Connective Tissue Research最新文献

{"title":"HMGB1: a potential new target for tendinopathy treatment.","authors":"Panpan Lu,&nbsp;Yingjuan Li,&nbsp;Guangchun Dai,&nbsp;Yuanwei Zhang,&nbsp;Liu Shi,&nbsp;Ming Zhang,&nbsp;Hao Wang,&nbsp;Yunfeng Rui","doi":"10.1080/03008207.2023.2199089","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03008207.2023.2199089","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Tendinopathy describes a complex pathology of the tendon characterized by abnormalities in the microstructure, composition, and cellularity of the tendon, leading to pain, limitation of activity and reduced function. Nevertheless, the mechanism of tendinopathy has not been fully elucidated, and the treatment of tendinopathy remains a challenge. High mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), a highly conserved and multifaceted nuclear protein, exerts multiple roles and high functional variability and is involved in many biological and pathological processes. In recent years, several studies have suggested that HMGB1 is associated with tendinopathy and may play a key role in the pathogenesis of tendinopathy. Therefore, this review summarizes the expression and distribution of HMGB1 in tendinopathy, focuses on the roles of HMGB1 and HMGB1-based potential mechanisms involved in tendinopathy, and finally summarizes the findings on HMGB1-based therapeutic approaches in tendinopathy, probably providing new insight into the mechanism and further potential therapeutic targets of tendinopathy.</p>","PeriodicalId":10661,"journal":{"name":"Connective Tissue Research","volume":"64 4","pages":"362-375"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9749714","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"β-Arrestin 2 knockout prevents bone loss in response to continuous parathyroid hormone stimulation in male and female mice.","authors":"Gilberto Li Feng,&nbsp;Marc D Grynpas,&nbsp;Jane Mitchell","doi":"10.1080/03008207.2023.2199086","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03008207.2023.2199086","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Background: </strong>β-Arrestin 2 (β-arr2) binds activated parathyroid hormone (PTH) receptors stimulating internalization. PTH stimulates both anabolic and catabolic effect on bone depending on the way it is administered. Intermittent PTH stimulation increases trabecular bone formation in mice, but this is decreased in mice lacking β-arr 2, suggesting a role for β-arr 2 in the anabolic effects of PTH. The role of β-arr 2 in the catabolic effects of continuous PTH (cPTH) treatment is not known.</p><p><strong>Objective: </strong>To assess the effects of cPTH administration on bone in mice lacking β-arr 2 compared to wild-type (WT).</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Groups of male and female WT or β-arr2 knockout (KO) mice were administered either PTH or phosphate-buffered saline by osmotic pumps for 2 weeks. Following treatment, serum calcium and phosphate levels were measured, bone structure and mineral density were measured by microcomputed tomography, and bone cells measured by static and dynamic histomorphometry.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>β-arr2 KO had no effects on skeletal development in mice of either sex. PTH treatment caused hypercalcemia and hypophosphatemia and decreased trabecular and cortical bone only in male WT mice. β-arr2 KO in male mice completely abrogated the effects of PTH on bone, while in female β-arr2 KO mice, PTH treatment increased trabecular bone with no effects on cortical bone.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>These results demonstrate a profound sex effect on skeletal responses to cPTH treatment, suggesting a protective effect of estrogen on bone loss. β-arr2 plays a role in restraining the anabolic effects of PTH in both male and female mice.</p>","PeriodicalId":10661,"journal":{"name":"Connective Tissue Research","volume":"64 4","pages":"350-361"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9746416","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Periosteum-derived Micrografts for bone regeneration.","authors":"Basel Mahardawi,&nbsp;Kevin A Tompkins,&nbsp;Nikos Mattheos,&nbsp;Sirida Arunjaroensuk,&nbsp;Atiphan Pimkhaokham","doi":"10.1080/03008207.2023.2206489","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03008207.2023.2206489","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Bone regeneration is currently one of the most widely researched topics in regenerative medicine. Several bone-grafting materials have been introduced and compared. However, the limitations of the currently available grafts have led researchers to investigate new materials to be used. In contrast, the periosteum performs endogenous bone regeneration as seen in physiological bone fracture repair, and transplanted periosteum has been used to induce bone regeneration in animal models. Although many of the introduced bone grafting materials have not been clinically evaluated, the use of the periosteum for bone regeneration has been documented in several clinical situations. Recently, the Micrograft concept, which was initially used to treat burn patients, where the tissue sample is cut into smaller pieces to expand the area that they can cover, has been applied to oral periosteal tissue for inclusion in scaffolds for bone defect healing, and was evaluated in various clinical bone augmentation procedures. This article first presents a brief overview of some of the commonly used bone grafts and their limitations. Next, it provides background information on the periosteum, including its histology and the cell biology and signaling involved in its osteogenic effect, periosteum-derived Micrografts, their osteogenic potential, and their recent clinical applications for bone augmentation.</p>","PeriodicalId":10661,"journal":{"name":"Connective Tissue Research","volume":"64 4","pages":"400-412"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-07-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9746456","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mechanics and differential healing outcomes of small and large defect injuries of the tendon-bone attachment in the rat rotator cuff.","authors":"Anna Lia Sullivan, Ryan C Locke, Rachel K Klink, Connor C Leek, James E Carpenter, Megan L Killian","doi":"10.1080/03008207.2022.2152334","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03008207.2022.2152334","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Introduction: </strong>Rotator cuff tear size affects clinical outcomes following rotator cuff repair and is correlated with the risk of recurrent tendon defects. This study aimed to understand if and how the initial defect size influences the structural and mechanical outcomes of the injured rotator cuff attachment in vivo.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Full-thickness punch injuries of the infraspinatus tendon-bone attachment in Long Evans rats were created to compare differences in healing outcomes between small and large defects. Biomechanical properties, gross morphology, bone remodeling, and cell and tissue morphology were assessed at both 3- and 8-weeks of healing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>At the time of injury (no healing), large defects had decreased mechanical properties compared to small defects, and both defect sizes had decreased mechanical properties compared to intact attachments. However, the mechanical properties of the two defect groups were not significantly different from each other after 8-weeks of healing and significantly improved compared to no healing but failed to return to intact levels. Local bone volume at the defect site was higher in large compared to small defects on average and increased from 3- to 8-weeks. In contrast, bone quality decreased from 3- to 8-weeks of healing and these changes were not dependent on defect size. Qualitatively, large defects had increased collagen disorganization and neovascularization compared to small defects.</p><p><strong>Discussion: </strong>In this study, we showed that both large and small defects did not regenerate the mechanical and structural integrity of the intact rat rotator cuff attachment following healing in vivo after 8 weeks of healing.</p>","PeriodicalId":10661,"journal":{"name":"Connective Tissue Research","volume":"64 3","pages":"262-273"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10164669/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9493382","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Formyl peptide receptors in bone research.","authors":"Mark A Lantieri, Jose R Perdomo Trejo, Quang Le, Abhijit Dighe, Quanjun Cui, Xinlin Yang","doi":"10.1080/03008207.2022.2149397","DOIUrl":"10.1080/03008207.2022.2149397","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose/aim of the study: </strong>The formyl peptide receptor (FPR) participates in the immune response, with roles in infection and inflammation. In this review article, we summarize the current literature on these roles before discussing the function of FPRs in the pathogenesis of musculoskeletal disorders including osteoarthritis (OA), degenerative disc disease (DDD), and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Additionally, we discuss the potential diagnostic and therapeutic roles of FPRs in these domains.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>PubMed and Ovid MEDLINE searches were performed from 1965 through March 2022. Keywords included \"FPR, tissue expression, inflammation, infection, musculoskeletal disorder, bone, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, degenerative disc disease, mitochondria.\"</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Sixty-nine studies were included in this review article. FPRs appear to be ubiquitous in the pathogenesis, diagnosis, and treatment of common musculoskeletal disorders. They can potentially be utilized for the earlier diagnosis of OA and DDD. They may be employed with mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) to reverse OA and DDD pathologies. With anti-inflammatory, anti-osteolytic, and pro-angiogenic functions, they may broaden treatment options in RA.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>FPRs appear to be heavily involved in the pathogenesis of common musculoskeletal conditions, including arthritis, degenerative disc disease, and rheumatoid arthritis. Furthermore, they demonstrate much promise in the diagnosis and treatment of these conditions. Their roles should continue to be explored.</p>","PeriodicalId":10661,"journal":{"name":"Connective Tissue Research","volume":"64 3","pages":"229-237"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10164673/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9689821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Teriparatide prevented synovial inflammation and cartilage destruction in mice with DMM.","authors":"Xu Liang,&nbsp;Sen-Rui Li,&nbsp;Xin-Xin Zhang,&nbsp;Shi-Hao He,&nbsp;Shan-Shan Li,&nbsp;Tian-Fang Li","doi":"10.1080/03008207.2022.2157723","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03008207.2022.2157723","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Aim: </strong>Emerging data have demonstrated that low-grade inflammation in osteoarthritis, a long-held degenerative disease. The inflamed synovium produces various cytokines that induce cartilage destruction and joint pain. A previous study showed that teriparatide, an FDA approved anti-osteoporotic drug, may enhance cartilage repair. Our study focuses on its role in OA synovitis.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>Primary mouse articular chondrocytes were used to determine the most potent cytokines involved in OA inflammation and cartilage destruction. A destabilization of the medial meniscus mouse model was established to investigate the effect of teriparatide in OA, particularly, on synovial inflammation and cartilage degradation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>In vitro experiments showed that TNF-α was the most potent inducer of cartilage matrix-degrading enzymes, and that teriparatide antagonized the TNF-α of effect. Consistently, articular cartilage samples from TNF-α transgenic mice contained more MMP-13 positive chondrocytes than those from wild type mice. In addition, more type II collagen was cleaved in human OA cartilage than in normal cartilage samples.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Teriparatide can prevent synovitis and cartilage degradation by suppressing TNF-α mediated MMP-13 overexpression. Together with its chondroregenerative capability, teriparatide may be the first effective disease modifying osteoarthritis drug.</p>","PeriodicalId":10661,"journal":{"name":"Connective Tissue Research","volume":"64 3","pages":"274-284"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9487618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Role of pro-inflammatory interleukins in osteoarthritis: a narrative review.","authors":"Asma Inès Sana Jrad,&nbsp;Maha Trad,&nbsp;Wafaa Bzeih,&nbsp;Georges El Hasbani,&nbsp;Imad Uthman","doi":"10.1080/03008207.2022.2157270","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03008207.2022.2157270","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>This manuscript will summarize the role of pro-inflammatory cytokines and tackle newly discussed ones within the scope of OA pathogenesis as mentioned in the recent literature. This will allow for a better understanding of the mechanisms behind such a complicated disease.</p><p><strong>Material and methods: </strong>Relevant articles were obtained by searching key terms including \"pro-inflammatory cytokines,\" \"inflammation,\" \"pathophysiology,\" \"cartilage damage,\" and \"OA\" in PubMed and Google Scholar databases. The year ranges set for the selection of the articles was between 2015 -2021. Inclusion criteria was based on the relevance and contribution to the field of the study.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Osteoarthritis (OA) has a complex multifactorial pathophysiology which is attributed to molecular and biomechanical changes that disrupt the normal balance of synthesis and degradation of articular cartilage and subchondral bone. Pro-inflammatory cytokines, with their wide range of action and intricate signaling pathways, are the constant subject of new discoveries revolving around this inflammatory disease. The available literature indicates that some of these cytokines such as IL-33, IL-17, IL-6, and IL-22 have a direct relation to cartilage degradation, while others like IL-15, IL-1, IL-7, and IL-34 have an indirect one.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>Inflammation has an essential role in the manifestation of osteoarthritis clinical events. Specifically, certain cytokines exhibit pro-inflammatory properties that are markedly activated during the course of the disease and notably alter the homeostasis of the joint environment. However, clinical trials and observational studies remain insufficient to navigate the varying nature of this disease in humans.</p>","PeriodicalId":10661,"journal":{"name":"Connective Tissue Research","volume":"64 3","pages":"238-247"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9487619","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Tendon properties in a mouse model of severe osteogenesis imperfecta.","authors":"Larissa Sinkam,&nbsp;Iris Boraschi-Diaz,&nbsp;René B Svensson,&nbsp;Michael Kjaer,&nbsp;Svetlana V Komarova,&nbsp;Raynald Bergeron,&nbsp;Frank Rauch,&nbsp;Louis-Nicolas Veilleux","doi":"10.1080/03008207.2022.2161376","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03008207.2022.2161376","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose/aim of the study: </strong>Osteogenesis imperfecta is a heritable bone disorder that is usually caused by mutations in collagen type I encoding genes. The impact of such mutations on tendons, a structure with high collagen type I content, remains largely unexplored. We hypothesized that tendon properties are abnormal in the context of a mutation affecting collagen type I. The main purpose of the study was to assess the anatomical, mechanical, and material tendon properties of <i>Col1a1</i>^<i>Jrt/+</i> mice, a model of severe dominant OI.</p><p><strong>Materials and methods: </strong>The Flexor Digitorum Longus (FDL) tendon of <i>Col1a1</i>^<i>Jrt/+</i> mice and wild-type littermates (WT) was assessed with in vitro mechanical testing.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>The results showed that width and thickness of FDL tendons were about 40% larger in WT <i>(p < 0.01)</i> than in <i>Col1a1</i>^<i>Jrt/+</i> mice, whereas the cross-sectional area was 138% larger <i>(p < 0.001)</i>. The stiffness, peak- and yield-force were between 160% and 194% higher in WT vs. <i>Col1a1</i>^<i>Jrt/+</i> mice. The material properties did not show significant differences between mouse strains with differences <15% between WT and <i>Col1a1</i>^<i>Jrt/+</i> <i>(p > 0.05)</i>. Analysis of the Achilles tendon collagen showed no difference between mice strains for the content but collagen solubility in acetic acid was 66% higher in <i>WT</i> than in <i>Col1a1</i>^<i>Jrt/+</i> (p < 0.001).</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>This study shows that the FDL tendon of <i>Col1a1</i>^<i>Jrt/+</i> mice has reduced mechanical properties but apparently normal material properties. It remains unclear whether the tendon phenotype of <i>Col1a1</i>^<i>Jrt/+</i> mice is secondary to muscle weakness or a direct effect of the <i>Col1a1</i> mutation or a combination of both.</p>","PeriodicalId":10661,"journal":{"name":"Connective Tissue Research","volume":"64 3","pages":"285-293"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9481768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Recent progress in the biology and physiology of BMP-8a.","authors":"Jiawei Tang,&nbsp;Miao Tan,&nbsp;Siqi Liao,&nbsp;Mengwei Pang,&nbsp;Jie Li","doi":"10.1080/03008207.2022.2160326","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03008207.2022.2160326","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>BMP-8a is a member of bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) and plays a regulatory role in human growth and development as a transcription regulator. This review aims to summarize the current research on the impact and mechanism of BMP-8a in female and male reproduction, formation and eruption of teeth, bone and cartilage development, tissue differentiation, disease occurrence, progression and prognosis.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>The phrases \"BMP-8a,\" \"BMPs,\" \"regulator,\" \"mechanism,\" \"osteoblast,\" \"cartilage,\" \"cancer,\" \"disease,\" and \"inflammation\" were searched in the PubMed database. The abstracts were evaluated, and a series of original publications and reviews were examined.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>According to the search, BMP-8a affects the development of the uterus by inhibiting luteinization and plays an important role in late spermatogenesis. It is highly expressed in osteogenesis and differentially expressed in chondrogenesis. Furthermore, BMP-8a has a significant impact on the occurrence, development and prognosis of various diseases.</p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>BMP-8a regulates important factors and pathways, such as SMAD2/3 and SMAD1/5/8, to promote or inhibit the developmental processes of human reproductive organs. BMP-8a is also a member of the BMP family of proteins that regulates chondrogenesis and osteogenesis. In addition to its osteoinductive capabilities, BMP-8a is involved in the progression of diverse cancers.</p>","PeriodicalId":10661,"journal":{"name":"Connective Tissue Research","volume":"64 3","pages":"219-228"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9488526","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"280 mT static magnetic field promotes the growth of postpartum condylar cartilage.","authors":"Yiwen Xiao,&nbsp;Qinhao Shen,&nbsp;Weihao Li,&nbsp;Yibo Zhang,&nbsp;Kang Yin,&nbsp;Yanhua Xu","doi":"10.1080/03008207.2022.2148527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1080/03008207.2022.2148527","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Functional appliances made of permanent magnets have been used in jaw orthopedic treatment. However, whether the static magnetic field (SMF) generated by permanent magnets promotes the developmental sequence of condylar cartilage and thus promotes the growth of the mandible remains to be studied. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of 280 mT SMF on postnatal condylar chondrogenesis and endochondral ossification and the roles of FLRT3, FGF2 and BMP2 signaling in this chondrodevelopmental sequences.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>Forty-eight rats were assigned to two groups (control and SMF). The condyles were collected at the specified time points. The histomorphological changes in the condyle were observed by histological staining. The expression of proteins related to the proliferation and differentiation of the condylar cartilage and the changes in subchondral bone microstructure were analyzed by immunohistochemical staining and micro-CT scanning. FLRT3, FGF2, and BMP2 expression was detected by immunofluorescence staining.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>Under SMF stimulation, the cartilage of young rats grew longitudinally and laterally, and the thickness of the cartilage became thinner as it grew. The SMF promoted the proliferation and differentiation of condylar chondrocytes and endochondral ossification and increased subchondral bone mineral density, and BMP2 signaling was involved. Moreover, under SMF loading, the increased expression of FGF2 and FLRT3 were involved in regulating cartilage morphogenesis and growth. In late development, the decreased expression of FGF2/FLRT3 and the increased expression of BMP2 promoted endochondral ossification. The SMF accelerated this opposite expression trend.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>FGF2/FLRT3 and BMP2 signals are involved in the regulatory effect of SMF exposure on chondrogenesis and endochondral ossification, which provides a theoretical basis for the clinical use of magnetic appliances to promote condylar growth.</p>","PeriodicalId":10661,"journal":{"name":"Connective Tissue Research","volume":"64 3","pages":"248-261"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2023-05-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"9542729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}