Clinical EEG and Neuroscience最新文献

{"title":"Oscillatory Activities in Multiple Frequency Bands in Patients with Schizophrenia During Motion Perception.","authors":"C Başar-Eroğlu,&nbsp;K M Küçük,&nbsp;L Rürup,&nbsp;C Schmiedt-Fehr,&nbsp;B Mathes","doi":"10.1177/15500594221141825","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15500594221141825","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Patients with schizophrenia show impairment in binding stimulus features into coherent objects, which are reflected in disturbed oscillatory activities. This study aimed to identify disturbances in multiple oscillatory bands during perceptual organization of motion perception in patients with schizophrenia. EEG was recorded from healthy controls and patients with schizophrenia during continuous presentation of a motion stimulus which induces reversals between two exogenously generated perceptions. This stimulus was used to investigate differences in motion binding processes between healthy controls and patients with schizophrenia. EEG signals were transformed into frequency components by means of the Morlet wavelet transformation in order to analyse inter-trial coherences (ITC) in the delta (1-4 Hz), theta (4-7 Hz), alpha (8-12 Hz), and gamma (28-48 Hz) frequency bands during exogenous motion binding. Patients showed decreased delta-ITC in occipital and theta-ITC in central and parietal areas, while no significant differences were found for neither alpha nor gamma-ITCs. The present study provides one of the first insights on the oscillatory synchronizations related with the motion perception in schizophrenia. The ITC differences revealed alterations in the consistency of large-scale integration and transfer functions in patients with schizophrenia.</p>","PeriodicalId":10682,"journal":{"name":"Clinical EEG and Neuroscience","volume":"54 4","pages":"349-358"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9696240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mental Activity as the Bridge between Neural Biomarkers and Symptoms of Psychiatric Illness.","authors":"Justin Riddle,&nbsp;Flavio Frohlich","doi":"10.1177/15500594221112417","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15500594221112417","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) initiative challenges researchers to build neurobehavioral models of psychiatric illness with the hope that such models identify better targets that will yield more effective treatment. However, a guide for building such models was not provided and symptom heterogeneity within Diagnostic Statistical Manual categories has hampered progress in identifying endophenotypes that underlie mental illness. We propose that the best chance to discover viable biomarkers and treatment targets for psychiatric illness is to investigate a triangle of relationships: severity of a specific psychiatric symptom that correlates to mental activity that correlates to a neural activity signature. We propose that this is the minimal model complexity required to advance the field of psychiatry. With an understanding of how neural activity relates to the experience of the patient, a genuine understanding for how treatment imparts its therapeutic effect is possible. After the discovery of this three-fold relationship, causal testing is required in which the neural activity pattern is directly enhanced or suppressed to provide causal, instead of just correlational, evidence for the biomarker. We suggest using non-invasive brain stimulation (NIBS) as these techniques provide tools to precisely manipulate spatial and temporal activity patterns. We detail how this approach enabled the discovery of two orthogonal electroencephalography (EEG) activity patterns associated with anhedonia and anxiosomatic symptoms in depression that can serve as future treatment targets. Altogether, we propose a systematic approach for building neurobehavioral models for dimensional psychiatry.</p>","PeriodicalId":10682,"journal":{"name":"Clinical EEG and Neuroscience","volume":"54 4","pages":"399-408"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10311940/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"10100601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Temporal and Spectral Properties of the Auditory Mismatch Negativity and P3a Responses in Schizophrenia.","authors":"Nancy B Lundin,&nbsp;Leah P Burroughs,&nbsp;Paul D Kieffaber,&nbsp;Jaime J Morales,&nbsp;Brian F O'Donnell,&nbsp;William P Hetrick","doi":"10.1177/15500594221089367","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15500594221089367","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The mismatch negativity (MMN) event-related potential (ERP) indexes relatively automatic detection of changes in sensory stimuli and is typically attenuated in individuals with schizophrenia. However, contributions of different frequencies of electroencephalographic (EEG) activity to the MMN and the later P3a attentional orienting response in schizophrenia are poorly understood and were the focus of the present study. Participants with a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder (<i>n</i> = 85) and non-psychiatric control participants (<i>n</i> = 74) completed a passive auditory oddball task containing 10% 50 ms \"deviant\" tones and 90% 100 ms \"standard\" tones. EEG data were analyzed using spatial principal component analysis (PCA) applied to wavelet-based time-frequency analysis and MMN and P3a ERPs. The schizophrenia group compared to the control group had smaller MMN amplitudes and lower deviant-minus-standard theta but not alpha event-related spectral perturbation (ERSP) after accounting for participant age and sex. Larger MMN and P3a amplitudes but not latencies were correlated with greater theta and alpha time-frequency activity. Multiple linear regression analyses revealed that control participants showed robust relationships between larger MMN amplitudes and greater deviant-minus-standard theta inter-trial coherence (ITC) and between larger P3a amplitudes and greater deviant-minus-standard theta ERSP, whereas these dynamic neural processes were less tightly coupled in participants with a schizophrenia-spectrum disorder. Study results help clarify frequency-based contributions of time-domain (ie, ERP) responses and indicate a potential disturbance in the neural dynamics of detecting change in sensory stimuli in schizophrenia. Overall, findings add to the growing body of evidence that psychotic illness is associated with widespread neural dysfunction in the theta frequency band.</p>","PeriodicalId":10682,"journal":{"name":"Clinical EEG and Neuroscience","volume":"54 4","pages":"409-419"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9696187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Phase Delay of the 40 Hz Auditory Steady-State Response Localizes to Left Auditory Cortex in Schizophrenia.","authors":"Brian J Roach, Yoji Hirano, Judith M Ford, Kevin M Spencer, Daniel H Mathalon","doi":"10.1177/15500594221130896","DOIUrl":"10.1177/15500594221130896","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Background.</i> The auditory steady state response (ASSR) is generated in bilateral auditory cortex and is the most used electroencephalographic (EEG) or magnetoencephalographic measure of gamma band abnormalities in schizophrenia. While the finding of reduced 40-Hz ASSR power and phase consistency in schizophrenia have been replicated many times, the 40-Hz ASSR phase locking angle (PLA), which assesses oscillation latency or phase delay, has rarely been examined. Furthermore, whether 40-Hz ASSR phase delay in schizophrenia is lateralized or common to left and right auditory cortical generators is unknown. <i>Methods</i>. Previously analyzed EEG data recorded from 24 schizophrenia patients and 24 healthy controls presented with 20-, 30-, and 40-Hz click trains to elicit ASSRs were re-analyzed to assess PLA in source space. Dipole moments in the right and left hemisphere were used to assess both frequency and hemisphere specificity of ASSR phase delay in schizophrenia. <i>Results.</i> Schizophrenia patients exhibited significantly reduced (ie, phase delayed) 40-Hz PLA in the left, but not the right, hemisphere, but their 20- and 30-Hz PLA values were normal. This left-lateralized 40-Hz phase delay was unrelated to symptoms or to previously reported left-lateralized PLF reductions in the schizophrenia patients. <i>Conclusions.</i> Consistent with sensor-based studies, the 40-Hz ASSR source-localized to left, but not right, auditory cortex was phase delayed in schizophrenia. Consistent with prior studies showing left temporal lobe volume deficits in schizophrenia, our findings suggest sluggish entrainment to 40-Hz auditory stimulation specific to left auditory cortex that are distinct from well-established deficits in gamma ASSR power and phase synchrony.</p>","PeriodicalId":10682,"journal":{"name":"Clinical EEG and Neuroscience","volume":"54 4","pages":"370-378"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10311936/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9796905","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Relationship Between Cannabinoids and Neural Oscillations: How Cannabis Disrupts Sensation, Perception, and Cognition.","authors":"Shariful A Syed,&nbsp;Ashley M Schnakenberg Martin,&nbsp;Jose A Cortes-Briones,&nbsp;Patrick D Skosnik","doi":"10.1177/15500594221138280","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15500594221138280","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Disruptions in neural oscillations are believed to be one critical mechanism by which cannabinoids, such as delta-9-tetrahyrdrocannabinol (THC; the primary psychoactive constituent of cannabis), perturbs brain function. Here we briefly review the role of synchronized neural activity, particularly in the gamma (30-80 Hz) and theta (4-7 Hz) frequency range, in sensation, perception, and cognition. This is followed by a review of clinical studies utilizing electroencephalography (EEG) which have demonstrated that both chronic and acute cannabinoid exposure disrupts neural oscillations in humans. We also offer a hypothetical framework through which endocannabinoids modulate neural synchrony at the network level. This also includes speculation on how both chronic and acute cannabinoids disrupt functionally relevant neural oscillations by altering the fine tuning of oscillations and the inhibitory/excitatory balance of neural circuits. Finally, we highlight important clinical implications of such oscillatory disruptions, such as the potential relationship between cannabis use, altered neural synchrony, and disruptions in sensation, perception, and cognition, which are perturbed in disorders such as schizophrenia.</p>","PeriodicalId":10682,"journal":{"name":"Clinical EEG and Neuroscience","volume":"54 4","pages":"359-369"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9688626","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Special Issue: Update on Neural Oscillations in Neuropsychiatric Disorders.","authors":"Bahar Güntekin,&nbsp;Brian F O'Donnell","doi":"10.1177/15500594231181523","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15500594231181523","url":null,"abstract":"The present issue highlights recent progress in the analysis of oscillatory activity for the assessment, understanding and remediation of psychiatric and neurologic disorders. Contemporary interest in neural synchrony and oscillations in neuropsychiatric disorders has been motivated by investigations of cellular and network oscillations, modeling of neural networks and advances in signal analysis. Hebb proposed that synchronous activation between two neurons strengthened connectivity between them; and that a reverberatory neural circuit could maintain a representation of a stimulus in memory. More recent findings implicate neural synchrony and oscillations in feature binding, attentional selection, arousal, memory operations and consciousness. Consequently, disturbances of oscillations within and between neural ensembles may contribute to sensory, behavioral and cognitive deficits in neuropsychiatric disorders. Because human EEG and MEG activity are generated by synchronized inhibitory and excitatory postsynaptic potentials within large ensembles of neurons, they are well suited for the detection of neural synchrony and oscillations with millisecond temporal resolution. In the present issue, investigators describe alterations of spontaneous or evoked oscillatory activity in a wide range of conditions, including Parkinson’s disease (Bayraktaroglu et al, 2023), Alzheimer’s disease (Fide et al, 2023), neurodegenerative disorders (Keller et al, 2023) depression (Riddle et al, 2023), schizophrenia (Basar Eroglu et al, 2023; Lundin et al, 2023; Peterson et al, 2023; Roach et al, 2023) and cannabis use disorders (Syed et al, 2023). These studies are broadly consistent with the hypothesis that disorders that affect signaling or connectivity among neurons will be associated with aberrant oscillatory activity. Moreover, these data indicate the potential of oscillatory measures for probing neuropathological mechanisms, identifying biomarkers, tracking course and predicting outcomes. Advances in signal analysis have been critical for the characterization of oscillatory activity in neuropsychiatric populations. At a single channel, time frequency analysis yields measures of frequency, amplitude and phase. Time-frequency analysis allows the assessment of the temporal dynamics of event-related oscillations before and after an event of interest (Delorme and Makeig, 2004; Keil et al, 2022). The papers in this issue draw on a rich array of methods, including resting power spectrum, event-related phase locking, phase delay, event-related power spectrum, coherence, and resting or event-related cross-frequency coupling. Lundin et al (2023) investigated the event-related power spectrum in patients with schizophrenia and Fide et al (2023) examined patients with Alzheimer’s disease patients. Event-related phase locking, also termed inter-trial coherence, is a measure of phase consistency across trials relative to a time locking event for a specific frequency band. In th","PeriodicalId":10682,"journal":{"name":"Clinical EEG and Neuroscience","volume":"54 4","pages":"347-348"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9696319","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation Alters Auditory Steady-State Oscillatory Rhythms and Their Cross-Frequency Couplings.","authors":"S. de la Salle, J. Choueiry, Mark Payumo, Matt Devlin, Chelsea Noel, A. Abozmal, M. Hyde, Renée Baysarowich, B. Duncan, V. Knott","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.4081702","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4081702","url":null,"abstract":"Auditory cortical plasticity deficits in schizophrenia are evidenced with electroencephalographic (EEG)-derived biomarkers, including the 40-Hz auditory steady-state response (ASSR). Aiming to understand the underlying oscillatory mechanisms contributing to the 40-Hz ASSR, we examined its response to transcranial alternating current stimulation (tACS) applied bilaterally to the temporal lobe of 23 healthy participants. Although not responding to gamma tACS, the 40-Hz ASSR was modulated by theta tACS (vs sham tACS), with reductions in gamma power and phase locking being accompanied by increases in theta-gamma phase-amplitude cross-frequency coupling. Results reveal that oscillatory changes induced by frequency-tuned tACS may be one approach for targeting and modulating auditory plasticity in normal and diseased brains.","PeriodicalId":10682,"journal":{"name":"Clinical EEG and Neuroscience","volume":"1 1","pages":"15500594231179679"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-06-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44036347","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Experimental Validation of the Cumulative MDRM in theP300 Speller Machine.","authors":"Fodil Zerrouki,&nbsp;Salah Haddab","doi":"10.1177/15500594221078166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15500594221078166","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>The P300 speller Machine is among the leading applications of the electroencephalography (EEG)-based brain computer interfaces (BCIs), it is still a benchmark and a persistent challenge for the BCI Community. EEG signal classification represents the key piece of a BCI chain. The minimum distance to Riemannian mean (MDRM) belongs to these classification methods emerging in different BCI applications such as text spelling by thought. Based on a binary classification of each covariance matrix separately, character prediction is done according to the highest score across the whole set of all repetitions. Minimum cumulative distance to Riemannian mean (MCDRM) is a Cumulative variant of the MDRM, perfectly adapted to the P300 Speller Machine. The power of this variant is that prediction takes a more global proceeding involving the <i>n</i> repetitions together. Indeed, thanks to cumulative distances selected row and column are those having the covariance matrices both closer to the Target barycenter and farther from the non-Target one. This variant overcomes the main MDRM limitations as it improves inter-sessional generalization, allows optimal use of all repetitions and reduces considerably the risk of conflict appearing during the selection of rows and columns leading to character prediction. We applied this variant to the raw signals of Data set II-b of Berlin BCI and compared to the published results the MCDRM offers significantly higher results: 97.5% of correct predictions compared to the 96.5% of the competition winner. The MCDRM fits best with the P300 Speller machine, especially when dealing with noisy signals that requires intelligent and optimal usage of the <i>n</i> repetitions.</p>","PeriodicalId":10682,"journal":{"name":"Clinical EEG and Neuroscience","volume":"54 3","pages":"238-246"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9315368","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Monitoring the Awake and Anesthetized Unconscious States Using Bispectral Index and Electroencephalographic Connectivity Measures.","authors":"Marianne Cecilie Johansen Nævra,&nbsp;Luis Romundstad,&nbsp;Anders Aasheim,&nbsp;Pål Gunnar Larsson","doi":"10.1177/15500594221131680","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15500594221131680","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Objective.</i> Our objective was to compare three electroencephalography (EEG)-based methods with anesthesiologist clinical judgment of the awake and anesthetized unconscious states. <i>Methods.</i> EEG recorded from 25 channels and from four channel bilateral Bispectral index (BIS) electrodes were collected from 20 patients undergoing surgery with general anesthesia. To measure connectivity we applied Directed Transfer Function (DTF) in eight channels of the EEG, and extracted data from BIS over the same time segments. Shannon's entropy was applied to assess the complexity of the EEG signal. Discriminant analysis was used to evaluate the data in relation to clinical judgment. <i>Results.</i> Assessing anesthetic state relative clinical judgment, the bilateral BIS gave the highest accuracy (ACC) (95.4%) and lowest false positive discovery rate (FDR) (0.5%) . Equivalent DTF gave 94.5% for ACC and 2.6% for FDR. Combining all methods gave ACC = 94.9% and FDR = 1%. Generally, entropy scored lower on ACC and higher on FDR than the other methods (ACC 90.87% and FDR 4.6%). BIS showed at least a one minute delay in 18 of the 20 patients. <i>Conclusions.</i> Our results show that BIS and DTF both have a high ACC and low FDR. Because of time delays in BIS values, we recommend combining the two methods.</p>","PeriodicalId":10682,"journal":{"name":"Clinical EEG and Neuroscience","volume":"54 3","pages":"273-280"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/4c/58/10.1177_15500594221131680.PMC10084521.pdf","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9284116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Altered Dynamic Brain Connectivity in Individuals With Sickle Cell Disease and Chronic Pain Secondary to Hip Osteonecrosis.","authors":"Jamille Evelyn R S Santana,&nbsp;Abrahão F Baptista,&nbsp;Rita Lucena,&nbsp;Tiago da S Lopes,&nbsp;Raphael S do Rosário,&nbsp;Marjorie R Xavier,&nbsp;André Fonseca,&nbsp;José Garcia V Miranda","doi":"10.1177/15500594211054297","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1177/15500594211054297","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Individuals with sickle cell disease (SCD) exhibit changes in static brain connectivity in rest. However, little known as chronic pain associated with hip osteonecrosis affects dynamic brain connectivity during rest and the motor imagery task. The aim of this study was to investigate the characteristics of the dynamic functional brain connectivity of individuals with SCD and chronic pain secondary to hip osteonecrosis. This is a cross-sectional study comparing the dynamic brain connectivity of healthy individuals (n = 18) with the dynamic brain connectivity of individuals with SCD and chronic pain (n = 22). Individuals with SCD and chronic pain were stratified into high- or low-intensity pain groups based on pain intensity at the time of assessment. Dynamic brain connectivity was assessed through electroencephalography in 3 stages, resting state with eyes closed, and during hip (painful for the SCD individuals) and hand (control, nonpainful) motor imagery. Average weight of the edges and full synchronization time (FST)-time required for 95% of the possible edges to appear over time during a given task-were evaluated. Regarding the average weight of the edges, individuals with SCD and high-intensity pain presented higher edge weight during hip motor imagery. The average weight of the edges correlated positively with pain intensity and depression symptoms. Individuals with SCD and chronic pain complete the cerebral network at rest more quickly (lower FST). Individuals with SCD and chronic pain/hip osteonecrosis have impaired dynamic brain network with shorter FST in rest network and more pronounced diffuse connectivity in individuals with high-intensity pain. The dynamic brain network evaluated by time-varying graphs and motif synchronization was able to identify differences between groups.</p>","PeriodicalId":10682,"journal":{"name":"Clinical EEG and Neuroscience","volume":"54 3","pages":"333-342"},"PeriodicalIF":2.0,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9266859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}