Crop Protection最新文献

{"title":"Papaya latex and papain as promising solutions for the management of Meloidogyne javanica associated with tomato plants","authors":"Letícia L. de Paula, Vicente P. Campos, Willian C. Terra, Daniele de Brum, Paulo V.M. Pacheco, Filippe Elias de Freitas Soares","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107122","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107122","url":null,"abstract":"Nematodes from the <ce:italic>Meloidogyne</ce:italic> genus present a major challenge to agricultural progress, requiring control methods that are environmentally safe and human friendly. This study assessed the nematicidal effects of papaya latex and papain, both in vitro and <ce:italic>in vivo</ce:italic>, on tomato plants, targeting second-stage juveniles (J2s) and eggs of <ce:italic>Meloidogyne javanica</ce:italic>. The results demonstrated that papaya latex effectively increased J2 mortality, reaching 100% at the highest concentration (1%). In contrast, papain resulted in a maximum J2 mortality of 72% at its highest concentration (3.5%). Additionally, papaya latex consistently inhibited egg hatching, with an average reduction of 45% in the first experiment and reductions of 39% and 61.9% in the second experiment at concentrations of 1.5% and 3%, respectively. Similarly, papain suppressed egg hatching at all concentrations, leading to an average reduction of 44% in the first experiment and 55% in the second. In the first replication of the <ce:italic>in vivo</ce:italic> experiment with tomato plants, the highest concentration of papaya latex (4%) reduced <ce:italic>M. javanica</ce:italic> infectivity by 68% and reproduction by 89%. In the second experiment, this concentration reduced infectivity by 70% and reproduction by 80%. For papain, infectivity was reduced by 55% in the first experiment and 40% in the second. While reproduction did not differ significantly between treatments and the control in the first experiment, it decreased by 30% in the second. Further experiments showed that both papaya latex and papain effectively activated the plant defense system in tomato. Overall, these findings add to the growing body of evidence supporting the use of natural compounds for sustainable nematode management.","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"40 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143055165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First report of Pestalotiopsis clavata, P. chamaeropis and P. lushanensis causing shoot blight on Cedrus deodara in China","authors":"Lin Rui, Wei-Liang Kong, Jian-Ren Ye, Xiao-Qin Wu","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107119","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107119","url":null,"abstract":"<ce:italic>Cedrus deodara</ce:italic>, a tree species native to the slopes of the Himalayas, has been widely cultivated for timber and ornamental purpose in China. In September 2024, blight shoots of <ce:italic>C</ce:italic>. <ce:italic>deodara</ce:italic> were commonly noticed in Nanjing City, Jiangsu Province, China, with an incidence rate of 67%. This disease reduces not only the growth but also the ornamental and economic value of affected <ce:italic>C. deodara</ce:italic>. Disease symptoms displayed as yellow brown and easily detached needles, even causing entire young shoots become dry and withered. To determine this leaf spot disease, morphological identification, multi-locus sequence analyses and pathogenicity test were performed. The results showed that the pathogens were <ce:italic>Pestalotiopsis clavata</ce:italic>, <ce:italic>P. chamaeropis</ce:italic> and <ce:italic>P. lushanensis</ce:italic> and this is the first report of the three species causing shoot blight on <ce:italic>C. deodara</ce:italic> in China. This study contributes to identify and control shoot blight on <ce:italic>C. deodara</ce:italic>, providing reference basis.","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143020244","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Hybrid architecture for crop detection and leaf disease detection with improved U-Net segmentation model and image processing","authors":"Pramod Chavan, Pratibha Pramod Chavan, Anupama Chavan","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107117","url":null,"abstract":"Agriculture stands as a cornerstone of India's economy, supporting the livelihoods of millions and feeding a vast population. Enhancing crop production is imperative, given the substantial portion of land dedicated to agriculture. However, the multifaceted nature of farming, influenced by variables like soil composition, climate, and diseases, poses significant challenges. Embracing technological advancements is pivotal to augmenting crop yields and ensuring sustainable agricultural practices. This study introduces an innovative hybrid architecture that addresses significant challenges in agriculture by identifying leaf diseases and detecting crops using deep learning and sophisticated image-processing techniques. Here, the proposed model comprises two phases namely, Crop Prediction and Leaf Disease Identification. To improve its suitability for analysis, the input image is first preprocessed. An improved U-Net segmentation algorithm has been employed to identify areas of interest in the image. Features pertinent to shape, color, and texture, including an enhanced Local Gabor XOR pattern (LGXP), are then extracted to capture comprehensive information about the crops and potential diseases. The core of our approach lies in a hybrid architecture, integrating elements of Improved Linknet and LeNet architectures. This model first determines the kind of crop in the image by using features that have been extracted. In the following step, deep features and statistical characteristics extracted from the segmented image are used to identify numerous prevalent diseases affecting the foliage. Implemented in Python, our approach is rigorously evaluated against conventional models, showcasing superior performance across various metrics. Consequently, the model has achieved a higher detection accuracy of 0.982 and the F-measure of about 0.956, indicating that the model operates better and identifies the leaf disease more successfully than other existing techniques. This research endeavours to empower farmers with actionable insights, fostering smarter agricultural practices and contributing to food security and economic prosperity.","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143055188","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Cyantraniliprole-induced intergenerational sublethal effects on fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda","authors":"Arzlan Abbas, Ali Hasnain, Faisal Hafeez, Wu Hai Chao, Dong Yu Hua, Aleena Alam, Sohail Abbas, Ayesha Iftikhar, Hamed A. Ghramh, Khalid Ali Khan, Farman Ullah, Chen Ri Zhao","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107116","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107116","url":null,"abstract":"Cyantraniliprole is a novel anthranilic diamide insecticide commonly used against fall armyworm, <ce:italic>Spodoptera frugiperda</ce:italic>; however, sublethal exposure of cyantraniliprole on different generations of <ce:italic>S</ce:italic>. <ce:italic>frugiperda</ce:italic>, has not been fully studied. This proposed study aimed to estimate the sublethal effects of cyantraniliprole on the biological and demographic parameters of parental generation (F<ce:inf loc=\"post\">0</ce:inf>) and intergenerational effects on the offspring generation (F<ce:inf loc=\"post\">1</ce:inf>) of <ce:italic>S. frugiperda</ce:italic> using Age-stage, two-sex life table software. The bioassay result proved the strong toxicity of cyantraniliprole toward <ce:italic>S. frugiperda</ce:italic>, as demonstrated by an LC<ce:inf loc=\"post\">50</ce:inf> value of 0.439 mg/kg after 96 h treatment. The larval duration of F<ce:inf loc=\"post\">0</ce:inf><ce:italic>S. frugiperda</ce:italic> significantly increased when treated with the low lethal (LC<ce:inf loc=\"post\">30</ce:inf>) and sublethal (LC<ce:inf loc=\"post\">10</ce:inf>) concentrations of cyantraniliprole. Adult longevities were decreased while pupal duration was increased in the treated groups. The adult preoviposition period (APOP) and total preoviposition period (TPOP) were higher in the treated groups compared to the control. Moreover, the fecundity was significantly decreased at the LC<ce:inf loc=\"post\">10</ce:inf> and LC<ce:inf loc=\"post\">30</ce:inf> in the F<ce:inf loc=\"post\">0</ce:inf> and F<ce:inf loc=\"post\">1</ce:inf> generations, respectively. For the F<ce:inf loc=\"post\">0</ce:inf> generation, the relative fitness (<ce:italic>R</ce:italic><ce:inf loc=\"post\"><ce:italic>f</ce:italic></ce:inf>) for the LC<ce:inf loc=\"post\">10</ce:inf> and LC<ce:inf loc=\"post\">30</ce:inf> were 0.45 and 0.32, while for the F<ce:inf loc=\"post\">1</ce:inf> generation, the values were 0.65 and 0.48, respectively. In summary, our results showed that life table characteristics of <ce:italic>S. frugiperda</ce:italic> were negatively affected by LC<ce:inf loc=\"post\">10</ce:inf> and LC<ce:inf loc=\"post\">30</ce:inf> of cyantraniliprole, ultimately inhibiting population growth. These findings may be crucial for understanding the overall impact of cyantraniliprole on the life-history traits of <ce:italic>S. frugiperda</ce:italic>, potentially aiding in the management of this invasive pest in open-field conditions.","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142986014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Can available scientific information be mobilised to ensure the efficacy of microbial biocontrol agents against plant diseases in the field?","authors":"Thomas Pressecq, Philippe C. Nicot, Jean François Bourgeay, Aurélie Rousselin, Claire Goillon, Marc Tchamitchian, Marc Bardin","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107115","url":null,"abstract":"Microbial biocontrol agents are a promising option for reducing the use of chemicals in agriculture. Due to their characteristics as living organisms, their deployment is more complex than the application of chemicals and could result in the variability of their efficacy in the field, thus hindering their adoption. Taking this complexity into account would make their use more reliable. But is information about efficacy factors sufficiently well documented in peer-reviewed scientific articles to foster their optimal use by farmers against plant diseases?","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"27 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143055189","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Agricultural biocontrol potential of bacterial volatile organic compounds (bVOCs) for enhanced crop protection","authors":"Kaouthar Loubna El Bey, Abderrahim Aasfar, Imane Bennis, Karim El Fakhouri, Ahmed-Seid Kemal, Mustapha El Bouhssini, Issam Meftah Kadmiri","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107114","url":null,"abstract":"Plant diseases and insect pests present significant challenges to agricultural productivity, while nutritional deficiencies impede plant growth. Recent research has focused on plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR), which regulate soil microbial populations and play an important role in geochemical nutrient cycles. Among the emerging strategies, volatile organic compounds (VOCs) produced by soil and plant microbiota offer promising eco-friendly alternatives to synthetic pesticides, with potential applications in disease control, growth promotion, and stress resistance.","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"30 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142986181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pestalotiopsis trachycarpicola, a new pathogen of Chinese prickly ash (Zanthoxylum bungeanum Maxim.) leaf spot disease in China","authors":"Kexin Cheng, Hong Zhang, Yan Zeng, Kunmin Yu, Yulan Jiang","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107113","url":null,"abstract":"Chinese prickly ash (<ce:italic>Zanthoxylum bungeanum</ce:italic> Maxim.) is widely cultivated in tropical and subtropical regions for its significant economic and ecological values. However, with increasing acreage, diseases of this crop are becoming more frequent and severe, threatening yield and quality. Leaf spot is a common disease affecting this crop. In October 2022, leaf spots of Chinese prickly ash plants were found in many plantations in Zhenfeng County, Guizhou Province, China, with symptoms of suborbicular or oblong brownish-red lesions and black edges, occurring at an incidence of 17%. In the face of this problem, the aim of this study was to identify the causal agent associated with this symptom. The causal agent was identified as <ce:italic>Pestalotiopsis trachycarpicola</ce:italic> Y.M. Zhang &amp; K.D. Hyde by morphological characteristics, molecular systematics of the internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), β-tubulin (<ce:italic>tub2</ce:italic>), and translation elongation factor 1-alpha (<ce:italic>tef1-α</ce:italic>) genes sequences, and pathogenicity test. As far as we know, this is the first report of <ce:italic>P</ce:italic>. <ce:italic>trachycarpicola</ce:italic> causing leaf spot disease on Chinese prickly ash in China. This study provides valuable information for developing management strategies to control this disease on Chinese prickly ash.","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142986017","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Jute under siege: A deep dive into stem rot disease caused by Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid.","authors":"Kunal Mandal, Subhojit Datta, R.K. De, S.K. Sarkar","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107112","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107112","url":null,"abstract":"Jute stem rot disease, caused by <ce:italic>Macrophomina phaseolina</ce:italic>, presents a multifaceted challenge to jute cultivation. While diseases caused by this pathogen have been reviewed extensively in several other crops, a dedicated examination of its impact on jute (<ce:italic>Corchorus capsularis</ce:italic> and <ce:italic>C. olitorius</ce:italic>) is long overdue. Continued research and innovation in disease management will be crucial for ensuring the prosperity of this important fibre crop. We present here various aspects of the jute stem rot disease, including its history, epidemiology, molecular basis of host resistance and multipronged management strategies. One of the key takeaways from this review is the importance of host resistance. Although jute lines with complete resistance to JSR are yet to be identified, several moderately resistant cultivars have shown promise in reducing disease incidence. The review underscores the value of emerging areas of research <ce:italic>viz</ce:italic>. nano-pesticides, genetic engineering in developing an integrated disease management approach for jute stem rot. Based on the current knowledge, we propose a model for the interaction between jute and <ce:italic>M. phaseolina</ce:italic> that aims to shed light on the dynamic relationship between them. As the agricultural landscape continues to evolve, the insights and strategies discussed in this review provide a foundation for sustainable and resilient jute cultivation in the face of challenges posed by stem rot disease.","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"74 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142986178","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In vitro sensitivity and field effectiveness of synthetic and plant-based fungicides against dragon fruit canker caused by Neoscytalidium dimidiatum","authors":"Pamela Suellen Salvador Dutra, Yi Huang, Tiago De Paula Lelis, Romina Gazis, Jonathan H. Crane, Shouan Zhang","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107111","url":null,"abstract":"Dragon Fruit Canker (DFC), caused by <ce:italic>Neoscytalidium dimidiatum</ce:italic>, threatens the profitability of the dragon fruit industry worldwide. In the U.S., the number of fungicides registered for this crop is limited, challenging the effective control of DFC, particularly in South Florida, where frequent outbreaks occur. This study evaluated the <ce:italic>in vitro</ce:italic> sensitivity of <ce:italic>N. dimidiatum</ce:italic> isolates to 13 synthetic and four plant-based fungicides and assessed the efficacy of the most promising candidates on detached fruit and in field trials. The synthetic fungicides fluazinam, fludioxonil, difenoconazole, propiconazole, tebuconazole, and azoxystrobin had the lowest effective concentration values (EC<ce:inf loc=\"post\">50</ce:inf>), ranging from 0.01 μg/ml to 1.48 μg/ml, indicating strong inhibition of mycelial growth <ce:italic>in vitro</ce:italic> at minimal concentrations. In contrast, the plant-based fungicides thyme oil and garlic oil demonstrated higher EC<ce:inf loc=\"post\">50</ce:inf> values (35.38 μg/ml and 37.10 μg/ml, respectively) and proved ineffective in preventing DFC symptoms in detached fruit assays. Tebuconazole was one of the most effective chemicals in detached fruit assays, with over 95% efficacy in controlling DFC, but its effectiveness decreased to 50% in the field. Field trials revealed that fluazinam was the most effective fungicide tested, reducing DFC severity in fruits by 93%. Fungicide effectiveness was lower on stems than fruits, with none exceeding 65% efficacy in the field. This is the first study to investigate the sensitivity of <ce:italic>N. dimidiatum</ce:italic> isolates to multiple fungicides in the U.S. Given its superior performance in field trials, fluazinam is a promising candidate for DFC control and should be considered further for registration in the country.","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"23 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142986018","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A rapid conductivity test offers a viable method to assess the quality of Bacillus thuringiensis products","authors":"Jorge Lima-Pérez, César Gálvez, Roberto Montesinos-Matías, Nohemi Garcia-Ortiz, Marco Antonio Mellin-Rosas, Cynthia Coccet Castaneda-Casasola, Jorge Antonio Sánchez-González","doi":"10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cropro.2025.107109","url":null,"abstract":"Faster and less expensive quality tests are essential for measuring the quality of microbial pesticides formulations for users. In this work, the conductivity of the suspensions of six commercial <ce:italic>Bacillus thuringiensis</ce:italic> products was compared with the International Units of Potency (IU) in labels, the concentration of the pesticide protein, the presence of Cry-type, virulence in the larvae of <ce:italic>Spodoptera frugiperda</ce:italic> and <ce:italic>Helicoverpa zea</ce:italic>, spore and total viability, the presence of bacterial contaminants, pH, and humidity to establish relationships. The results showed that XenTari® had more viable spores (&gt;4.5 × 10<ce:sup loc=\"post\">10</ce:sup> spores • mL<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−1</ce:sup>), and Agree® had the most total viable cells. Dipel®, Agree®, and XenTari® had the most pesticide protein (&gt;40,000 μg mL<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−1</ce:sup>). The Cry-type 1 pesticide protein was present in Agree®, XenTari®, Turinsil®, and BtKrone®, and only Dipel® contained Cry-type 1 and type 2. Regarding virulence, a survival lower than 2.6% was obtained with Agree®, BtKrone®, DiPel®, and XenTari® products when <ce:italic>S</ce:italic>. <ce:italic>frugiperda</ce:italic> and <ce:italic>H</ce:italic>. <ce:italic>zea</ce:italic> larvae were used in the bioassay. Interestingly, while Bacimín® had the highest IU label claim, the pesticide protein and mortality of <ce:italic>S</ce:italic>. <ce:italic>frugiperda</ce:italic> larvae were not observed. However, viable cells and spores were detected at the lowest concentration (&lt;2 × 10<ce:sup loc=\"post\">7</ce:sup> spores • g<ce:sup loc=\"post\">−1</ce:sup>). These results were useful for classifying products into null, medium, and high quality categories and establishing relationships with conductivity. An important relationship was found between conductivity and protein concentration (R<ce:sup loc=\"post\">2</ce:sup> &gt; 0.85) or survival (R<ce:sup loc=\"post\">2</ce:sup> &gt; 0.81). Our findings showed that conductivity predicts the quality and performance of commercial <ce:italic>B. thuringiensis</ce:italic> products, suggesting that this method is a faster and more reliable quality test that can be easily used by farmers.","PeriodicalId":10785,"journal":{"name":"Crop Protection","volume":"43 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.8,"publicationDate":"2025-01-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142986180","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":2,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}