Cryogenics最新文献_第8页

Growth behavior of bubbles containing non-condensable gas in superheated cryogenic liquids

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2024-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104016

Yonghua Huang, Xujin Qin

{"title":"Growth behavior of bubbles containing non-condensable gas in superheated cryogenic liquids","authors":"Yonghua Huang, Xujin Qin","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104016","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104016","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Bubble growth is one of the most critical concerns in flashing or cavitation in metastable superheated liquids. The bubble growth rate and heat and mass transfer rates across the boundary are essential for quantifying the flashing evaporation behavior. Prior simulations treated the bubble as a pure vapor, which dropped an important influencing factor driving bubble growth. A mathematical model is proposed for characterizing bubble growth in superheated cryogenic liquids, namely, liquid oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen. The model considers a non-condensable gas component in the bubble, which plays a significant role in the early stages of bubble growth. It not only influences the critical radius of the bubble but also affects the delay time of the growth. The behavior of bubbles in these cryogenic fluids was compared to that in water in terms of radius growth. The effect of the liquid state on the bubble radius was investigated. As expected, the bubble grew faster in the liquid at lower pressures and greater degrees of superheat. Bubbles with smaller critical radii require higher degrees of superheat or thermal disturbances to grow.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 104016"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143159309","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Design and operation of direct heat exchange type thermal energy storage unit in an actual-size liquid air energy storage system

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2024-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104015

Kyoung Joong Kim , Cheonkyu Lee , Junhyuk Bae , Sangkwon Jeong

{"title":"Design and operation of direct heat exchange type thermal energy storage unit in an actual-size liquid air energy storage system","authors":"Kyoung Joong Kim , Cheonkyu Lee , Junhyuk Bae , Sangkwon Jeong","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104015","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104015","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study examines the design specifications and operational parameters crucial for integrating thermal energy storage unit (TESU) within a demonstration-scale liquid air energy storage (LAES) system. The LAES system’s storage capacity of 6 MWh and power generation of 2 MW serve as performance benchmarks. To satisfy these criteria, a TESU with a mass flow rate of 26 kg/s and a duration of 2 hr to 4 h is deemed essential. Ensuring an effectiveness exceeding 0.9 necessitates adherence to specific design principles. Firstly, optimal spatial configuration of heat exchange parts, approximately double the thermal penetration depth, is essential to maintain high performance. Deviations from this guideline can lead to decreased heat exchange efficiency and thermal interference. Moreover, as TESU duration increases, the relative heat capacity of the shuttle mass rises, diminishing overall effectiveness. Adequate heat capacity within the TESU is thus crucial to sustaining desired performance levels throughout the duration. Additionally, optimizing the aspect ratio of the TESU improves effectiveness by mitigating axial heat conduction losses, facilitating efficient energy storage and retrieval. By incorporating these design considerations, the performance and effectiveness of the TESU within LAES systems can be optimized, enabling seamless energy management.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 104015"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143159311","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Design and analysis of the components of cryogenic extruder for producing liquid hydrogen

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2024-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104021

Vishal Gupta, Hemang Agravat, Samiran S. Mukherjee, Avijit Dewasi, Jyoti S. Mishra, Pratik A. Nayak, Paresh Panchal, Moni Banaudha, Ranjana Gangradey

{"title":"Design and analysis of the components of cryogenic extruder for producing liquid hydrogen","authors":"Vishal Gupta, Hemang Agravat, Samiran S. Mukherjee, Avijit Dewasi, Jyoti S. Mishra, Pratik A. Nayak, Paresh Panchal, Moni Banaudha, Ranjana Gangradey","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104021","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104021","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The Cryogenic Extruder (CE) is an extruder technology which can continuously produce solid rods of hydrogen and its isotopes. The solid rod is further cut into small cylindrical pieces called pellets, which are used for the fuelling of the long-pulse fusion reactors by injecting at high velocity into the magnetically confined, hot plasma, for the core-fuelling and D-T reaction. The design and analysis of a cryogenic extruder involves optimization of the various parameters of its different components such as precoolers, liquefier and solidifier compatible with cryogenic temperature operation. In this work, a design approach and Computation Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis of the components of extruder system is presented. The liquefier is designed to operate at a temperature of < 21 K and cooled using the 2nd stage of the cold head of a GM cryocooler. It has a compact shell which has an array of fins for the cooling down and liquefaction of the hydrogen gas to liquid. Theoretically, the surface temperature of 20.4 K is sufficient to produce liquid for the extrusion rate of 500 mm<sup>3</sup>/s of solid hydrogen but the CFD studies showed that the liquefier can produce the liquid for up to 1.75E-5 kg/s i.e., equivalent to 200 mm<sup>3</sup>/s of solid hydrogen based on the available cooling capacity of a cryocooler.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 104021"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143159184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Thermal and electrical conductivity of magnetic refrigerant holmium diboride for magnetic refrigerator application

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2024-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104020

Koichi Matsumoto , Hironori Hasegawa , Masaki Horie , Hideaki Kitazawa , Akiko T. Saito , Takenori Numazawa

{"title":"Thermal and electrical conductivity of magnetic refrigerant holmium diboride for magnetic refrigerator application","authors":"Koichi Matsumoto , Hironori Hasegawa , Masaki Horie , Hideaki Kitazawa , Akiko T. Saito , Takenori Numazawa","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104020","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104020","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Intermetallic compound holmium diboride, HoB<em><sub>2</sub></em> is a promising refrigerant in magnetic cooling systems. It is particularly well-suited for hydrogen liquefaction. It was confirmed that HoB<sub>2</sub> had large magneto-caloric effect because of a magnetic phase transition from a paramagnetic to a ferromagnetic state at the transition temperature <em>T</em><sub>c</sub> of 15 K by magnetization and specific heat. From the standpoint of magnetic refrigerator, the thermal and electrical conductivity of polycrystal HoB<sub>2</sub> in magnetic fields were reported in the present work. The thermal conductivity was found to increase with magnetic field around <em>T</em><sub>c</sub>. In electric resistivity measurements, a characteristic kink was observed at <em>T</em><sub>c</sub> in zero field, and this kink was suppressed in magnetic fields. The transport properties of HoB<sub>2</sub> were analyzed using these data. Evaluated thermal diffusion coefficient and eddy current power dissipation showed that HoB<sub>2</sub> with submillimeter size has good heat transfer and negligible eddy current power dissipation compared with the cooling power, in practical magnetic refrigeration cycles. These results show that HoB<sub>2</sub> is an excellent magnetic refrigerant for use in the lowest temperature stage of hydrogen liquefaction.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 104020"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143159307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Cryogenic magnetic and magnetocaloric properties in anhydrous rare-earth sulfate RE2(SO4)3 (RE = Tb, Dy, Ho, Er)

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2024-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104012

Wang Chen, Yingzhe Na, Fengying Chen, Yikun Zhang

{"title":"Cryogenic magnetic and magnetocaloric properties in anhydrous rare-earth sulfate RE2(SO4)3 (RE = Tb, Dy, Ho, Er)","authors":"Wang Chen, Yingzhe Na, Fengying Chen, Yikun Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104012","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104012","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The cryogenic magnetocaloric (MC) properties in various types rare-earths (<em>RE</em>)-based magnetic materials have recently been investigated to identify suitable candidate materials for active magnetic cooling applications and better understanding their intrinsic properties. Herein, we obtained four anhydrous <em>RE</em>-based sulfates, namely the <em>RE</em><sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> (<em>RE</em> = Tb, Dy, Ho, Er), through a thermal decomposition method and analyzed their cryogenic magnetic and MC properties. All of the present sulfates possess an orthorhombic-type structure with space group of <em>Pbcn</em> and show no distinct magnetic ordering above 2 K. Large cryogenic MC effects and remarkable performances were realized. Under magnetic field variations of 0–70 kOe, the deduced MC parameters of magnetic entropy changes, relative cooling powers, and temperature-averaged entropy changes (lift-temperature of 5 K) values are as follows: 11.4J/kgK, 257.5J/kg, and 11.2J/kgK for Tb<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>; 18.6J/kgK, 232.0J/kg, and 17.5J/kgK for Dy<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>; 14.8J/kgK, 316.4J/kg, and 14.5J/kgK for Ho<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>; 14.4J/kgK, 254.9J/kg, and 13.2J/kgK for Er<sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub>, respectively. These deduced MC values of the present <em>RE</em><sub>2</sub>(SO<sub>4</sub>)<sub>3</sub> are at a similarly high level as those of most recently updated <em>RE</em>-based MC materials with notable cryogenic performances, making them may considerable for active cooling applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 104012"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143159185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Progress on An 8 K gas-coupled three-stage Stirling pulse tube cryocooler

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2024-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104018

Chushu Fang , Xuming Liu , Laifeng Li , Yuan Zhou , Changzhao Pan

引用次数: 0

Study on the helium liquefaction characteristics in the Laval nozzle

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2024-12-30 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104017

Baosheng Chen , Aihong Zou , Yupei Zeng , Ercang Luo

{"title":"Study on the helium liquefaction characteristics in the Laval nozzle","authors":"Baosheng Chen , Aihong Zou , Yupei Zeng , Ercang Luo","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104017","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104017","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Achieving helium liquefaction is fundamental to the widespread utilization of liquid helium in various industrial processes. This study innovatively proposes a new type of device for helium liquefaction, the Laval nozzle. Compared with the traditional helium liquefaction equipment, it can achieve isentropic expansion and direct liquefaction without any moving components. Based on CFD calculations, the distribution patterns of temperature, pressure, Mach number and other flow parameters of helium in the Laval nozzle are obtained, and the effects of the inlet parameters and the structure of the Laval nozzle on the liquefaction process are also explored. The results show that when the inlet temperature is 14 K, the inlet pressure is 1700 kPa, the outlet pressure is 45.021 kPa and the outlet temperature can be as low as 3.23 K, which is lower than the saturation temperature corresponding to the outlet pressure, which validates the feasibility of helium liquefaction in the Laval nozzle. Lower inlet temperature or higher inlet pressure is conducive to promoting the liquefaction of helium in the Laval nozzle and enhance its refrigeration effect. The structure of the Laval nozzle has an insignificant effect on helium liquefaction characteristics, but it can be used as a reference for optimizing the structure of the Laval nozzle in the future.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 104017"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143159186","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

An innovative 45 kV thin wall heater for ITER superconducting current lead terminal

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2024-12-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103999

Shen Mo , Pan Wanjiang , Zhu Yinfeng , Mohmmed Mun ELseed Hassaan , Wu Cheng

引用次数: 0

Development of soft seal and experimental investigation of soft seated safety relief valves for cryogenic applications

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2024-12-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104005

N. Sreekanth , S. Sankaran , Jack J. Kenned

{"title":"Development of soft seal and experimental investigation of soft seated safety relief valves for cryogenic applications","authors":"N. Sreekanth , S. Sankaran , Jack J. Kenned","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104005","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104005","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cryogenic propellant servicing of any advanced propulsion system before launch is very critical due to complex two phase flow during chilling, transient heat transfer, pressure and temperature management. Metal seated safety valves are generally prone to seat leakage due to surface roughness and even small degree of leak across seat is not acceptable for usage in cryogenic applications.In this study, the seat leakage across metal seated valves is mitigated by designing and developing a unique soft seal to replace metal seated safety valve seat. An experimental investigation is carried out to validate the developed soft-seated valve with ambient gases such as nitrogen and highly sensitive mass spectrometer test with gaseous helium. Liquid nitrogen tests are conducted to validate the performance of the developed soft seated valve at cryogenic temperatures. In addition, semi-empirical computations have been done based on contact surface characteristics and deformation analysis to assess seat leak rates with gaseous helium. The experimental test results indicated that the seat leak rate improved with increased cyclic operations compared to metal seated valves. The sealing characteristics improved to 0.61 x 10<sup>−6</sup> mbar.l/sec from 4.72 x 10<sup>−5</sup> mbar.l/sec at liquid nitrogen temperature. The computations of leak rate obtained by semi empirical computations was compared to that of experimental results and are found to be in close agreement. The results indicated the developed soft seated valve meets the leakage class requirements for cryogenic applications and can be applied to metal seated valve.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 104005"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143159188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Residual resistance ratio measurement system for Nb3Sn wires extracted from Rutherford cables

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2024-12-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104002

Ian Pong , Algirdas Baskys , Charlie Sanabria , Michael Naus , Scott Myers , Heng Pan , Jonathan Lee , Li Wang , Jordan Taylor , Marcos Turqueti , Xiaorong Wang

{"title":"Residual resistance ratio measurement system for Nb3Sn wires extracted from Rutherford cables","authors":"Ian Pong , Algirdas Baskys , Charlie Sanabria , Michael Naus , Scott Myers , Heng Pan , Jonathan Lee , Li Wang , Jordan Taylor , Marcos Turqueti , Xiaorong Wang","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104002","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.104002","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Residual resistance ratio (RRR) of superconducting strands is an important parameter for magnet electrical stability. RRR serves as a measure of the low-temperature electrical conductivity of the copper within a conductor that has a copper stabilization matrix. For Nb<sub>3</sub>Sn, due to the need of a reaction heat treatment, the technical requirements for high quality measurements of strands extracted from Rutherford cables are particularly demanding. Quality of wire, cabling deformation, heat treatment temperature, heat treatment atmosphere, sample handling, and measurement methods can all affect the RRR. Therefore, as an integral part of the electrical quality control (QC) of Nb<sub>3</sub>Sn Rutherford cables manufactured at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, it was prudent that we established a RRR measurement system that can isolate the assessment of cable-fabrication-related impacts from sample preparation and measurement factors.</div><div>Here we describe a bespoke cryocooler-based measurement system, capable of measuring RRR of over 80 samples in a single cooldown. The samples are mounted on custom-designed printed circuit boards that accommodate the shape of strands extracted from a Rutherford cable without added deformation, which we will show is critical in ensuring that the measurements accurately represent the RRR values of the conductor within the cable. Using this sample mounting solution, we routinely measure the overall RRR of the strand as well as individual intra-strand sections corresponding to both cable edges and cable broad faces with high reproducibility. Such measurements provide valuable information on the variation of RRR along the length of the strands as well as across strand productions and cable runs over time.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"146 ","pages":"Article 104002"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143159187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0