immunophenotyping with minor lymphocyte subsets provides complementary, analytically retrievable information that improves patient-level immune stratification beyond clinical diagnosis. In this retrospective cross-sectional study, peripheral blood immunophenotypes from 159 individuals were analyzed using a standardized workflow of eight DuraClone TBNK markers with manual hierarchical selection and absolute counting on a single platform. Multivariate profiling at the patient level was performed using derived immunophenotypic variables rather than single-cell event data. Canonical and extended panels were compared using nonparametric tests, PERMANOVA, principal component analysis, UMAP, k-means clustering, inter/intra distance indices, feature importance analysis, and hierarchical heat maps. Canonical immunophenotyping showed the strongest diagnostic associations for the B cell and CD4+ T cell compartments, while the extended panel identified an additional discriminatory structure, with absolute T double negative counts as the most informative minor lymphocyte subsets. Both panels were significantly associated with diagnostic clustering, but the extended panel showed a broader distribution of variance than the diagnostic panel. Compared with the canonical panel, the extended panel increased the inter/intra distance index (0.369 vs. 0.302, p = 0.0027) and substantially repositioned individuals within the immune space, with 59.1% shifting more than 10 percentiles. The clustering agreement between models was partial (ARI = 0.28; NMI = 0.42), and heat maps revealed continuous immunophenotypic axes with an internal substructure enriched in minor lymphocyte subsets. Extended routine immunophenotyping refines the multivariate representation of peripheral immune organization without requiring additional cytometry markers. Rather than replacing standard TBNK analysis, it complements it by revealing complementary, analytically retrievable information from minor lymphocyte subsets, thereby improving patient-level stratification and facilitating a more accurate, context-specific interpretation of immune status.</p>","PeriodicalId":10883,"journal":{"name":"Cytometry Part B: Clinical Cytometry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148683747","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cytoplasmic staining of T cell receptor components enables efficient assessment of lineage and clonality in surface CD3-negative T cell neoplasms.","authors":"Aaron J Wilk, Gary Gitana, Jean Oak","doi":"10.1002/cyto.b.70061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cyto.b.70061","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Flow cytometry can establish T cell clonality by detecting a restricted expression pattern of the T cell receptor (TCR) β constant region (TRBC), expressed in association with CD3. However, T cell neoplasms frequently lose surface expression of the CD3/TCR complex, posing a challenge to demonstrating T cell lineage and clonality. To address this challenge, here we present a 12-color flow cytometry panel, called cytoTCR, to characterize cytoplasmic expression of CD3/TCR complex components. We apply cytoTCR to 38 patient specimens with immunophenotypically abnormal T cell populations, demonstrating this approach can efficiently establish T cell lineage and clonality in challenging T cell neoplasms that have lost surface CD3 expression. While we show that natural killer (NK)-lineage neoplasms can express cytoplasmic CD3 at similar levels to T cells, we show that absent expression of cytoplasmic TCR components by mature lymphocytes can help confirm NK cell lineage. We demonstrate that cytoTCR can detect cytoplasmic TRBC-restriction in challenging cases of null-phenotype anaplastic large cell lymphoma, which lack surface expression of pan-T cell antigens. In cases of T-lymphoblastic leukemia, cytoTCR shows that cytoplasmic TRBC expression matches the expected developmental stage of the leukemia. Finally, we use cytoTCR to characterize atypical cCD3^-CD7^- T cells in a patient with a history of T-lymphoblastic leukemia as well as recent CAR-T therapy, showing that this atypical population is polytypic and represents CAR-T product rather than residual disease. Our study presents a broadly applicable flow cytometric approach to simultaneously assess T cell lineage and clonality in suspected T lineage populations with absent surface CD3 expression.</p>","PeriodicalId":10883,"journal":{"name":"Cytometry Part B: Clinical Cytometry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148683783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Platelet flow cytometry: An evolving platform for clinical hematology.","authors":"Benjamin E J Spurgeon","doi":"10.1002/cyto.b.70060","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cyto.b.70060","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Flow cytometry has transformed platelet biology and diagnostics through high-resolution, single-cell analysis of surface markers, activation states, and intracellular signaling. This review traces its evolution from early applications in glycoprotein profiling and immune thrombocytopenia to clinical roles in HIT, VITT, and FNAIT. Advances in spectral cytometry, phosphoflow, and fluorescent barcoding have increased analytical depth and supported development of whole blood-compatible platelet function assays. Flow cytometry now enables characterization of platelet subpopulations, assessment of complement deposition, and functional evaluation across immune and thrombotic disorders. These capabilities support applications in diagnostics, bleeding and cardiovascular risk assessment, drug-induced thrombocytopenia, and platelet product quality control. As these technologies mature, flow cytometry is expanding its role in clinical workflows and may enable more biologically informed and individualized approaches in precision hematology.</p>","PeriodicalId":10883,"journal":{"name":"Cytometry Part B: Clinical Cytometry","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148673206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}