Cryogenics最新文献

{"title":"Capacitance-based mass flow rate measurement of two-phase hydrogen in a 0.5 in. tube","authors":"Benjamin Straiton ,&nbsp;Matthew Charleston ,&nbsp;Qussai Marashdeh ,&nbsp;Jonathan Harrison ,&nbsp;Matthew Reppa","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103983","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103983","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Mass flow rate is a critical measurement parameter when designing cryogenic hydrogen fluid systems. It is important in custody transfer applications for calculating financial obligations, fundamental fluid property research/modeling, and fluid system design applications to optimize chill down performance, maintain thermal equilibriums, and provide feedback control for pumps and valves. However, due to the large temperature differential between cryogenic fluids and the environment, there is often multiphase flow during system chilldown and steady state operation. Current available cryogenic flow measurement techniques are not equipped to deal with the complex multiphase flow inherent in cryogenic fluid systems, resulting in significant measurement errors. This mass flow measurement inaccuracy can cause financial loss, system instability, and even component failure, resulting in a strong market demand for a multiphase cryogenic mass flow meter to optimize and control sophisticated and costly cryogenic systems. This paper presents a solution in the form of a novel capacitance-based technique for measuring the multiphase mass flow rate of cryogenic hydrogen in a terrestrial environment. The device was calibrated and tested on a ½” tube multiphase hydrogen flow loop at a cryogenic hydrogen test facility. An error of ± 2 % full scale was achieved across a range of flow conditions, including transient and steady states.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"144 ","pages":"Article 103983"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142659361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Investigation of the performance of oil-free linear compressor with magnetic resonance spring for pulse tube cryocooler","authors":"Mingsheng Tang ,&nbsp;Zhouhang Hu ,&nbsp;Liubiao Chen ,&nbsp;Yongheng Wu ,&nbsp;Jianhua Xiao ,&nbsp;Qingqing Yuan ,&nbsp;Huiming Zou","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103982","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103982","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes a new type of oil-free linear compressor with a magnetic resonance spring, which uses a magnetic resonance spring to provide restoring force and adopts gas-lubricated bearings to provide support force for the piston. The frequency characteristics of the compressor, including magnetic spring stiffness, gas spring stiffness, and resonance frequency, are studied through experiments and theoretical analysis. The magnetic spring stiffness is 31403.31 N/m of the design compressor. Hooke’s law and Fourier decomposition are employed for the gas spring stiffness measuring the compression pressure gauged. Meanwhile, the gas spring stiffness is also obtained from the amplitude-frequency characteristic of the compressor by the back stepping technique with an electric parameter frequency scan. The experimental results demonstrate that the three measurement methods have good consistency in measuring the gas spring stiffness. The equivalent gas spring stiffness measured using the three methods and theoretical model are 72600.92 N/m, 71275.84 N/m, 71967.15 N/m, and 71929.25 N/m at 3 MPa charged pressure measured respectively. In addition, the refrigeration performance of the pulse tube cryocooler driven by the compressor is tested and the lowest temperature obtained in the cold end is 46.3 K under different charge pressure. Furthermore, an optimal frequency exists that enhances the refrigeration performance of the pulse tube cryocooler, and this optimal frequency remains constant regardless of changes in the charge pressure.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"144 ","pages":"Article 103982"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142659359","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis and Verification of cooling structure of superconducting motors for electrical aircraft propulsion","authors":"Enze Ma ,&nbsp;Yulong Li ,&nbsp;Yuan Gao","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103980","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103980","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The hydrogen-powered aviation hybrid technology is one of the important directions of the development of electrical aircraft propulsion. Superconducting motors (SCMs) are the core components of a hydrogen-powered aircraft due to their high power-to-weight ratio. Among SCMs, partial SCMs with superconducting armature windings and permanent magnets (SC-PMMs) are the research front and hotspots. This study focuses on the key issue of cooling the superconducting (SC) coils of SC-PMMs. The advantages and disadvantages of three cooling structures, namely core conduction cooling, coil immersion cooling, and core and coil immersion cooling, are compared. The temperature of the SC coils in different cooling structures is simulated and analyzed in detail. The obtained results show that the temperature of the coils in the core and coil immersion cooling structure is not much different from that in the coil immersion cooling structure, with a temperature difference of about 1.5 K only. However, the implementation of the core and coil immersion cooling structure is much easier. Therefore, an SC-PMM prototype is developed using it as the cooling structure, and the temperature change in the prototype under different operating conditions is investigated experimentally. The obtained results show that the final stable temperature during the cooling process is 76.8 K, and the coil on the top is more likely to quench than that at the bottom. The maximum frequency and maximum current at which the prototype can operate stably for a long time are 200 Hz and 49 A, respectively. This study verifies the effectiveness of the core and coil immersion cooling structure, obtains the quench prone area in SC-PMMs, and lays the foundation for the development of high-performance and highly reliable SCMs.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"144 ","pages":"Article 103980"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142659405","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Effect of different core diameters on the current-carrying performance of CORC cables with REBCO multi-filamentary tapes","authors":"Zuoguang Li ,&nbsp;Zhan Zhang ,&nbsp;Jiulong Zhang ,&nbsp;Yuhu Bu ,&nbsp;Donghu Wang ,&nbsp;Guanyu Xiao ,&nbsp;Huan Jin ,&nbsp;Jinggang Qin ,&nbsp;Chao Zhou","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103981","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103981","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The second generation of high temperature superconductivity (HTS) is one of the candidate materials for future superconducting cables (such as CORC), CICC conductors and high field magnets due to its high current carrying performance and excellent mechanical strength. Currently, it has been demonstrated that the utilization of REBCO multi-filamentary tapes in the fabrication of CORC cables can further reduce AC losses. This study involved the preparation of various types of REBCO multi-filamentary tapes through reel-to-reel ultraviolet picosecond laser cutting technology, as well as the manual winding of multiple single-layer CORC cable samples. This work focused on the impact of core diameter on the current-carrying performance of REBCO multi-filamentary tapes under self-field conditions at 77 K. The results indicate that the critical current (<em>I_C</em>) of REBCO multi-filamentary tapes decreases as the core diameter decreases. Furthermore, the decrease in <em>I_C</em> becomes more significant with an increasing number of cores. When the cable core diameter is 4.6 mm, the critical current of the 3-filament tape is 180.49 A with an <em>n</em>-value of 24.84, which is only a 3.1 % recession compared to the critical current of the commercialized tape. The conclusion of this paper will provide a certain data reference for the subsequent selection of CORC cable core size prepared by REBCO multi-filamentary tapes.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"144 ","pages":"Article 103981"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142659360","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mass flow and entropy production in choked 4He gas flow through micro-orifices","authors":"Longyu Yang ,&nbsp;Xin Zhang ,&nbsp;Yu Yan ,&nbsp;Shengnan Meng ,&nbsp;Bingcheng Wang ,&nbsp;Zheng Cui ,&nbsp;Cheng Shao ,&nbsp;Lin Cheng","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103979","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103979","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Micro-orifice is a critical component in cryogenic refrigeration systems that determines the mass flow rate and total cooling power. However, a sophisticated model to accurately predict mass flow rates, especially for helium (He) below its maximum inversion temperature, where its properties differ significantly from those of an ideal gas, is lacking. This study investigated the mass flow characteristics and entropy production of ⁴He gas flow in micro-orifices using computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations. Various conditions, including upstream temperatures, upstream pressures, and downstream pressures, were analyzed and compared with the predictions from the Maytal model. Our results show that entropy production due to velocity and temperature gradient fluctuations plays a significant role in determining flow rates. Under upstream conditions of 15 K, 0.7 MPa, and a 20 μm diameter, the entropy increase coefficient (<em>δ</em>) is 0.083. Neglecting this entropy production leads to an overprediction of the mass flux by 39.8 %. A modified Maytal model that accounts for entropy production yields predictions in better agreement with CFD simulations, with a maximum deviation of less than 6.3 %. This work highlights the critical role of entropy production in ⁴He gas flow through micro-orifices and offers guidance for selecting micro-orifices in cryogenic applications.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"144 ","pages":"Article 103979"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142659358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A new fast and robust thermo-hydraulic code for ITER superconducting magnet simulation","authors":"Damien Furfaro ,&nbsp;Jacek Kosek ,&nbsp;Andrey Ovcharov ,&nbsp;Tyge Schioler ,&nbsp;Rossella Rotella ,&nbsp;Tim Luce","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103978","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103978","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>A new software is being developed for plasma pulse scenario validation of the ITER magnet system behaviour and prediction of the margin to quench in superconductors. The principal idea behind this project has been to develop a software tool for the thermo-hydraulic simulation of superconducting magnets that is able to simulate different operations scenarios for the magnets at least an order of magnitude faster than real time. To achieve this level of performance, a tight coupling between the Cable-In-Conduit-Conductors and the structure of the magnet is performed. All the equations for the flow and heat conduction parts of the global model are put in a single sparse system that is integrated in time. Such tight coupling in combination with implicit time stepping allows much longer time steps whilst keeping high accuracy of the solution. The code named REIMS (Riemann Explicit Implicit Magnet Simulator) is still under development. Both central solenoid (CS) and toroidal field (TF) ITER magnets are available at this stage. The development of the different intermediate steps that led to the current version of the code required verification/validation against exact solutions, experimental data and/or comparisons with existing codes. In the same way, results obtained with REIMS for the simulation of both CS and TF loops after application of a short plasma pulse scenario have been compared to results from existing reference codes, showing a good agreement.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"144 ","pages":"Article 103978"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142659357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two stage pulse tube cryocooler with intermediate heat exchanger for accessing regenerator cooling capacity","authors":"Jens Falter ,&nbsp;Jack Schmidt ,&nbsp;Xaver Herrmann ,&nbsp;Bernd Schmidt ,&nbsp;Dirk Dietzel ,&nbsp;André Schirmeisen","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103976","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103976","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Conventional operation of closed-cycle two-stage GM-type Pulse Tube Cryocoolers (PTCs) usually relies on utilizing the cooling power of both the 1<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></msup></math></span> and the 2<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi><mi>d</mi></mrow></msup></math></span> stage. While the 1<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>s</mi><mi>t</mi></mrow></msup></math></span> stage is required to precool the 2<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi><mi>d</mi></mrow></msup></math></span> stage to reach the lowest accessible temperature below 4K, it usually also provides enough cooling power to cool additional cryostat elements such as radiation shieldings. However, current applications in quantum physics have highlighted the need to additionally access heat sinks with intermediate temperatures and cooling powers, e.g. for cooling of superconducting wires. Here we will demonstrate a cooler configuration, where a third cooling stage is incorporated into the 2<span><math><msup><mrow></mrow><mrow><mi>n</mi><mi>d</mi></mrow></msup></math></span> stage regenerator. This third intermediate cooling stage allows to extract 4-5 W of cooling power at temperatures between 8 K and 9 K for a standard two-stage PTC with a cooling capacity of 1.6 W at 4.2 K. Most importantly, this approach does not reduce the performance of the main stage but the added intermediate regenerator stage instead allows to tap into hidden cooling power of the PTC.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"144 ","pages":"Article 103976"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142659362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"An experimental and analytical investigation to determine thermal conductivity of epoxy-filler composites for space applications","authors":"Manas Kumar ,&nbsp;Shubham Upadhyay ,&nbsp;Lalit Bansal ,&nbsp;Ravi Verma","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103973","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103973","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Thermal conductivity of epoxy-filler composite based Thermal Interface Materials (TIMs) is of utmost importance for thermal management systems used in space applications. Previous studies have shown that depending on the filler particle mixed into the epoxy, thermal conductivity of the composite can either be increased or decreased. Towards that, we have selected four different filler particles (micron sized) – aluminium, copper, zinc and silver to enhance the thermal conductivity of the base epoxy. Thermal conductivity of these 4 epoxy-filler composites has been determined experimentally using an indigenous developed setup at the temperatures ranging from 4.2 K to 323 K. The values have also been reported at various volume fractions (up to 15 %). In addition, after each preparation as the filler particles are mixed mechanically into the epoxy, they are randomly distributed, and this can affect the composite’s thermal conductivity (for the same volume fraction). The experimental determination of thermal conductivity for all the possible distributions is a time consuming, and cumbersome task. In the literature, thermal conductivity values are usually reported for few possible distributions. Therefore, we have developed a novel analytical model to predict all the possible values of thermal conductivity for a specific volume fraction. The predicted values compare well with our experimental data reported in this work at temperatures ranging between 338 K (above room temperature) to 4.2 K (liquid helium temperature). The predicted values are also in good agreement with the experimental values of different fillers such as red mud, pine wood dust and glass fiber etc. from the literature. Additionally, in comparison to other theoretical models like Lewis-Nielsen, Rule of mixture, and Poisson’s distribution, the present model predicts the thermal conductivity values more precisely. This work will be significant in the designing of components where heat transfer plays an important role towards the safety of the component.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"144 ","pages":"Article 103973"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-11-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142659406","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A modified dubinin-radushkevich model describing the cryogenic adsorption of 4He on carbon materials","authors":"Teng Pan ,&nbsp;Fangqiu Yu ,&nbsp;Ke Li ,&nbsp;Zhenxing Zhu ,&nbsp;Fei Wei ,&nbsp;Wei Dai ,&nbsp;Jun Shen","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103977","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103977","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The ⁴He and ³He adsorption characteristics of porous materials serve as important references for designing and optimizing cryogenic components or systems, including adsorption pumps, helium adsorption refrigerators, and gas-gap heat switches. In this study, various types of activated carbon and carbon nanotubes were measured for their ⁴He adsorption characteristics in the range of 3–20 K and 1–18000 Pa. Parameters such as micropore volume and adsorption potential energy of porous materials were analyzed through Dubinin-Radushkevich (DR) model. A modified DR model describing the monolayer adsorption of ⁴He on different carbon-based adsorbents was developed in this study, greatly facilitating the design of adsorption systems. Further, the ⁴He adsorption model was applied to gas-gap heat switches, and a numerical model of the ⁴He gas-gap heat switch was established, which accurately predicts the actuation characteristics of several heat switches.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"144 ","pages":"Article 103977"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142578688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Development of a numerical methodology for the simulation of active-pressurization of cryogenic tanks","authors":"Francesca Rossetti ,&nbsp;Marco Pizzarelli ,&nbsp;Rocco Carmine Pellegrini ,&nbsp;Enrico Cavallini ,&nbsp;Matteo Bernardini","doi":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103959","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.cryogenics.2024.103959","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>In this study, a numerical methodology, which is suitable to describe the main thermo-fluid-dynamics phenomena characterizing the active-pressurization inside cryogenic tanks, is proposed. This task is carried out comparing the numerical predictions obtained with several models with experimental results, retrieved from the literature, of a ground-based active-pressurization experiment of a liquid nitrogen (N₂) tank pressurized with high temperature gaseous N₂. The tank is modeled as 2D axisymmetric, and the solution of the heat conduction through the tank wall is coupled to the fluid-dynamic solution by means of a conjugate heat transfer model. The two-phase fluid interface is tracked using the Volume-of-Fluid (VOF) method, and the phase transition is calculated with the Lee model. Temperature varying thermophysical properties are considered for the vapor and the wall, given the wide operational temperature range. The proposed methodology allows to accurately reproduce both the pressure rise rate during gas injection and the pressure drop occurring after the end of gas injection. Finally, the results show that the introduction of a turbulence model is necessary to describe, with higher fidelity, the active-pressurization phase and that, among the tested models, the SST <span><math><mi>k</mi><mo>−</mo><mi>ω</mi></math></span> with low-Reynolds corrections is the most adequate to represent the pressure decrease occurring after the end of gas injection.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":10812,"journal":{"name":"Cryogenics","volume":"144 ","pages":"Article 103959"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142578789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}