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Realignment and Recidivism Revisited: A Closer Look at the Effects of California’s Historic Correctional Reform on Recidivism Outcomes 重新调整与再犯:加州历史性的惩教改革对再犯结果的影响
Criminal Justice Policy Review Pub Date : 2021-11-15 DOI: 10.1177/08874034211058705
Mia Bird, V. Nguyen, Ryken Grattet
{"title":"Realignment and Recidivism Revisited: A Closer Look at the Effects of California’s Historic Correctional Reform on Recidivism Outcomes","authors":"Mia Bird, V. Nguyen, Ryken Grattet","doi":"10.1177/08874034211058705","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08874034211058705","url":null,"abstract":"California’s 2011 Public Safety Realignment has received considerable attention nationally as a watershed moment in the movement to downsize prisons. The present study leverages data collected in 12 California counties to provide the most comprehensive examination to date of how Realignment has impacted recidivism for the key offender groups targeted in the reform. We find small to modest increases in rearrest in three of four groups targeted in the reform. The fourth group experienced moderate decreases in rearrest. Moreover, all groups experienced decreases in reconviction, which gives credence to the idea that a significant reprioritization of who should be in prison can positively affect public safety. These findings point to the complex ways that reforms like Realignment can affect custodial and community-based supervision systems by changing incentives for law enforcement and the people who supervise offenders. Our conclusions discuss the implications for other states and systems considering similar reforms.","PeriodicalId":10757,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Policy Review","volume":"33 1","pages":"536 - 558"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47440076","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Mission Impossible? Challenging Police Credibility in Suppression Motions 不可能的任务?在镇压动议中挑战警察的可信度
Criminal Justice Policy Review Pub Date : 2021-11-15 DOI: 10.1177/08874034211057612
Siyu Liu, Esther Nir
{"title":"Mission Impossible? Challenging Police Credibility in Suppression Motions","authors":"Siyu Liu, Esther Nir","doi":"10.1177/08874034211057612","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08874034211057612","url":null,"abstract":"Suppression motions are the means by which defendants challenge the constitutionality of stops, searches, and seizures, and move the court to exclude illegally recovered evidence. However, defendants face insurmountable obstacles in challenging police credibility in these motions. Using 31 motions with factual disputes from a northeastern state, we dissect the types of defense challenges related to stops, searches, seizures, and arrests, as well as the prevalence and types of corroborating evidence presented by the defense. We find that most defense challenges to police credibility are not corroborated, and evidence of prior police misconduct is not presented. Furthermore, judges typically rule in favor of the police when adjudicating uncorroborated factual disputes between police officers and defendants. As a result, suppression motions generally fail to serve as an accountability structure for police conduct and rarely provide defendants with a viable remedy to address rights violations.","PeriodicalId":10757,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Policy Review","volume":"33 1","pages":"584 - 607"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48536121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Using Multidisciplinary Partnerships to Advance Juvenile Justice Reform: Experiences in 10 Communities 利用多学科伙伴关系推进青少年司法改革：10个社区的经验
Criminal Justice Policy Review Pub Date : 2021-09-28 DOI: 10.1177/08874034211047895
T. Honeycutt, L. Sakala, Janine M. Zweig, Megan Hague Angus, Sino Esthappan
{"title":"Using Multidisciplinary Partnerships to Advance Juvenile Justice Reform: Experiences in 10 Communities","authors":"T. Honeycutt, L. Sakala, Janine M. Zweig, Megan Hague Angus, Sino Esthappan","doi":"10.1177/08874034211047895","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08874034211047895","url":null,"abstract":"The Annie E. Casey Foundation created its national deep-end initiative to support local jurisdictions to develop and implement practices, policies, and programs that prevent youth involved in the juvenile justice system—especially for youth of color—from being sent to out-of-home placements. This article presents findings about the role that partnerships played across 10 communities in the initiative, leveraging data collected through interviews and a web-based stakeholder survey. As part of the deep-end initiative, stakeholders developed partnerships with multiple entities, though they reported partnering with community organizations, youth, and families less than with juvenile justice agencies. Family engagement emerged broadly and consistently as a priority, but stakeholders infrequently mentioned youth engagement. Sites with more collaboration typically had stronger implementation, suggesting that successful collaboration goes hand in hand with implementing broader reform activities. Developing diverse partnerships to engage in juvenile justice reform is an achievable goal that can advance reform efforts.","PeriodicalId":10757,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Policy Review","volume":"33 1","pages":"429 - 452"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44646693","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
The Impact of Offender–Victim Cultural Backgrounds on the Likelihood of Receiving Diversion 罪犯-受害者文化背景对接受分流可能性的影响
Criminal Justice Policy Review Pub Date : 2021-09-25 DOI: 10.1177/08874034211046313
Bella Warner, B. Spivak, L. Ashford, R. Fix, J. Ogloff, S. Shepherd
{"title":"The Impact of Offender–Victim Cultural Backgrounds on the Likelihood of Receiving Diversion","authors":"Bella Warner, B. Spivak, L. Ashford, R. Fix, J. Ogloff, S. Shepherd","doi":"10.1177/08874034211046313","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08874034211046313","url":null,"abstract":"The extent to which both an alleged offender and victim’s cultural background influences how one is processed through the Australian criminal justice system is largely unknown. Such information would provide some insight into the extent of discrimination within the system. To address this question, this study aimed to ascertain whether offender/victim pairings across Indigenous and non-Indigenous cultural backgrounds predicted the likelihood of receiving diversion for first-time offenders. The sample comprised 5,616 young people aged between 10 and 17 years, from the state of New South Wales, charged with (a) an offense eligible for diversion, and (b) a crime against a person. Chi-square analyses and binary logistic regression were employed to determine proportions of inter- and intra-cultural offending and the likelihood of receiving diversion dependant on cultural grouping. Results demonstrated that charges for intra-cultural crime (within cultural group) were more likely to occur than charges for intercultural crime (between cultural groups). Indigenous subjects were more likely to receive a court summons. An Indigenous subject charged with an offense against an Indigenous victim was more than 2 times more likely to receive a court summons compared with a non-Indigenous offense against a non-Indigenous victim. An Indigenous suject charged with an offense against a non-Indigenous victim was also more likely to receive a court summons compared with a non-Indigenous/Indigenous offender/victim dyad. Findings indicate that Indigenous status is clearly impacting decisions to divert regardless of the victim’s cultural background. Further research is recommended to explore the situational reasons that underpin decisions to divert on the ground.","PeriodicalId":10757,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Policy Review","volume":"33 1","pages":"298 - 316"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46891623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
Tackling Drug-Lords in a Nascent Market: Raids and Drug Crime in Uruguay 打击肮脏市场中的毒枭：乌拉圭的突袭和毒品犯罪
Criminal Justice Policy Review Pub Date : 2021-09-23 DOI: 10.1177/08874034211046985
Juan A. Bogliaccini, D. Pereira, Juan Pereira, Cecilia Giambruno, Ignacio Borba
{"title":"Tackling Drug-Lords in a Nascent Market: Raids and Drug Crime in Uruguay","authors":"Juan A. Bogliaccini, D. Pereira, Juan Pereira, Cecilia Giambruno, Ignacio Borba","doi":"10.1177/08874034211046985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08874034211046985","url":null,"abstract":"This article analyzes the effects of police raids for different types of crime in the most conflictive neighborhoods of Montevideo, Uruguay. Interrupted time-series and intervention models are estimated using different specifications of geographical area where the crackdowns occurred and also different control strategies to produce robust results. The effect of crackdowns on crime reporting is mixed; evidence suggesting crackdowns may produce short- and long-term effects on crime depending on their ability to affect gangs’ competition for the territory and the market. It appears that the effects of raids are sensitive to the context of the criminal situation. Crackdowns are not consistently effective in influencing crime. Evidence shows it is hard to reach levels of critical enforcement through 1-day crackdowns and that crackdowns’ ability to alter drug-market conditions would depend not only on the ability to extract drug dealers from the territory but also in preventing a rapid return.","PeriodicalId":10757,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Policy Review","volume":"33 1","pages":"351 - 372"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47750933","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Public Opinions on Applying Adult Sex Offender Legislation to Minors Convicted of Sex Crimes 未成年人性犯罪适用成人性犯罪法的民意调查
Criminal Justice Policy Review Pub Date : 2021-09-18 DOI: 10.1177/08874034211046327
Calli M. Cain, Lisa L. Sample
{"title":"Public Opinions on Applying Adult Sex Offender Legislation to Minors Convicted of Sex Crimes","authors":"Calli M. Cain, Lisa L. Sample","doi":"10.1177/08874034211046327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08874034211046327","url":null,"abstract":"A controversial part of the Adam Walsh Act (AWA) mandates that states require minors adjudicated of certain sexual offenses to be on the sex offender registry, but not all states have complied. Our article examines how far the public in one Midwestern state that has not complied with the AWA is willing to go to manage juvenile sex offenders. We use a statewide survey of adults to examine attitudes toward applying adult sex offender penalties to minors adjudicated of a sex crime (residency restrictions, prohibitions from public schools, school zones, public parks, and social networking sites). Results indicate more than half (60%) of participants agreed that juveniles should be on the public sex offender registry. However, there was less consensus on how punitively juveniles should be treated compared with adult sex offenders. Results indicated which demographics in this state were more likely to hold punitive views toward juvenile sex offenders.","PeriodicalId":10757,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Policy Review","volume":"33 1","pages":"235 - 255"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43737800","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Challenging the Ordinality of Police Use-of-Force Policy 挑战警察使用武力政策的平常性
Criminal Justice Policy Review Pub Date : 2021-08-13 DOI: 10.1177/08874034211038346
Scott M. Mourtgos, Ian T. Adams, Samuel R. Baty
{"title":"Challenging the Ordinality of Police Use-of-Force Policy","authors":"Scott M. Mourtgos, Ian T. Adams, Samuel R. Baty","doi":"10.1177/08874034211038346","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08874034211038346","url":null,"abstract":"Most use-of-force policies utilized by U.S. police agencies make fundamental ordinal assumptions about officers’ force responses to subject resistance. These policies consist of varying levels of force and resistance along an ordinally ranked continuum of severity. We empirically tested the ordinal assumptions that are ubiquitous to police use-of-force continua within the United States using 1 year’s use-of-force data from a municipal police department. Applying a quantitative technique known as categorical regression with optimal scaling, we found the assumptions of ordinality within the studied department’s use-of-force continuum (which is similar to many police use-of-force continua within the United States) are not met. Specifying physical force as a “lower” force option than less-lethal tools is associated with increased officer injury and decreased subject injury. Our findings call into question use-of-force continua featuring ordinal rankings for varying categories of less-lethal force.","PeriodicalId":10757,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Policy Review","volume":"33 1","pages":"119 - 147"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42607270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
Parole Officer Decision-Making Before Parole Revocation: Why Context Is Key When Delivering Correctional Services 假释官在撤销假释前的决策:为什么环境是提供惩教服务的关键
Criminal Justice Policy Review Pub Date : 2021-08-12 DOI: 10.1177/08874034211035494
Michael Ostermann, Jordan M. Hyatt
{"title":"Parole Officer Decision-Making Before Parole Revocation: Why Context Is Key When Delivering Correctional Services","authors":"Michael Ostermann, Jordan M. Hyatt","doi":"10.1177/08874034211035494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08874034211035494","url":null,"abstract":"Back-end sentencing is the discretionary, administrative process through which individuals on parole are returned to prison for violating the requirements of their supervised release. Parole officers play a crucial role in this process as they are the witnesses to the rule-breaking behaviors of people on parole supervision and ultimately must initiate the back-end sentencing process. This study explores predictors of parole officer decision-making when determining whether to consider a person for revocation or to gear programmatic community-based resources toward them in an attempt to decrease the likelihood of their eventual revocation. Our results indicate that if people released to parole are front-loaded programmatic resources as a part of their release conditions from prison, the odds that parole officers subsequently gear community-based programs toward them decreases by approximately 60%. Other factors such as demographics, actuarial risk levels, and criminal history were not significantly predictive of officer decision-making in this context.","PeriodicalId":10757,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Policy Review","volume":"33 1","pages":"273 - 297"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48650652","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Exonerating DNA Evidence in Overturned Convictions: Analysis of Data Obtained From the National Registry of Exonerations 在推翻的定罪中免除DNA证据:从国家免除登记获得的数据分析
Criminal Justice Policy Review Pub Date : 2021-08-01 DOI: 10.1177/08874034211033327
Mark Saber, Brooke Nodeland, R. Wall
{"title":"Exonerating DNA Evidence in Overturned Convictions: Analysis of Data Obtained From the National Registry of Exonerations","authors":"Mark Saber, Brooke Nodeland, R. Wall","doi":"10.1177/08874034211033327","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08874034211033327","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, advances in DNA testing technology have been coupled with DNA exonerations. In response, increasing public and empirical attention have been given to the experiences of those wrongfully convicted by the criminal justice system. Several jurisdictions have created Conviction Integrity Units (CIUs) to review convictions of primarily violent defendants for wrongful conviction. However, empirical examination of the impact of CIUs and other factors predicting DNA exoneration remains limited. This study uses data from the National Registry of Exonerations to examine the impact of CIUs, location of conviction, and other factors that make exonerations more likely to feature DNA evidence. Findings suggest that offense type, year of conviction, and gender are significant predictors of DNA exoneration. Policy implications are also discussed.","PeriodicalId":10757,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Policy Review","volume":"33 1","pages":"256 - 272"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/08874034211033327","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47174172","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Does Speed Matter? The Association Between Case Processing Time in Juvenile Court and Rearrest 速度重要吗?少年法庭案件处理时间与再逮捕的关系
Criminal Justice Policy Review Pub Date : 2021-07-30 DOI: 10.1177/08874034211035500
Abigail Novak, Elizabeth N. Hartsell
{"title":"Does Speed Matter? The Association Between Case Processing Time in Juvenile Court and Rearrest","authors":"Abigail Novak, Elizabeth N. Hartsell","doi":"10.1177/08874034211035500","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/08874034211035500","url":null,"abstract":"The present study assessed the relationship between case processing time and rearrest among a sample of first-time juvenile offenders referred to the Florida juvenile justice system and examined the extent to which this association varied by youth and case characteristics. Propensity score analyses suggested youth with longer case processing times had higher odds of being rearrested within 1 year compared to youth with shorter case processing times. Subgroup analyses suggested differences in the effects of case processing time by youth and case-level characteristics. According to results, policymakers should prioritize implementing and enforcing case processing time restrictions in their jurisdictions, particularly for detained youth and remain aware of the potential ensnaring implications of longer case processing times to reduce rearrest rates for first-time juvenile offenders.","PeriodicalId":10757,"journal":{"name":"Criminal Justice Policy Review","volume":"33 1","pages":"317 - 343"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://sci-hub-pdf.com/10.1177/08874034211035500","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46231478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
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