Cryogenics最新文献_第8页

Nitrogen adsorption characteristics and specific heat capacities of two activated carbons for sorption-based compression 两种吸附型压缩活性炭的氮吸附特性及比热容

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-03-31 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104069

Biqiang Liu , Lingxiao Qin , Haishan Cao

{"title":"Nitrogen adsorption characteristics and specific heat capacities of two activated carbons for sorption-based compression","authors":"Biqiang Liu , Lingxiao Qin , Haishan Cao","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104069","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104069","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Joule-Thomson (JT) sorption cryocoolers are highly suitable for vibration-sensitive instruments due to their advantages of no vibration, no electromagnetic interference and high reliability. However, limited research has been conducted on the nitrogen adsorption capacity and specific heat capacities of activated carbons under extreme conditions of high temperature and pressure, which is essential to the design of sorption compressors. In this study, the adsorption isotherms of nitrogen on two activated carbons, Norit RB4 and Chemviron AP4-60, were measured over a wide temperature range between 223 K and 723 K, and pressures up to 10 MPa using a volumetric adsorption analyzer. Based on the measured data, three adsorption isotherm models (dual-site Langmuir, Sips, and Toth) were employed to fit the total adsorption amount. The results show that the dual-site Langmuir model is the most suitable for describing the total adsorption amount. The isosteric heat of absolute adsorption was also derived based on this model. Additionally, the specific heat capacities of RB4 and AP4-60 were determined over the range from 253 K to 713 K. Based on the adsorption isotherms and specific heat capacities, the efficiencies of sorption compressors using RB4 and AP4-60 as sorbents were predicted and compared using a thermodynamic model. These data provide valuable foundations for the design and development of high-efficiency sorption compressors.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 104069"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143761344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Effect of cryogenic treatment at different temperatures on microstructure, thermal, mechanical and corrosion response of pure zinc 不同低温处理对纯锌组织、热、力学和腐蚀响应的影响

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-03-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104071

Michael Johanes, Xavier Foo, Manoj Gupta

{"title":"Effect of cryogenic treatment at different temperatures on microstructure, thermal, mechanical and corrosion response of pure zinc","authors":"Michael Johanes, Xavier Foo, Manoj Gupta","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104071","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104071","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The potential for cryogenic treatment (CT) to enhance properties and performance of metals was first realized with steels, followed more recently with non-ferrous examples such as aluminium and magnesium. A wealth of knowledge on the optimum processing parameters and mechanisms behind the property enhancements has been discovered, and this presents a notable research gap for zinc (Zn) as it has never been explored with CT in the past.</div><div>To this end, pure Zn was successfully synthesized using the Disintegrated Melt Deposition (DMD) method, followed by hot extrusion and, for the first time, CT with exposure to varying temperatures (−20 °C, −50 °C, −80 °C, and −196 °C). Densification occurred for all materials (with 39.5 % porosity reduction after exposure to −50 °C being most significant), alongside a further 86.5 % increase in damping capacity after exposure to the same temperature. Microstructurally, CT induced significant grain growth across all exposure temperatures, − 80 °C conferring the largest grains (224 % increase over as-extruded equivalent). Compression response was also improved slightly after exposure to −80 °C, with improvements of 2.7 %, 2.3 %, and 1.0 % to compressive yield strength, ultimate compressive strength, and work of fracture. Exposure to −196 °C also notably lowered corrosion rates (32.4 % reduction). This highlights the ability of CT to not just alter, but tailor individual properties for Zn-based materials and opens up a new research area for this Hexagonal Closed Pack (HCP) metal and its derivatives.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 104071"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739736","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Research on a solid Nitrogen-Cooled cryogenic system for MgB2 superconducting magnets used in gyrotrons 回旋管用MgB2超导磁体固体氮冷却低温系统的研究

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-03-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104070

Tao Zhang , Meng Li , Chi Zhang , Tong Wei , Chuan Chen , Wei Liu , Chao Li , Jun Wang , Guo Yan , Pingxiang Zhang

{"title":"Research on a solid Nitrogen-Cooled cryogenic system for MgB2 superconducting magnets used in gyrotrons","authors":"Tao Zhang , Meng Li , Chi Zhang , Tong Wei , Chuan Chen , Wei Liu , Chao Li , Jun Wang , Guo Yan , Pingxiang Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104070","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104070","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A cryogenic cooling system for a superconducting magnet used in gyrotrons has been studied. The superconducting magnet was fabricated using MgB<sub>2</sub> wire and was designed to achieve a maximum magnetic flux density of ∼1.3 T. Firstly, the electromagnetic design was carried out, based on which the mechanical design and manufacturing were completed. In preliminary tests, the MgB<sub>2</sub> superconducting magnet was cooled by direct conduction cooling using four cryocoolers, and magnetization and demagnetization tests were performed at several different temperatures between 12 K and 20 K. Subsequently, the magnet was integrated into a carefully designed cryostat. Detailed heat transfer analyses and calculations were conducted during the design of the cryogenic system. The superconducting magnet is welded into a sealed reservoir and cooled through contact with nitrogen coolant (including both convection and conduction). The large heat capacity of solid nitrogen at low temperatures is utilized to maintain the temperature of the magnet over extended periods of time. The solid nitrogen reservoir is cooled by the second stage of a two-stage GM cryocooler and is enclosed within a cold shield cooled by the first stage. Specifically, to extend the holding time of solid nitrogen at low temperatures, a cryocooler chamber device is employed, which enables the detachment and repositioning of the cryocooler’s cold head while the magnet is in normal operation. Experimental results show that the cryogenic cooling system can cool the MgB<sub>2</sub> superconducting magnet to nearly 4.5 K. With the cold head detached, the magnet operates stably at a working current of 84 A for over 4 h, during which the magnet’s temperature increased from approximately 5 K to around 14 K. The maximum magnetic field strength achieved is 1.295 ± 0.01 T, meeting the design requirements.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 104070"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143739682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Electromagnetic-thermal finite element model coupled to reduced electrical circuit for simulating inductive HTS coils in overcurrent regimes 耦合到简化电路的电磁-热有限元模型用于模拟过流状态下的电感高温超导线圈

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-03-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104068

Gabriel Hajiri , Kévin Berger , Frederic Trillaud , Jean Lévêque

{"title":"Electromagnetic-thermal finite element model coupled to reduced electrical circuit for simulating inductive HTS coils in overcurrent regimes","authors":"Gabriel Hajiri , Kévin Berger , Frederic Trillaud , Jean Lévêque","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104068","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104068","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>To improve the understanding of the behaviour of High Temperature Superconducting (HTS) devices in electrical systems, it is relevant to couple Finite Element (FE) Models (FEM) and Electrical Circuits (EC). This coupling should include enough physics to look justly at the impact of the devices on the electrical system. Since some devices require the full or partial transition of the superconductor to its normal-resistive state, such as fault-current limiters, for instance, their modelling must address the dynamic change that the superconductor experiences moving both ways between its superconducting state and its normal-resistive state. To tackle this challenge, a multiphysics FEM coupled to an EC has been built targeting overcurrent operations of 2G HTS coils, used in such devices. Here, the basis of the approach is the electromotive force to compute the magnetic induction in the coil. The FEM is composed of two coupled submodels, an Electromagnetic one (EFEM) implementing the <strong>T</strong>-<strong>A</strong> formulation and a Thermal one (TFEM). The resulting TEFEM is coupled to an Electrical Circuit Model (ECM) in the same FE solver yielding the TEFEM − ECM. To further improve the computation time, a reduction method is employed to skim the ECM, without sacrificing accuracy. The simulation results for the most reduced version of the model are compared with experimental data obtained in liquid nitrogen at 77 K for a current pulse discharge system connected to a 2G HTS coil, showing good agreement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"148 ","pages":"Article 104068"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143761345","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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Design optimization study of cryogenic counter-flow plate fin heat exchangers 低温逆流板翅式换热器设计优化研究

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-03-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104063

Prabhat Kumar Gupta , Rishi Kant Sharma , S. Raghavendra

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Modeling of cryogenic pulsating heat pipe using CFD techniques 低温脉动热管的CFD建模

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-03-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104061

Marcin Opalski , Tisha Dixit , Bertrand Baudouy , Przemysław Błasiak , Jun Ishimoto , Sławomir Pietrowicz

{"title":"Modeling of cryogenic pulsating heat pipe using CFD techniques","authors":"Marcin Opalski , Tisha Dixit , Bertrand Baudouy , Przemysław Błasiak , Jun Ishimoto , Sławomir Pietrowicz","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104061","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104061","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study presents new numerical procedures for simulating cryogenic pulsating heat pipes (PHPs) developed in OpenFOAM. Using a multiphase flow approach, the numerical model incorporates a combination of Lee and Min phase change models and also features conjugate heat transfer between the solid wall and fluid. Turbulence effects are modeled using the k-<em>ε</em> turbulence model, with wall functions implemented to capture heat transfer dynamics more accurately. The model was validated against experimental data reported in literature on a nitrogen single-loop configuration. Our code captures the overall experimental thermal performance and pressure evolution within less than 3% difference. In addition, this study demonstrates that turbulence enhances heat transfer, with turbulent diffusion contributing substantially to the overall effective thermal conductivity and thus should not be neglected. The findings also indicate that cryogenic PHP simulations must consider pressure- and temperature-dependent properties to achieve reliable predictions for different operating scenarios. This work provides a promising basis for advancing the numerical modeling of cryogenic PHPs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 104061"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143644109","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Experimental investigation of step piston type series pulse tube refrigerator 步进活塞式串联脉冲管制冷机的实验研究

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-03-16 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104062

Sheng Xu, Yuanjian Li, Shaowei Zhu

引用次数: 0

Cryogenic mechanical properties and tribological behaviors of AISI stainless 316L steel cooled by liquid nitrogen 液氮冷却下AISI 316L不锈钢的低温力学性能和摩擦学行为

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-03-15 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104058

Jimin Xu , Longgui He , Shuo Cheng , Xiaoliang Fang

{"title":"Cryogenic mechanical properties and tribological behaviors of AISI stainless 316L steel cooled by liquid nitrogen","authors":"Jimin Xu , Longgui He , Shuo Cheng , Xiaoliang Fang","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104058","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104058","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The use of stainless steel instead of traditional aerospace-grade aluminum alloys and carbon fiber-reinforced polymers is promising to further reduce the launch cost of reusable rockets. In this study, the mechanical properties and tribological behaviors of AISI 316L stainless steel under cryogenic conditions were comprehensively investigated through experiments. Liquid nitrogen was employed to cool the samples and simulate the cryogenic fluid environment inside rockets for safety considerations. Tests of Rockwell hardness, tensile strength, dynamic toughness, falling-ball impact fatigue behaviors, and tribological behaviors under both room-temperature and cryogenic conditions were performed using commercial and self-developed devices. Compared with the test results at room temperature, 316L samples cooled by liquid nitrogen reveled higher hardness, greater tensile strength, enhanced impact fatigue resistance, and improved wear resistance. The improved performance of 316L under cryogenic conditions is beneficial for the application in liquid rocket. However, cryogenic dynamic toughness and impact fatigue tests demonstrates a reduction in the plasticity of 316L cooled by liquid nitrogen, which should be taken into consideration in engineering to avoid sudden failure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 104058"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143629246","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Quasi-3D thermal–hydraulic analysis of the cool-down for CFETR CSMC CFETR CSMC冷却过程的准三维热水力分析

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-03-14 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104060

Xiaohui Guan , Jinggang Qin , Huajun Liu , Fang Liu , Qiangwang Hao , Shuai Gao , Tiange Chen , Libiao Hu , Liang Guo

{"title":"Quasi-3D thermal–hydraulic analysis of the cool-down for CFETR CSMC","authors":"Xiaohui Guan , Jinggang Qin , Huajun Liu , Fang Liu , Qiangwang Hao , Shuai Gao , Tiange Chen , Libiao Hu , Liang Guo","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104060","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104060","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The cool-down of large Cable-in-Conduit Conductor (CICC) superconducting magnets presents significant complexity, necessitating careful management to ensure operational safety. This study proposes a quasi-three-dimensional thermal–hydraulic analysis model, developed using COMSOL Multiphysics, specifically designed for large CICC superconducting magnets. The model facilitates an in-depth analysis of the 300 K-80 K cool-down for the Central Solenoid Model Coil (CSMC) of China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor (CFETR). The proposed numerical model is capable of successfully constraining the maximum temperature difference among the various components of the magnet while providing an accurate depiction of the temperature distribution throughout the cool-down. Furthermore, it incorporates the inter-turn heat transfer within the coils. This article discusses improvement suggestions for the cool-down of the CSMC and presents the results after these enhancements. This study also investigates the effects of varying inlet pressures and maximum temperature differences on the cool-down of the magnet. The results offer valuable theoretical insights for future cool-down experiments, thereby helping to mitigate the risk of damage to the magnet due to inappropriate cool-down parameters.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 104060"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143682357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Engineering the cryogenic magnetocaloric effect of Tm2O3 by oxygen vacancies 利用氧空位设计Tm2O3的低温磁热效应

IF 1.8 3区工程技术

Cryogenics Pub Date : 2025-03-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104056

Shengshi Zheng , Naikun Sun , Quanhui Zhang , Kang Zhao , Qin Dai , Xinguo Zhao , Juan Cheng , Jiaohong Huang

{"title":"Engineering the cryogenic magnetocaloric effect of Tm2O3 by oxygen vacancies","authors":"Shengshi Zheng , Naikun Sun , Quanhui Zhang , Kang Zhao , Qin Dai , Xinguo Zhao , Juan Cheng , Jiaohong Huang","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104056","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2025.104056","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Defect engineering is an effective means to improve the electronic structure and physicochemical properties of materials. In this work, the cryogenic magnetocaloric effect (MCE) of commercial Tm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> was significantly improved by the introduction of oxygen vacancy (OV) defects. A series of monocrystalline Tm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> powders (cubic structure, <em>Ia</em> <span><math><mover><mrow><mn>3</mn></mrow><mrow><mo>¯</mo></mrow></mover></math></span> space group) with high-level OV content was obtained by ball-milling (BM) the commercial counterpart for 3–12 h. Of these samples, the 9 h-ball milled Tm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> sample (Tm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-9) has the highest ratio value of oxygen atoms near OV (O<sub>near OV</sub>) of 15.79 % and largest effective magnetic moment (<em>μ</em><sub>eff</sub>) of Tm<sup>3+</sup> ion of 6.8 μ<sub>B</sub> compared with the corresponding values of 8.06 % and 6.32 μ<sub>B</sub> for the commercial Tm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. Consistently, Tm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-9 has the best MCE performance with the maximal magnetic-entropy change (Δ<em>S</em><sub>M</sub>) and the refrigerant capacity (<em>RC</em>) of 7.0 J⋅kg<sup>−1</sup>⋅K<sup>−1</sup> and 96.8 J⋅kg<sup>−1</sup> in 0–5 T, respectively as compared to 4.2J⋅kg<sup>−1</sup>⋅K<sup>−1</sup> and 66.9 J⋅kg<sup>−1</sup> for the commercial Tm<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>. Further increasing the BM time to 12h, the OV content almost remains unchanged, accompanied by a minor reduction of Δ<em>S</em><sub>M</sub> and <em>RC</em> due to the decrease of grain size. This work provides a novel approach for enhancing the MCE of rare earth-based oxides.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"147 ","pages":"Article 104056"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143609733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0