Current Biotechnology最新文献

{"title":"An overview on microbial α-amylase and recent biotechnological developments","authors":"Rajendra Singh, S. Kim, Anila Kumari, P. Mehta","doi":"10.2174/2211550111666220328141044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2211550111666220328141044","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The α-amylase is one of the most promising commercial enzymes that has tremendous applications in various industries. Microbial α-amylase share almost 25-30% in enzymes market due to its catalytic function in several industries, including sugar, detergent, paper, textile, pharmaceutical industries, etc. The α-amylase hydrolyze glycosidic linkages of structural components of starch result in maltose, glucose, and high fructose syrups. Starch, the second most abundant organic substance on the Earth, is a readily available, low-cost renewable substrate mainly in biorefinery and food industries. Amylases are ubiquitous in nature due to its involvement in carbohydrate metabolism. The α-amylases of microbial origin have technical advantage as compared to animal and plant origin. Considering physicochemical properties, bacterial α-amylases are most diverse. However, for industrial purpose, these properties of the biocatalyst, either individually or in a combination, are required to modify through genetic and protein engineering according to the targeted process. The review presents an overview on the current findings of microbial sourced α-amylases, commercial applications, market trends on relevant industries and achieved improvements in thermostability, catalytic function, pH tolerance, Substrate and product specificities through recombinant DNA technology and protein engineering.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10850,"journal":{"name":"Current Biotechnology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78720541","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Detection of phage and prophage expression in multidrug-resistant Salmonella serovars isolated from retail meats using mRNA-Seq","authors":"Thuy Thi Bich Vo, V. T. Nguyen, Cuong Hoang, Duc Hieu Nguyen, Duc Minh Nguyen, T. B. Nguyễn, M. Nghiem","doi":"10.2174/2211550111666220304102952","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2211550111666220304102952","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Salmonella serovars contamination of food items shows a negative effect for the food industry and causes a great hazard for the consumers. Although developed hygiene methods, Salmonella serovars still a high risk to human health, and new methods for the identify of Salmonella spp. are needed.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Bacteriophages have considered as a good method for detecting bacteria since of its high target cell specificity, simple and cheap. Bacteriophages can be used for biocontrol of Salmonella spp. without the cultures methods. Moreover, phages or phage-derived proteins can also be used to detect quickly and specifically bacteria in food.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This study provides bacteriophage expression in six multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolated from retail meats in Hanoi, Vietnam using mRNA sequencing.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Our results showed that diverse bacteriophages are naturally present in retail meats (chicken, beef, and pork meat), and phage Salmon_118970_sal3_NC_031940 is the most common phage in Salmonella on the retail meats.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000These results provide useful information for developing a new method to detect Salmonella serovars effectively. Further surveillance programs and research are a necessity to limit the spread of multidrug-resistant Salmonella spp.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10850,"journal":{"name":"Current Biotechnology","volume":"339 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76878358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Meet the Associate Editorial Board Member","authors":"P. T. Campana","doi":"10.2174/221155011101220722143715","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/221155011101220722143715","url":null,"abstract":"<jats:sec>\u0000<jats:title />\u0000<jats:p />\u0000</jats:sec>","PeriodicalId":10850,"journal":{"name":"Current Biotechnology","volume":"26 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89414413","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Combination of biocatalysis and sonochemistry in the ethyl oleate production","authors":"Natália Alves de Almeida, I. G. Rosset","doi":"10.2174/2211550111666220224110106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2211550111666220224110106","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Fatty acid alkyl esters (FAAEs) are a family of natural neutral lipids and can be produced cleanly and sustainably by esterification of free fatty acids (FFAs) with short chain alcohols using enzymatic catalysts. In this study, it was evaluated the use of lipases in enzymatic esterification of oleic acid with ethanol using the combination of biocatalysis and sonochemistry (ultrasound) in the absence of co-solvents.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Reaction parameters, such as type of lipase, amount of enzyme, reaction time, alcohol hydration level and enzyme turnover were evaluated for the enzymatic synthesis of ethyl oleate.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000C. antarctica lipase provided yields above 95% in less than 10 h with 10% (w/w) of lipase. The use of hydrous ethanol (5% of water) showed a slight drop in yield but remained above 90% of ethyl oleate production. C. antarctica lipase showed no loss of efficiency even after 10 reaction cycles.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The combination of biocatalysis and ultrasound radiation provided a high yield, showing that the combination of these tools may be a good choice for the enzymatic synthesis of ethyl oleate.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10850,"journal":{"name":"Current Biotechnology","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72735314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oral toxicity studies of Ethyl Acetate Polyherbal Extract Gel Formulation Obtained from Berries and Flaxseed (EAPEG-BF) in Wistar Rats","authors":"A. Wal, U. Pandey, P. Wal, Tamsheel F. Roohi","doi":"10.2174/2211550111666220215142143","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2211550111666220215142143","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Berries family and flaxseed have been used in ethnomedicinal practice for the treatment of various disorders and different ailments. Despite its beneficial uses, no studies on its polyherbal formulated gel combination toxicity potential have been reported. The present research study was designed to evaluate the acute oral toxicity (14 days) and sub-acute oral toxicity (repeated dose) study (28 days) of ethyl acetate polyherbal extract gel formulation obtained from berries and flaxseed according to OECD TG No. 423 and 407.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Male Wistar Rats were taken for toxicological screening of acute and sub-acute oral toxicity as per OECD guidelines of ethyl acetate polyherbal extract gel formulation obtained from berries (Rubus idaeus, Vaccinium macrocarpon, Vaccinium angustifolium, Fragaria x ananassa) and flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) at doses of 500 mg/kg, 1000 mg/kg, 2000 mg/kg and 5000 mg/kg b.w. p.o.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The rats were orally treated and screened for various behavioural patterns and the clinical signs of toxicity after administration. In sub-acute oral toxicity screening, the highest dose of 5000 mg/kg was selected for repeated dose toxicity for 28 days. The data of the results showed that no toxic symptoms were observed up to the dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight. When testing is required a dose of 5000mg/kg, only one step. There was no toxic symptoms and mortality were observed up to the dose of 2000 mg/kg body weight during the 14 days of the observation. There is no visible change in the food intake and body weight when compared to control.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The toxicological study revealed that LD50 of the extract formulation gel was greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight p.o.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000In comparison to the control group, there were no significant changes in levels of biochemical parameters and haematological parameters. It was concluded from the data obtained in this research study that though LD50 is greater than 5000 mg/kg body weight; but there was no occurrence of observed adverse effects levels appeared in the liver, kidney, lipid profile and blood parameters.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10850,"journal":{"name":"Current Biotechnology","volume":"9 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89366484","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Statistical Approach to Enhance α-Amylase Production from Bacillus licheniformis and Purification of the Enzyme","authors":"Kalpana Hiteshi, Reena Gupta","doi":"10.2174/2211550111666220204125406","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2211550111666220204125406","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The most widely used thermostable enzymes are the amylases in the starch industry. These are among the most important enzymes and are of great significance in present day biotechnology.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The main objective of the present study was to enhance α-amylase production from Bacillus licheniformis using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) and the purification of the enzyme to homogeneity.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Bacterial culture producing α-amylase and isolated from hot spring (Himachal Pradesh) was identified as Bacillus licheniformis using 16S rDNA gene sequencing (NCBI Accession No.: KR340466). Medium components and pysical culture parameters viz. pH, temperature, inoculum size, peptone concentration and starch concentration were optimized using RSM. Among these five factors, three factors (starch concentration, peptone concentration and inoculum size) had positive effect on amylase production. A 4.09-fold increase in production of α-amylase from B. licheniformis was achieved using RSM as compared to One Factor At a Time. The enzyme was purified by using Diethylaminoethyl Cellulose column chromatography and subsequently by Sephadex G-75 gel filtration chromatography.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000A purification fold of 23.39 and a yield of 12.12% was observed. A single band of 33 kDa was obtained using Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate (SDS) and native-Poly Acrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (PAGE) which indicated that the enzyme was purified to homogeneity and was a monomer. The enzyme showed stability at 50 and 65°C temperatures and at alkaline pH.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The stability of purified enzyme at high temperatures and alkaline pH suggested its wide application in textile, detergent and paper industries.\u0000Keywords: Amylase; Bacillus licheniformis; RSM; SDS-PAGE; alkaliphilic; thermostable enzymes\u0000","PeriodicalId":10850,"journal":{"name":"Current Biotechnology","volume":"194 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79748923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prediction of Secondary And Tertiary Structure And Docking of Rb1WT And Rb1R661W Proteins","authors":"Aimen Sajid, Muhammad Shaoor Saeed, Rabbiah M anzoor Malik, S. Fazal, S. Malik, M. Kamal","doi":"10.2174/2211550111666220127100203","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2211550111666220127100203","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Retinoblastoma, a malignancy occurring in the juvenile cells of retina, responsible for the light detection. It is one of the most emerging and rare childhood and infant cancer. It is initiated by the mutation in Rb1 a first tumor suppressor gene located on chromosome 13q14. Rb1 protein is responsible for cell cycle regulation.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000In our study, secondary and 3D-Structural prediction of Rb1WT and Rb1R661W were done by comparative or homology modeling for finding any structural change leading to the disruption in its further interactions. Quality assurance of the structures was done by Ramachandran Plot for a stable structure. Both the proteins were then applied by docking process with proteins of interest.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Secondary Structure showed number of mutations in helixes, β-Hairpins of Rb1R661W. The major change was lost of β-Hairpin loop, extension and shortening of helixes. 3D comparison structure showed change in the groove of Rb1R661W. Docking results unlike to RB1WT were having different and also no interactions with some of the proteins of interest. This mutation in Rb1 protein was having a deleterious effect on the protein functionality.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This study will help in designing the appropriate therapy and also understanding of mechanism of disease of retinoblastoma, for researchers and pharmaceuticals.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10850,"journal":{"name":"Current Biotechnology","volume":"16 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77488578","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Impact of Microplastic on Human Health","authors":"A. S. R. Almeida, C. B. de Souza","doi":"10.2174/2211550111666211221120852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2211550111666211221120852","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Microplastics are considered an emerging contaminant due to their wide distribution and production in the environment, representing constant exposure to humans. However, little is known about the effects it can trigger in the body.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 To establish a concrete relationship between microplastics and the human body, their means of production, exposure, systemic responses, and diseases caused by their presence\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 In this context, a review article of foreign and national literature was developed, through the PubMed and Scielo Indexers, where studies were found that address the production of plastic, the paths that lead to the production of microplastics and the exposure and damage that it represents to human health, being possible to exclude the literary sums with a publication date before 2017\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000hey showed that translocation of the residues occurs to the circulatory and lymphatic system via the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts. Once in the body, microplastic can stimulate a chronic inflammatory response that functions as a precursor to neoplasia and fibrosis, or carry toxic compounds such as heavy metals, endogenous disruptors, biofilms, and persistent organic pollutants. In addition, lung biopsies have shown plastic fibers in patients with respiratory diseases, highlighting a potentially dangerous accumulation.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The present moment demonstrates that experimental research to prove the effect of microplastics is extremely necessary, since the controversy among authors and the repetition of information already described affirm that the research done so far is not sufficient.\u0000","PeriodicalId":10850,"journal":{"name":"Current Biotechnology","volume":"119 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77480449","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Modeling, Interacting Residues and other Structural Analyses for Human SOCS3, Gp130 and JAK Proteins: A Detailed Computational Approach for Proteins Involved in Feedback Inhibition","authors":"A. Banerjee, R. Dasgupta","doi":"10.2174/2211550111666211221122707","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2211550111666211221122707","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000When STAT3 is activated only by the IL6 family of proteins, then gp130 (having a phosphopeptide motif) interacts with human SOCS3 which further binds to JAK and inhibits its protein kinase activity. Interaction of gp130 with SOCS3 targets only the IL-6 signaling cascade. The interaction occurs when SOCS3 binds to a particular motif on gp130 (centered upon pTyr759) after its phosphorylation. Previously, wet laboratory studies were done but computational exploration for the participating residues remained unexplored.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The 3D structure of human SOCS3 protein was modeled and its stereo-chemical parameters were satisfied. Crystallographic structures of gp130-phosphopeptide and JAK were studied. After protein docking, the complex underwent minimization and molecular dynamics simulation. Different stability parameters and binding patterns with residues were evaluated\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 The best modeled structure of SOCS3 protein was selected and found that it had three helices and seven sheets interspersed with coils. Arg133, Tyr137 and Tyr98 from SOCS3 formed manifold binding patterns with gp130 (mainly with pTyr759 and Glu758). Lys62, Lys63 and Arg65 from SOCS3 were also found to interact with Val762 of gp130. Interactions with JAK were also studied. Residue 53, 62-65, 98, 133, 136 and 137 formed the predominant binding pockets in SOCS3. They can serve as important target sites as well. Altogether, it created elctrostatically charged pockets to accommodate the partner proteins for each other. Gp130 phosphopeptide was observed to be tightly accommodated in the electrostatically positive zones on SOCS3 surface. Net area for solvent accessibility was also found to get drastically reduced implying high participation of residues. Earlier studies documented that the interaction of these three proteins occurs with affinity and have satisfactory association with each other. Here in this study, free energy of binding for the triple protein interaction through the ΔG values helped to infer that SOCS3 interacted spontaneously (in thermodynamic sense). Many helical conformations formed coiled-coils providing high flexibility to interact spontaneously. Most of the interactions were through the responsible SH2 domain (46-127 residue length) of SOCS3. Residues 53, 62-64 and 98 formed coils while the residue number 137adopted sheet conformation from coils.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000This study shall instigate to block the gp130-binding sites of SOCS3 through targeting of drugs, thereby preventing SOCS3-gp130 interaction. This would allow JAK-STAT signaling cascade which is paramount for several biological functions\u0000","PeriodicalId":10850,"journal":{"name":"Current Biotechnology","volume":"116 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82250936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Oral Toxicity Studies, Histopathology and Anti-Diabetic activity of Polyherbal Extract in STZ induced diabetes in Rats","authors":"P. Wal, Nikita Saraswat, A. Wal, R. Pal, D. Maurya","doi":"10.2174/2211550111666211220165802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2174/2211550111666211220165802","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Diabetes mellitus is a disease and endocrine disorder and it's a growing health problem in various countries. The prevalence of diabetes rises worldwide including South Africa 5.4% in 2025 increases as expected. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimated the diabetes mellitus problem in adults 173 million in developing counties. In this research observation of glucose levels indicated the diabetic state in Wistar rats by resulting from Streptozotocin administration and using a Metformin as a standard dose. This study demonstrated the acute oral toxicity and subacute oral toxicity of ethanolic extract of Saraca asoca leaves and Asparagus racemosus roots and showed the antidiabetic activity. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 To perform acute toxicity studies and sub-acute toxicity of the polyherbal ethanolic extract on the vital organ and isolated organ and record and noticed the visible changes on organs of each group of Wistar rats. Explore the hypoglycaemic action of the polyherbal extract of Saraca asoca and Asparagus racemosus. \u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000 Wistar rats were divided into required groups for toxicity study first is acute oral toxicity 5,50, 300,2000 mg/kg body weight. Subacute oral toxicity studies were performed by administering a 250, 500, 1000mg/kg body weight. For demonstrating the antidiabetic activity the animals divided into 5 groups 1 normal control given saline group 2 standard dose Metformin compulsory dose groups 3 Streptozotocin-Induced diabetic 150mg/kg body weight body weight, groups 4 ethanolic extracts at a 100mg/kg groups 5 ethanolic extract 200mg/kg. On the last day of all the dosing period examined the Blood glucose levels and body weights of rat and histopathology studied were done by animal sacrifice and cut organs such as tissue pancreas, spleen, heart, lungs, liver, and kidney, placed on the slide and done a microscopic examination. Data selection has been complete by research papers from many databases such as NCBI, Web of science and Science direct and PubMed from year 1989 to 2020 by utilize research. skeywords such as “Antidiabetic”, “Saraca indica”, “Asparagus racemosus”, “ethanolic polyherbal extract”, “oral toxicity study”, “histopathology”, “Streptozotocin.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The polyherbal ethanolic extract of Saraca asoca and Asparagus racemosus at a dose of 100mg/kg and 200mg/kg was showed better effects against Streptozotocin-Induced diabetic 150mg/kg body weight body weight. All the extracts showed significantly (P <0.05) and it is safe and non-toxic nature by performed a toxicity study acute and subacute oral toxicity and the bodyweight are also improved, no inflammation and erosion are seen on any organs of Wistar rat by demonstrated a histopathology analysis.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The polyherbal ethanolic extract of Saraca asoca and Asparagus racemosus showed hypoglycaemic activity against STZ-induced diabetes in experimental Wistar rats in Wistar rats. The results are shown beneficial effects of these ethanolic extract it helps in improving the changes in lipid metabo","PeriodicalId":10850,"journal":{"name":"Current Biotechnology","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87744062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}