Conservation Biology最新文献

{"title":"Global invasion and biosecurity risk from the online trade in ornamental crayfish","authors":"Julian D. Olden,&nbsp;Francisco A. C. Carvalho","doi":"10.1111/cobi.14359","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cobi.14359","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Trade in undomesticated ornamental animals has rapidly expanded beyond brick-and-mortar retail stores to now include growing numbers of internet marketplaces. The growing volume, diversity, and origins of invasive non-native species in trade challenge already weak national biosecurity policies. Despite widespread focus on vertebrates, many knowledge gaps exist regarding the online global trade of ornamental invertebrates. We conducted the first global assessment of the online trade in and associated invasion risk of freshwater crayfishes, which are increasingly popular aquarium animals. We systematically examined e-commerce marketplaces in multiple languages, scrapping information that included species identity, price, quantity, and shipping designation from each crayfish listing. Next, we combined geographic pathways of shipping associated with online trade (introduction risk) and environmental suitability modeling (establishment risk) to estimate global risk of non-native crayfish invasion risk. We identified hundreds of online marketplaces and thousands of sale listings in 33 countries (5 continents) involving 60 species and representing a selling value of ∼US$1.5 million. Invasion risk of non-native crayfish in trade was widespread, with geographic hotspots coinciding with both elevated opportunities for introduction (greater shipping offerings) and establishment. Precise characterization of the online species trade is fundamental to support new and reformed biosecurity policies, build industry partnerships, and design educational campaigns to prevent species invasions through trade. We found that the taxonomy, geography, and economics of the global online ornamental crayfish trade are vast and require greater attention.</p>","PeriodicalId":10689,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Biology","volume":"38 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cobi.14359","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142153340","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Challenges of regulating commercial use of marine elapid snakes in the Indo-Pacific","authors":"Mark Auliya,&nbsp;Arne Redsted Rasmussen,&nbsp;Kate L. Sanders,&nbsp;Aaron Savio Lobo","doi":"10.1111/cobi.14336","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cobi.14336","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Marine elapid snakes are a diverse, predominantly Indo-West Pacific species group. The persistent removal of some species has an unquantified but potentially dire impact on populations. We conducted the first comprehensive review of the trade in marine elapid snakes based on published literature (1974–2022) and trade data from the only species (i.e., <i>Hydrophis</i> [<i>Lapemis</i>] <i>curtus</i>) whose trade is monitored internationally. Some species and populations were subjected to targeted harvest for their meat and skins for at least the last century; fisheries are possibly the most significant threat to populations of marine elapids, with the highest numbers being exploited either accidentally, incidentally, or opportunistically in Southeast Asian fisheries targeting other seafood, including demersal trawl and squid fisheries. Southeast Asia is the core region for exploitation of marine elapids. Annual offtake is &gt;225,000 individuals of at least 8 species in the Gulf of Thailand. Of 72 recognized marine elapids (all non-CITES [Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora] species), <i>Hydrophis curtus</i> and <i>Hydrophis cyanocinctus</i> dominate the skin trade. Skins of <i>H. curtus</i> are traded mainly in East and Southeast Asia and, to some extent, Europe. Despite some baseline information on the trade of these species, the sustainability of their harvests, particularly in the context of the burgeoning and unmanaged nature of fisheries in the region, remains the major challenge. In an era of declining fish stocks, there has been an increasing trend to commercialize the harvest and use marine elapids that were once considered accidental bycatch and discarded. This trend will continue to pose a significant risk to these snakes unless appropriate fisheries and trade regulations are enforced. Applying the precautionary principle to prevent the overexploitation of sea snakes is an indispensable measure in which trade in regional populations should be regulated through CITES. Accordingly, management plans to identify core distribution regions of exploited species would be crucial for assigning national responsibilities to sustain species and populations in the long term.</p>","PeriodicalId":10689,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Biology","volume":"38 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cobi.14336","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142153333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Expert assessment of illegal collecting impacts on Venus flytraps and priorities for research on illegal trade","authors":"Jared D. Margulies,&nbsp;Benjamin Trost,&nbsp;Laura Hamon,&nbsp;Natalie Z. Kerr,&nbsp;Michael Kunz,&nbsp;John L. Randall,&nbsp;Roger D. Shew,&nbsp;Dale M. Shew,&nbsp;Lesley Starke,&nbsp;Dale Suiter,&nbsp;Zachary West","doi":"10.1111/cobi.14320","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cobi.14320","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Illegal collecting of wild Venus flytraps (<i>Dionaea muscipula</i>) for the horticultural trade represents a persistent threat to populations of the species across their endemic range in the coastal plain of North and South Carolina (United States). Although wild collecting of Venus flytraps is not a novel threat, there has been very little research on the impacts of collecting on the species’ conservation to date or why an illegal trade persists alongside a legal one. We drew on qualitative expert stakeholder elicitation to contextualize the threat of illegal collecting to the long-term conservation of Venus flytraps in relation to other anthropogenic threats. Expert elicitation included botanical and conservation researchers, cognizant state and federal agency staff, land managers, and conservation nonprofit actors. The workshop included mapping of supply chain structures and prioritization of social and environmental harms. Expert consensus determined illegal collecting is an ongoing problem for Venus flytrap conservation, but habitat destruction, degradation, and fire suppression are the most significant threats to flytrap conservation. Supply chain analysis showed that observable social and environmental harms of the trade are focused at the supply stage and that less is known about transit and demand stages. Key research gaps identified include a lack of understanding of plant laundering practices relevant to a range of desirable plant taxa; the role of commercial nurseries in illicit horticultural supply chains; motivations for engaging in Venus flytrap collecting; and the persistent demand for illegally harvested plants when cultivated, legally obtainable plants are readily available. Our findings and methodology are relevant to a range of ornamental plants affected by illegal trade for which robust social data on illegal collecting drivers are lacking.</p>","PeriodicalId":10689,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Biology","volume":"38 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cobi.14320","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142153337","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying species biases among multidata sources on illegal wildlife trade and its implications for conservation","authors":"Sifan Hu,&nbsp;Zhijian Liang,&nbsp;Dan Liang,&nbsp;Yang Liu,&nbsp;Jia Zhong,&nbsp;Qian Wei,&nbsp;Tien Ming Lee","doi":"10.1111/cobi.14351","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cobi.14351","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Unsustainable wildlife consumption and illegal wildlife trade (IWT) threaten biodiversity worldwide. Although publicly accessible data sets are increasingly used to generate insights into IWT, little is known about their potential bias. We compared three typical and temporally corresponding data sets (4204 court verdicts, 926 seizure news reports, and 219 bird market surveys) on traded birds native to China and evaluated their possible species biases. Specifically, we evaluated bias and completeness of sampling for species richness, phylogeny, conservation status, spatial distribution, and life-history characteristics among the three data sets when determining patterns of illegal trade. Court verdicts contained the largest species richness. In bird market surveys and seizure news reports, phylogenetic clustering was greater than that in court verdicts, where songbird species (i.e., Passeriformes) were detected in higher proportions in market surveys. The seizure news data set contained the highest proportion of species of high conservation priority but the lowest species coverage. Across the country, all data sets consistently reported relatively high species richness in south and southwest regions, but markets revealed a northern geographic bias. The species composition in court verdicts and markets also exhibited distinct geographical patterns. There was significant ecological trait bias when we modeled whether a bird species is traded in the market. Our regression model suggested that species with small body masses, large geographical ranges, and a preference for anthropogenic habitats and those that are not nationally protected were more likely to be traded illegally. The species biases we found emphasize the need to know the constraints of each data set so that they can optimally inform strategies to combat IWT.</p>","PeriodicalId":10689,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Biology","volume":"38 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cobi.14351","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142153342","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Assessing the global prevalence of wild birds in trade","authors":"Paul F. Donald,&nbsp;Eresha Fernando,&nbsp;Lauren Brown,&nbsp;Michela Busana,&nbsp;Stuart H. M. Butchart,&nbsp;Serene Chng,&nbsp;Alicia de la Colina,&nbsp;Juliana Machado Ferreira,&nbsp;Anuj Jain,&nbsp;Victoria R. Jones,&nbsp;Rocio Lapido,&nbsp;Kelly Malsch,&nbsp;Amy McDougall,&nbsp;Colum Muccio,&nbsp;Dao Nguyen,&nbsp;Willow Outhwaite,&nbsp;Silviu O. Petrovan,&nbsp;Ciara Stafford,&nbsp;William J. Sutherland,&nbsp;Oliver Tallowin,&nbsp;Roger Safford","doi":"10.1111/cobi.14350","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cobi.14350","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Trade represents a significant threat to many wild species and is often clandestine and poorly monitored. Information on which species are most prevalent in trade and potentially threatened by it therefore remains fragmentary. We used 7 global data sets on birds in trade to identify species or groups of species at particular risk and assessed the extent to which they were congruent in terms of the species recorded in trade. We used the frequency with which species were recorded in the data sets as the basis for a trade prevalence score that was applied to all bird species globally. Literature searches and questionnaire surveys were used to develop a list of species known to be heavily traded to validate the trade prevalence score. The score was modeled to identify significant predictors of trade. Although the data sets sampled different parts of the broad trade spectrum, congruence among them was statistically strong in all comparisons. Furthermore, the frequency with which species were recorded within data sets was positively correlated with their occurrence across data sets, indicating that the trade prevalence score captured information on trade volume. The trade prevalence score discriminated well between species identified from semi-independent assessments as heavily or unsustainably traded and all other species. Globally, 45.1% of all bird species and 36.7% of globally threatened bird species had trade prevalence scores ≥1. Species listed in Appendices I or II of CITES, species with large geographical distributions, and nonpasserines tended to have high trade prevalence scores. Speciose orders with high mean trade prevalence scores included Falconiformes, Psittaciformes, Accipitriformes, Anseriformes, Bucerotiformes, and Strigiformes. Despite their low mean prevalence score, Passeriformes accounted for the highest overall number of traded species of any order but had low representation in CITES appendices. Geographical hotspots where large numbers of traded species co-occur differed among passerines (Southeast Asia and Eurasia) and nonpasserines (central South America, sub-Saharan Africa, and India). This first attempt to quantify and map the relative prevalence in trade of all bird species globally can be used to identify species and groups of species that may be at particular risk of harm from trade and can inform conservation and policy interventions to reduce its adverse impacts.</p>","PeriodicalId":10689,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Biology","volume":"38 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cobi.14350","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142153330","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The need for a socioecological harm reduction approach to reduce illegal wildlife trade","authors":"Annette Hübschle,&nbsp;Jared Margulies","doi":"10.1111/cobi.14335","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cobi.14335","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The burgeoning illegal trade in succulents in southern Africa presents a critical conservation and social development challenge. Drawing parallels with the trajectory of the response to rhinoceros poaching, we considered the consequences of conservation law enforcement measures, particularly the militarization of antipoaching efforts. The response to rhinoceros poaching not only resulted in so-called green militarization, but also led to extrajudicial killings, human rights abuses, and the disproportionate targeting of low-level poachers. The nature of wildlife trade prohibition is complex and often contested, and many actors operating in illegal wildlife trades dispute the label of <i>illegal</i> for socioeconomic, cultural, historical, or political reasons. This contestation is crucial when considering Indigenous cultural and medicinal values of succulents, with Indigenous Peoples and local communities questioning the criminalization of traditional plant harvesting practices. As the illegal trade in succulents continues to grow, it is imperative for conservationists to consider a nuanced approach. We call for a socioecological harm reduction approach that emphasizes community engagement, sustainable use, and codesigned interventions. Such an approach could help balance the scales of ecological conservation and human dignity in the face of growing wildlife trade challenges.</p>","PeriodicalId":10689,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Biology","volume":"38 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cobi.14335","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142153344","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A call to include fungi in wildlife trade research and policy","authors":"Rodrigo Oyanedel,&nbsp;Marios Levi,&nbsp;Giuliana Furci","doi":"10.1111/cobi.14340","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cobi.14340","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10689,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Biology","volume":"38 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142153326","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A review of commercial captive breeding of parrots as a supply-side intervention to address unsustainable trade","authors":"Alisa Davies,&nbsp;Neil D'Cruze,&nbsp;Rowan Martin","doi":"10.1111/cobi.14338","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cobi.14338","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The volume and scale of commercial captive breeding of parrots have grown dramatically in recent decades. Although it has been proposed, and is often assumed, that captive breeding can reduce pressure on wild populations, there has been little scrutiny of the scale, viability, or impacts of captive breeding to prevent overexploitation among parrots, compared with similar approaches in other threatened taxa, such as pangolins or tigers. We reviewed the primary and gray literature to quantitatively and qualitatively evaluate evidence concerning 5 criteria, established a priori, for commercial captive breeding of parrots as an effective supply-side intervention. We focused on a sample of 16 threatened parrot species that are heavily traded or for which unsustainable trade has been a factor in the decline of wild populations, representing a range of taxonomic groups, life histories, and native regions. We identified multiple major gaps in knowledge of the extent to which these criteria are met, including a lack of quantitative data on breeding productivity under current commercial breeding practices, the scale and scope of commercial breeding practices in growing parrot markets, particularly in the Middle East and Asia, and the lack of financial viability of captive breeding under effective regulation to prevent laundering or use of wild-sourced specimens as breeding stock. The capacity for captive breeding to displace demand for wild-sourced parrots varied between species, and complex interactions between trade in different species and contexts sometimes made consequences of commercial production difficult to predict. Decision makers and regulatory authorities should approach commercial captive breeding of parrots with caution and take into account knowledge gaps and cross-linkages between trade in different species to avoid unanticipated consequences from stimulating and facilitating unsustainable trade in wild-sourced parrots.</p>","PeriodicalId":10689,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Biology","volume":"38 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cobi.14338","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142153328","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The state of nature in Madagascar","authors":"Clive Nuttman","doi":"10.1111/cobi.14378","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.14378","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10689,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Biology","volume":"102 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":6.3,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142202331","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A conservation masterclass","authors":"M. Scott","doi":"10.1111/cobi.14377","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cobi.14377","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;&lt;b&gt;Reflections: What wildlife needs and how to provide it&lt;/b&gt;. Avery, M. 2023. Pelagic Publishing, London, UK. xv + 237 pp. £20.00 (paperback). ISBN 978-1-78427-390-3.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;I have met Mark Avery occasionally at wildlife conservation events. He is a larger-than-life personality, sometimes outspoken, but always informed and rational. He often rages but never rants. He worked for the Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, a British conservation charity, for 25 years and was its Director of Conservation from 1998 to 2011.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Compared with his earlier books, this is gentler and more reflective, as the title suggests. It deserves to be his most influential book yet. It is an object lesson in simple, almost conversational writing, aimed at capturing the interest of anyone with a broad interest in the natural world, then gently leading them into considering difficult policy issues. Yet, it does not speak down to those of us who think we know something about those issues. All of us in conservation science, wherever we are in the world, could take lessons from his style and approach.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;As Avery concedes, the book is very much English in its focus, right from its rather twee front cover of idealized English countryside with iconic English wildlife. Will it appeal to an international readership? To be frank, some of the scenes evoked in his first chapter, “Glimpses of Wildlife,” do not even resonate with me as a Scot! I do not have a local wood where I lament the disappearance of the nightingale (&lt;i&gt;Luscinia megarhynchos&lt;/i&gt;), and reintroduced red kites (&lt;i&gt;Milvus milvus&lt;/i&gt;) do not gladden the skies above my home. However, I can easily transpose my own local perceptions instead: the disappearance of the house martins (&lt;i&gt;Delichon urbica&lt;/i&gt;) that once nested in the eaves of our old house and the reintroduced white-tailed eagles (&lt;i&gt;Haliaeetus albicilla&lt;/i&gt;) that take my breath away with their sheer size as they soar occasionally over our neighboring craggy hillside. The experiences he writes about are ones we can all identify with, wherever we live, even if his examples are mostly English.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Chapter 2 is about the state of wildlife in the United Kingdom. Some of that wildlife is internationally important, like the UK's seabird populations, but many of the lessons he draws from the British experience, its successes, failures, and current challenges hold lessons for other parts of the world. He identifies “Four Horsemen of the [Ecological] Apocalypse”: invasive species, overharvesting, pollution, and habitat loss. I thought I had found a rare oversight. I would have proposed habitat mismanagement and undermanagement as a fifth rider, but he later expands his fourth category to “habitat loss and deterioration,” which is fair enough. I am pretty sure those horsemen are just as destructive throughout Europe, Australia, New Zealand, North America, and other parts of the world that I know less well.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;His chapter “What is Wildlife Conservati","PeriodicalId":10689,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Biology","volume":"38 6","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2024-09-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cobi.14377","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142202349","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}