Conservation Biology最新文献

{"title":"Finding floral and faunal species richness optima among active fire regimes.","authors":"Zachary L Steel, Alissa M Fogg, Raphaela Floreani Buzbee, Kate Wilkin, Brandon M Collins, Ryan Burnett, Marc D Meyer, Amarina Wuenschel, Scott L Stephens","doi":"10.1111/cobi.70079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.70079","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Changing fire regimes have important implications for biodiversity and challenge traditional conservation approaches that rely on historical conditions as proxies for ecological integrity. This historical-centric approach becomes increasingly tenuous under climate change, necessitating direct tests of environmental impacts on biodiversity. At the same time, widespread departures from historical fire regimes have limited the ability to sample diverse fire histories. We examined 2 areas in California's Sierra Nevada (USA) with active fire regimes to study the responses of bird, plant, and bat communities to a broad spectrum of temporal, spatial, and severity patterns of fire. Bird and plant species richness peaked in the first decade following fire. Species richness was highest with moderate burn severity for birds and with low burn severity for plants. Bat richness increased with longer mean fire-return intervals and was greatest in landscapes that included predominantly unburned areas or moderate to high burn severity patches. All taxa responded positively to pyrodiversity, with effect sizes varying with the metric used to assess variation in fire patterns. Our results suggest that restoring historical fire regimes would benefit biodiversity relative to most contemporary dry forests in California, but that total species richness would be highest under somewhat more frequent and varied severity fires than historical targets would indicate. Given the variable optima among taxa, managing for a range of complementary conditions that create local and landscape heterogeneity would best accommodate diverse flora and fauna and other forest conservation objectives.</p>","PeriodicalId":10689,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Biology","volume":" ","pages":"e70079"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144224611","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"On the normative roles of biodiversity and naturalness in conservation.","authors":"David Saltz, Shlomo Cohen","doi":"10.1111/cobi.70072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.70072","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Nature is an opaque concept. Consequently, the term biodiversity conservation has replaced nature conservation in most conservation contexts. We review the conceptual indeterminacies that plague the terms nature and natural but then show that comparable difficulties plague biodiversity. Then, we provide a new theory that sorts out the respective normative roles of naturalness and biodiversity within the ecocentric-intrinsic school of conservation. This is an elaboration on the conservation philosophy presented by Saltz and Cohen (2023). They presented a 3-tiered normative scheme: ultimate value, midlevel principles, and lower level case-specific judgments. The ultimate value is naturalness, which exists on a gradient. Ethical judgment is needed to choose the most adequate midlevel principle or principles among autonomy, integrity, and resilience based on case-specific parameters and the goal of maximizing naturalness in a given area. Saltz and Cohen (2023) do not specify the role of biodiversity, however. We fill in that crucial gap by explaining that the midlevel principles refer to structural and functional biodiversity. The principles prioritized are those that will contribute the most to naturalness, depending on the biodiversity attributes and management options in a given area. In this scheme, biodiversity represents the lower tier, case-specific metrics for assessing naturalness. However, because biodiversity can only be quantified by proxies that cannot be projected onto a unified scale, biodiversity acts as an umbrella term for the measures that are the metrics for assessing naturalness. As such, biodiversity is a salient parameter to be measured for maximizing naturalness in conservation and is analogous to measures of homeostasis for safeguarding health in medicine.</p>","PeriodicalId":10689,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Biology","volume":" ","pages":"e70072"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144224614","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Rapid riparian ecosystem decline in Rocky Mountain National Park.","authors":"David J Cooper, E William Schweiger, Jeremy R Shaw, Cherie J Westbrook, Kristen Kaczynski, Hanem Abouelezz, Scott M Esser, Koren Nydick, Isabel de Silva, Rodney A Chimner","doi":"10.1111/cobi.70053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.70053","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Understanding the drivers of ecosystem collapse is critical for resource management, particularly for protected areas mandated to preserve biodiversity. In Rocky Mountain National Park, Colorado, tall willows (Salix spp.) dominated riparian vegetation, and a beaver-willow state was the natural ecosystem type in the Colorado River headwaters. However, willows comprise a portion of elk diets and are a preferred food for recently introduced moose, and the vegetation structure has changed dramatically since the early 2000s. To assess ecosystem changes, we analyzed time-series data on willow height from 1997 to 2021 inside and outside 3 exclosures built to exclude ungulates, area of tall willows in 1999 and 2019, area of open water from 1953 to 2019, vegetation composition in 1998 and 2021, groundwater depth from 1996 to 2021, surface water flow from 1953 to 2023, and climate from 1950 to 2023. Tall willow coverage and open water area declined by >90% from 1999 to 2019. Willow height outside the ungulate exclosures declined by more than 75% since the 1990s; yet, within exclosures that were formerly browsed, willow height increased by up to 500%. Tall willow communities have largely been replaced by grasslands. Browsing by elk and moose likely played a pivotal role in triggering a collapse of the beaver-willow state and the formation of an alternative moose-elk-grassland state that appears stable and may be difficult to reverse without direct human action. Restoration efforts will depend on a reduction in herbivory and reconnection of the river with its floodplain.</p>","PeriodicalId":10689,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Biology","volume":" ","pages":"e70053"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144224616","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Strategically timing land protection decisions to enhance biodiversity benefits.","authors":"Paul R Armsworth, Rachel E Fovargue, Amanda A Hyman, Gwenllian D Iacona, Charles B Sims, Hyun Seok Yoon","doi":"10.1111/cobi.70068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.70068","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Choices conservation organizations make when designing and implementing protected area strategies affect the timing of land protection. Well-timed habitat protection will have a greater impact on biodiversity outcomes; yet, decisions affecting the timing of protection have received much less attention than other aspects of protected area design. We reviewed evidence on the timing of protected area establishment and on temporal variation in factors influencing the ecological effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of establishing protected areas. Protected area coverage often increases in episodic bursts rather than at some uniform rate. Moreover, temporal variation in biodiversity indicators, habitat conversion threats, and the cost of protecting land suggests that the conservation benefit of protecting land at some times will be greater than that at others. Conservation organizations increase their flexibility to choose when they protect land by using flexibility-creating mechanisms, such as loans, multiyear budgeting, and endowment management. Models and theory suggest how this can be done to have the largest positive impact for conservation by exploiting long- and short-term variation in factors that affect the rate of biodiversity return on protected area investments.</p>","PeriodicalId":10689,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Biology","volume":" ","pages":"e70068"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144224623","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Wildlife health perceptions and monitoring practices in globally distributed protected areas.","authors":"Diego Montecino-Latorre, Mathieu Pruvot, Sarah H Olson","doi":"10.1111/cobi.70076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.70076","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The status of health monitoring practices in protected areas (PAs) is largely unknown, but potential gaps could undermine biodiversity conservation at these key sites. There is also a lack of baseline information regarding local perceptions of wildlife, human, and livestock health relevance that could affect health monitoring implementation in PAs. To address these deficiencies, we conducted a web-based survey of data managers from PAs worldwide. Specifically, we assessed perceptions regarding wildlife health and pathogen transmission between wildlife, humans, and livestock; the detection and documentation of unhealthy wildlife (injured, sick, and dead) and domestic animals in PAs; and health data management. Eighty-six out of 128 responses were analyzed. Respondents considered WH relevant to the conservation goals of PAs (97%), and 98% of them confirmed that unhealthy wildlife are encountered. However, >50% and >20% of respondents claimed that injured or sick and dead animals were not recorded, respectively. When these animals were documented, the recording methods and information collected differed. Although respondents considered domestic animal presence common and a conservation concern, these animals or their health status may not be recorded (30% and 74%, respectively). Health data were often stored in a database, but paper forms and spreadsheets were also used. Responses suggested that valuable syndromic wildlife health surveillance data from PAs are not collected or are lost due to inadequate management and their value could be limited by a lack of standardized recording protocols.</p>","PeriodicalId":10689,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Biology","volume":" ","pages":"e70076"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144224624","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Analysis of morphological attributes as a driver of trade in poison dart frogs.","authors":"Puja Jaichand, David L Roberts, Iain M Fraser","doi":"10.1111/cobi.70061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.70061","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The unsustainable use of wildlife is a threat to biodiversity on a global scale, and the insatiable demand is driven by the attributes of the species, their parts, and derivatives. However, not all species are equally valued; certain attributes command a higher price. One example is the exotic pet trade in amphibians and reptiles. Poison dart frogs (Dendrobatidae) are particularly in demand owing to their vibrant colors and diurnal behavior. Focusing on the dart frog genus Dendrobates, we examined buyer preference for specific attributes. For this, we collected market data from the online trade of Dendrobates and combined these with morphological data. The attribute data collected from online platforms included species, locale, country sold from, company or platform, origin, sex, size, and age. These data were combined with morphological attribute data for each species and locale. We used hedonic price regression analysis to ascertain whether the selected attributes influenced the price of dart frogs. Species, age, region sold from, market rarity, head color, and trunk colors were all predictors of price. With such knowledge, it may be possible to prioritize those species in particular demand to increase the economic return to range states and local communities through livelihood initiatives. Further, it may be possible to anticipate the value of newly described species and identify those that may become threatened through unsustainable trade.</p>","PeriodicalId":10689,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Biology","volume":" ","pages":"e70061"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144224595","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Socioeconomic drivers of wild meat consumption in the city of Iquitos, Peru.","authors":"Fiorella Briceño Huerta, Michael P Gilmore, Mark Bowler, Brian M Griffiths","doi":"10.1111/cobi.70056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.70056","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Wild meat represents a vital source of micro- and macronutrients for forest-dwelling people; however, city dwellers with access to animal protein from different animals may also consume large amounts of wild meat as part of their customs and traditions, to diversify their diets, to maintain connections to their rural kin, and to access meat without having to pay the high prices of domestic meat in the city. The aggregate urban and rural demand for wild meat consumption demonstrates a great risk for overhunting highly preferred and vulnerable species and degrading already fragile Amazonian ecosystems and the food security of people in rural areas. We assessed the effects of socioeconomics factors on wild meat consumption in the city of Iquitos in the Peruvian Amazon. We conducted 1548 interviews with consumers across the city of Iquitos and collected socioeconomic and wild meat consumption data. We used a double hurdle model to estimate simultaneously the probability of a consumer eating wild meat each week and their consumption rate based on 10 variables. In final parsimonious models, monthly income, location in the city (district and distance to market), amount of education, and amount of time spent in Iquitos were all important factors determining consumption rate. We predicted that consumption rates would vary across the city and in some areas would be as high as >7 kg·person^-1·year^-1. The spatial distribution of wild meat consumption showed that people in newer, rapidly growing parts of the city consumed more wild meat and were therefore more dependent on sustainable supply chains. We recommend that consumers who have very high predicted consumption rates may be useful targets for conservation efforts to reduce that consumption, such as culturally relevant, informal educational programs. In our study, these people migrated from rural areas and live along the Iquitos-Nauta Road and are wealthy consumers in downtown Iquitos.</p>","PeriodicalId":10689,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Biology","volume":" ","pages":"e70056"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144224618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Bridging conservation gaps under climate change at multiple scales to protect 30% of Earth's surface by 2030.","authors":"Hui Wu, Le Yu, Xiaoli Shen, James E M Watson, Huawei Wan, Yue Cao, Ting Hua, Tao Liu, Jianqiao Zhao, Jianguo Liu, Jixi Gao, Keping Ma","doi":"10.1111/cobi.70054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.70054","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The 30×30 commitment outlined in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework (KM-GBF) offers a critical opportunity for enhancing global biodiversity conservation. However, KM-GBF's efforts to address climate change impacts remain limited. We developed 1-km-resolution hotspot maps for climate change vulnerability with the exposure-sensitivity-adaptation framework, species distribution for 4 terrestrial vertebrate taxa, and carbon stock capacity including organic and biomass carbon, for 2030. Then, we developed a systematic conservation planning approach that, beyond the 3 conservation features mentioned, also considered human activities, connectivity, and Shared Socioeconomic Pathways. The plan included the identification of conservation priorities and gaps for China and the Association of Southeast Asian Nations region (China-ASEAN) at regional, national, and biogeographical scales. We found that 6.59% of the land in China-ASEAN overlapped all 3 hotspots, primarily in Indonesia, Malaysia, and Cambodia. Across all 3 spatial scales, newly identified conservation priorities were concentrated in low-elevation areas, particularly between 10° S and 10° N at the regional scale. Currently, protected areas cover 15.49% of China-ASEAN's land, representing 7.00% of climate change vulnerability hotspots, 12.45% of species distribution potential hotspots, and 14.56% of carbon stock capacity hotspots for 2030. If the 30×30 commitment is realized at a regional scale, these percentages are expected to increase to 22.93%, 33.15%, and 34.75%, respectively. Areas of conservation priority identified with our framework were significantly affected by the scale of protection coordination, yet they remained stable across Shared Socioeconomic Pathways, indicating their effectiveness in diverse future scenarios. The biogeographical scale had the smallest average conservation gap for all 12 countries (13.14%). Financial challenges are highest for Indonesia at the regional scale and for Malaysia at the national and biogeographical scales. Precise conservation based on appropriate scales is essential to achieving the 30×30 commitment and maximizing its conservation effectiveness under climate change.</p>","PeriodicalId":10689,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Biology","volume":" ","pages":"e70054"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144224597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring gaps, biases, and research priorities in the evidence for reptile conservation actions.","authors":"Oliver Speight, William H Morgan, Thomas B White, Katie A Sainsbury, Amos Bouskila, Guy Rotem, Rebecca K Smith, William J Sutherland, Maggie J Watson, Alec P Christie","doi":"10.1111/cobi.70073","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.70073","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>With over 21% of reptile species threatened with extinction, there is an urgent need to ensure conservation actions to protect and restore populations are informed by relevant, reliable evidence. We examined the geographic and taxonomic distribution of 707 studies that tested the effects of actions to conserve reptiles synthesized in Conservation Evidence's Reptile Conservation synopsis. More studies were conducted in countries with higher gross domestic product per capita, more reptile species, and higher proportions of threatened reptile species. Studies were clustered in the United States (43%) and Australia (15%), and no studies were conducted in large parts of Southeast Asia, South America, and sub-Saharan Africa. Taxonomically, 47% of 90 reptile families (mostly Squamata) were not studied at all. Although Squamata and Testudines species featured in approximately 50% of studies, 7 of the 10 most-studied reptiles (constituting 36% of studies) were turtles or tortoises, and there were significantly more studies per species on Testudines than Squamata. There were also significantly more studies on species: classified as least concern (as opposed to all other International Union for Conservation of Nature categories apart from near threatened); not categorized as endemic or insular; with more Wikipedia page views; and lacking data on venomousness. There was no significant relationship between the number of studies and the evolutionary distinctiveness or body mass of species. Our results highlight pressing evidence needs, particularly for underrepresented regions and threatened and data-deficient species (e.g., evolutionarily distinct and globally endangered reptiles in South America, sub-Saharan Africa, and Southeast Asia). To overcome evidence gaps and a lack of basic ecological data, future work should explore how the effects of actions transfer across taxa and regions. We call for greater efforts to coordinate and increase testing and reporting in a strategic manner to inform more effective and efficient conservation actions globally.</p>","PeriodicalId":10689,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Biology","volume":" ","pages":"e70073"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144224601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A habitat-based approach to reporting the direct impacts of an organization on biodiversity.","authors":"Karel Mokany, Chris Ware, Roozbeh Valavi, Katherine Giljohann, Simon Ferrier, Cara Stitzlein, Gonzalo Mata","doi":"10.1111/cobi.70071","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cobi.70071","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>There is a rapidly growing need for efficient but rigorous methods for organizations to assess and disclose their biodiversity impacts. We devised a habitat-based analytical approach for estimating the direct impacts of an organization on biodiversity. In our broad approach, we considered the time series of an organization's spatial footprint and assumed its biodiversity position was the accumulated positive and negative impacts over space and time. We demonstrated the approach by assessing the biodiversity position of CSIRO-Australia's national science agency, which has owned or controlled 50 sites across Australia since 1916, covering >460,000 ha. We applied 3 complementary habitat-based biodiversity indicators (effective habitat area, species extinction risk, and threatened species habitat), all with a fine resolution annual (1987-2023) time series of ecosystem condition as their basis. At the end of the most recent observation year, the CSIRO was in a negative biodiversity position in terms of all 3 biodiversity indicators. Over the time series considered, the activities of CSIRO were estimated to have led to an increase in the extinction risk for all native species by 1.0 species; a reduction in effective habitat area of 11,945 ha and a reduction in threatened species habitat of 22,307 species hectares (i.e., condition-weighted amount of habitat available to threatened species). Although the magnitude of the biodiversity position for CSIRO was strongly influenced by a single very large site (Murchison), the vast majority of the CSIRO sites were also in a negative position when considered separately. We demonstrated how future-looking scenario analysis can be linked with this biodiversity assessment approach, with a single natural regeneration action across the large Murchison site estimated to return CSIRO's biodiversity position close to neutral within 50 years.</p>","PeriodicalId":10689,"journal":{"name":"Conservation Biology","volume":" ","pages":"e70071"},"PeriodicalIF":5.2,"publicationDate":"2025-05-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144224594","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"环境科学与生态学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}