Contact Dermatitis最新文献

{"title":"Benzalkonium Chloride Allergy Mimicking Tattoo Infection","authors":"Juliette Caron,&nbsp;Florence Libon,&nbsp;Christine Delebarre-Sauvage","doi":"10.1111/cod.14798","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cod.14798","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Benzalkonium chloride (BAK) is an antiseptic that has long been known to be an irritant. In recent years, its allergenicity has been highlighted [<span>1</span>]. This cationic surfactant from the quaternary ammonium family is widely used in the health field, particularly as a skin disinfectant in France in the form of Biseptine [chlorhexidine 0.25%, benzyl alcohol 4%, BAK 0.25%] (Bayer Healthcare, Gaillard, France).</p><p>We report the case of a 42-year-old woman who had recurring vesicular, eczematous, and itchy lesions on her right forearm for 3 months following a tattoo in the same location. She had a history of contact reactions to dressings without investigation. From the first day of tattooing, the patient developed local skin inflammation with a vesicular reaction attributed to \u0000 <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i>\u0000 infection by her general practitioner (GP) (Figure 1). She had no fever. She was treated with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 3 g/d orally for 14 days, which partially improved her condition. She applied to the skin concomitantly Biseptine and Septivon 1.5% [chlorhexidine] (Perrigo France, Chatillon, France). Due to the persistence of inflammatory skin lesions on her forearm (Figure 1), she continued to apply antiseptics topically several times a day with locoid 0.1% [hydrocortisone-17-butyrate] (Cheplapharm France, Levallois-Perret, France). In the absence of improvement, she was treated a second time by her GP with amoxicillin-clavulanic acid 3 g/d orally for 10 days without success. The skin condition finally improved with Dermoval 0.05% [clobetasol propionate] (GlaxoSmithKline, Rueil-Malmaison, France) locally and oral desloratadine 5 mg/d on the advice of a dermatologist after stopping local antiseptics. A contact allergy to local antiseptics was suspected. We performed patch testing with Biseptine and its components (benzyl alcohol, chlorhexidine, BAK). The reading was done according to the International Contact Dermatitis Research Group criteria. The occlusion time was 48 h according to the European Society of Contact Dermatitis guidelines. The haptens were applied on the back using Finn Chambers. Patch tests were positive for BAK 0.1% aq (+) and Biseptine (BAK 0.25%, chlorhexidine 0.25%, benzyl alcool 4%) aq (++) (Figure 2) at D2. The rest of the substances were negative at D2 and D3. Patient consent was obtained for this article.</p><p>This case illustrates a vesicular reaction due to an allergy to BAK present in Biseptine. A similar reaction was described with a contact allergy to the topical antibacterials polymyxin B and bacitracin [<span>2</span>]. Only 15 cases of monosensitisation to BAK in case of allergy to Biseptine have been described in the literature [<span>3</span>]. The patient's history of allergy to dressings is likely due to her allergy to BAK, as it may be a component of dressings [<span>4</span>]. BAK allergy is probably underestimated because sensitisation to BAK is not systematicall","PeriodicalId":10527,"journal":{"name":"Contact Dermatitis","volume":"93 2","pages":"174-176"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cod.14798","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143718038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From Ocean Sting to Skin Outbreak: Acute Localised Exanthematous Pustulosis Induced by a Jellyfish Sting","authors":"Nesrine Ben Salah,&nbsp;Hamza Abu Humaid,&nbsp;Aicha Aly,&nbsp;Mouna Korbi,&nbsp;Amal Hamdi,&nbsp;Hichem Belhadjali,&nbsp;Jameleddine Zili","doi":"10.1111/cod.14789","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cod.14789","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10527,"journal":{"name":"Contact Dermatitis","volume":"93 1","pages":"82-83"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143708821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Allergic Contact Dermatitis to Povidone-Iodine and Systemic Contact Dermatitis to Chloramphenicol, Used During Intravitreal Injection of Bevacizumab, an Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor","authors":"Tommaso Galeotti,&nbsp;Luca Stingeni,&nbsp;Leonardo Bianchi,&nbsp;Marta Tramontana,&nbsp;Katharina Hansel","doi":"10.1111/cod.14791","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cod.14791","url":null,"abstract":"&lt;p&gt;Diabetic macular edema (DME) is the main cause of visual impairment in patients with diabetic retinopathy (DR) and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy is the standard of care for DME [&lt;span&gt;1&lt;/span&gt;]. Herein, we report a case of co-sensitivity to chloramphenicol and povidone-iodine secondary to intravitreal injection (IVI) of bevacizumab in a patient with bilateral DME.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;A 49-year-old man with type-II diabetes and bilateral DR, complicated by DME of both eyes, was referred to us for an itchy eczematous dermatitis of the periocular region of the right eye, associated with serous conjunctival exudate, subsequently involving the lower two-thirds of the hemiface (Figure 1A). Skin lesions developed 8 h after the 16th IVI of bevacizumab (25 mg/mL) in the right eye, with no adverse event during the previous 3 years of therapy. Lesions worsened on therapy with betamethasone/chloramphenicol (0.2%/0.5%) ophthalmic ointment and within 2 days, an itchy erythemato-edematous dermatitis appeared on the antecubital folds, hips, hypogastric region and neck. Topical therapy was discontinued and replaced with gentamicin sulphate (0.1%) ointment and intravenous chlorfenamine maleate (10 mg/1 mL, twice daily), with slight desquamation in 5 days. Without informing us, the patient underwent a new intravitreal injection of bevacizumab in the left eye using the classical povidone-iodine disinfection, and he developed severe hyperemia, conjunctival exudation (Figure 1B) and eczematous dermatitis localised only on the left face that improved on gentamicin ointment and intravenous chlorfenamine maleate.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;In the pre-injection phase of the intravitreal injection procedure, the patient underwent skin disinfection with a povidone-iodine cutaneous solution (7.5% in aq.) and topical anaesthesia with lidocaine hydrochloride or oxibuprocaine hydrochloride in both the right and left eyes, while in the post-injection phase when eczematous dermatitis appeared, he was treated with eye ointment based on chloramphenicol/betamethasone only in the right eye, followed by eye dressings based on hyaluronic acid (0.3%) sodium.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;Six weeks after complete resolution, the patient was patch tested with SIDAPA (Società Italiana Dermatologia Allergologica Professionale Ambientale) Baseline Series [&lt;span&gt;2&lt;/span&gt;], the Preservatives Integrative Series containing chloramphenicol (5.0% pet.) and povidone-iodine (10.0% pet.). Bevacizumab (as is, 2.5%), lidocaine hydrochloride (10.0% pet.), oxibuprocaine hydrochloride (0.4% as is) and a fragment of the eye dressing were also patch tested (Table 1). All allergens (except for the eye dressing and oxibuprocaine hydrochloride) were supplied by Smartpractice (Phoenix, AZ, United States). Patch tests were occluded for 2 days (D) with the allergEAZE Test Chambers on Soffix tape (Artsana, Grandate, Italy) and readings were performed on D2, D4 and D7 [&lt;span&gt;3&lt;/span&gt;]. A strong positive reaction to povidone-iodine (++) and ","PeriodicalId":10527,"journal":{"name":"Contact Dermatitis","volume":"93 1","pages":"79-81"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cod.14791","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143691220","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The Risk of Rewilding","authors":"E. Paulsen,&nbsp;A. Bygum","doi":"10.1111/cod.14790","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cod.14790","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10527,"journal":{"name":"Contact Dermatitis","volume":"93 1","pages":"84-85"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143669183","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Two Additional Cases of Allergic Contact Dermatitis Caused by Wound Closure Tape Steri-Strip3M","authors":"Anne Herman,&nbsp;Stefan Kerre,&nbsp;Ania Stras,&nbsp;Bart Desmedt","doi":"10.1111/cod.14788","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cod.14788","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10527,"journal":{"name":"Contact Dermatitis","volume":"93 1","pages":"68-70"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143669243","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Prevalence of Contact Allergy to Neomycin in Dermatitis Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","authors":"Mikkel Bak Jensen,&nbsp;Daniel Isufi,&nbsp;Christoffer Kursawe Larsen,&nbsp;Jakob Ferløv Baselius Schwensen,&nbsp;Farzad Alinaghi,&nbsp;Jeanne Duus Johansen","doi":"10.1111/cod.14784","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cod.14784","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Neomycin, an aminoglycoside antibiotic frequently employed in topical formulations, is a recognised allergen that is part of many baseline series and can cause contact allergy (CA) in both adults and children. It is an allergen of interest as it has a widespread use in over-the-counter and prescription products globally, but geographical variations may exist. This study aimed to establish prevalence estimates of CA to neomycin in dermatitis patients and to investigate potential geographical variations. Three databases (PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science) were screened, revealing 70 included studies comprising 456 372 adults and 17 720 children who underwent patch testing. The pooled prevalence of CA to neomycin was found to be 3.2% (95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.6%–3.8%) in adults and 4.3% (95% CI: 2.65%–6.3%) in children. The highest prevalences were observed in North America (adults: 6.4%; children: 8.1%) and South Asia (adults: 4.9%), while Europe showed lower rates (adults: 2.5%; children: 0.8%). Studies after the year 2000 indicated a prevalence of 2.1% in adults and 5.1% in children across geographical regions. These findings highlight a public health concern, particularly in regions with high prevalence rates. The study underscores the need for more restrictive use of neomycin to reduce the incidence of neomycin-induced CA.</p>","PeriodicalId":10527,"journal":{"name":"Contact Dermatitis","volume":"93 1","pages":"1-15"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cod.14784","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143662830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Allergic Contact Dermatitis to 1,6 Hexanediol Diacrylate: A New Allergen in Diabetes Devices?","authors":"Antoine Badaoui","doi":"10.1111/cod.14778","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cod.14778","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":10527,"journal":{"name":"Contact Dermatitis","volume":"93 1","pages":"66-67"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143647574","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decoding Beta-Lactam Cross-Reactivity – Longitudinal Patch Testing From 2000 to 2022","authors":"João Nuno Barbosa Soares,&nbsp;André Aparício Martins,&nbsp;Ana Carolina Figueiredo,&nbsp;André Castro Pinho,&nbsp;Francisco Caramelo,&nbsp;Margarida Gonçalo","doi":"10.1111/cod.14767","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cod.14767","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Patients with non-immediate hypersensitivity to beta-lactam antibiotics (βL) often avoid all βL, with limitations for future therapy.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Assess cross-reactivity between βL in non-immediate cutaneous adverse drug reactions (ni-CADRs).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Retrospective analysis (2000–2022) of patients with suspected ni-CADR with βL as a possible culprit who underwent patch testing (PT) with an extended antibiotic series (10% pet., Chemotechnique Diagnostics or prepared in-house) according to European Society of Contact Dermatitis (ESCD) recommendations. Fisher exact test was used with a significance of 0.05 corrected for multiple testing; positive associations were quantified with odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Four hundred and fourteen patients (270 female/144 male; age 52 ± 19 years) were included, mostly with maculopapular exanthema (367; 89%), drug reaction with eosinophilia and systemic symptoms (DRESS) (22; 5%) and acute generalised exanthematous pustulosis (AGEP) (12; 3%). Eighty-six patients (21%) had positive results to at least one drug. Fifty-eight patients (14%) had 110 positive results to βL, mostly amoxicillin (33). Co-reactivity within penicillins was almost universal, including piperacillin with other penicillins (<i>p</i> = 0.007; OR 25; CI 3–56). There was co-reactivity to aminopenicillins and aminocephalosporins (<i>p</i> = 0.006; OR 33; CI 4–74) and within the cephalosporin subclass, including between aminocephalosporins and non-aminocephalosporins. Within carbapenems, 1 patient reacted to meropenem and ertapenem, with no extension to imipenem, as confirmed with a provocation test. Two patients reacted both to ceftriaxone and meropenem (<i>p</i> = 0.013; OR: 68; CI:15–612).</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>PT is useful to confirm a probable culprit in ni-CADR to βL. Co-reactivity, interpreted mostly as cross-reactivity, occurred within cephalosporin and, particularly, with penicillin subclasses, including between piperacillin-tazobactam and remaining penicillins, which has seldom been described. There was no association between penicillins and cephalosporins as a whole, except between aminopenicillins and aminocephalosporins, attributable to a similar lateral chain amino group. We found an unexpected association between meropenem and ceftriaxone, probably a concomitant sensitization.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10527,"journal":{"name":"Contact Dermatitis","volume":"93 4","pages":"298-304"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143639474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multiple Oozing Facial Eruption in a Child Caused by Antiseptics","authors":"Magalie Coco-Viloin,&nbsp;Maella Severino-Freire,&nbsp;Françoise Giordano","doi":"10.1111/cod.14757","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cod.14757","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis to antiseptics remains poorly know. We report the case of a very young child who suffered six episodes before the diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis to antiseptics was considered.</p><p>A 2-year-old boy was hospitalised in the paediatric department for a new episode of a superinfected erythematopapular and blistering eruption on the face (Figure 1). This was his sixth episode. The initial clinical hypothesis was immune deficiency or infection. However, treatment with antibiotics proved ineffective and an extensive immune workup returned normal results (full blood count (FBC), quantitative serum immunoglobulin tests, serum complement levels, lymphocyte immunophenotyping, respiratory burst assays, post-vaccine antibody titers and viral PCR testing). The only relevant medical history reported by his mother was persistent oozing of the umbilical cord with a surrounding eczematous eruption (Figure 2).</p><p>Dermatological advice led to the diagnosis of allergic contact dermatitis, as the eruption occurred 2 days after a traumatic wound, following systematic application of topical antiseptic. Biseptine, an antiseptic containing chlorhexidine digluconate, benzalkonium chloride and benzyl alcohol, was used throughout.</p><p>Patch tests were performed with the European baseline series, antiseptic series (Chemotechnique Diagnostics, Vellinge, Sweden) and Biseptine as is with IQ ultra-chambers.</p><p>On Day 2 and 3, positive reactions were respectively observed to Biseptine (+/+), chlorhexidine (+/+), benzyl alcohol (?/+), linalool (?/+) and polyaminopropyl biguanide (+/+) (Figure 3). Also to \u0000 <i>Myroxylon pereirae</i>\u0000 (+/+) which contains benzyl alcohol.</p><p>The polyaminopropyl biguanide had apparently never been used before.</p><p>Allergic contact dermatitis to Biseptine contchlorhexidine and benzyl alcohol was diagnosed.</p><p>Allergic contact dermatitis to antiseptics in children has been well documented with Biseptine in France [<span>1, 2</span>]. Despite several published cases, the diagnosis is often delayed, and eczema is frequently misdiagnosed as cellulitis or impetigo [<span>2</span>]. In our case, the initial hypothesis was an immune deficiency, which led to delayed management. However, this diagnosis was excluded due to the absence of severe and/or recurrent infections, as well as normal immune investigations. The diagnosis was ultimately confirmed only after the sixth episode.</p><p>Allergen profiles from antiseptics differ according to age, with benzyl alcohol being the primary allergen in adults and chlorhexidine digluconate in children [<span>1</span>].</p><p>However, sensitization to multiple components is possible, as seen in our case [<span>1, 2</span>].</p><p>Benzyl alcohol, although a rare allergen, has been implicated in contact dermatitis due to its presence in various products [<span>3</span>]. Chlorhexidine, one of the most widely used biocides in Eur","PeriodicalId":10527,"journal":{"name":"Contact Dermatitis","volume":"93 4","pages":"344-346"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cod.14757","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143633733","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Exploring the Activation of the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE Pathway by PAHs in Children's Toys","authors":"Jonas Lauenstein,&nbsp;Simon van de Weyer,&nbsp;Rasha Alsaleh,&nbsp;Christoph Wiedmer,&nbsp;Andrea Buettner,&nbsp;Christian Kersch,&nbsp;Simone Schmitz-Spanke","doi":"10.1111/cod.14792","DOIUrl":"10.1111/cod.14792","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Background</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Children are particularly susceptible to environmental pollutants. This study assessed the skin sensitisation risk associated with polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), prevalent in toys.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objectives</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>To evaluate the skin sensitisation potential of PAHs using the KeratinoSens assay.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Individual PAHs (acenaphthylene, anthracene, benzo[a]anthracene, benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), benzo[b]fluoranthene (B[b]F), benzo[e]pyrene, benzo[g,h,i]perylene, benzo[k]fluoranthene (B[k]F), chrysene, fluoranthene, fluorene, naphthalene, phenanthrene, pyrene and triphenylene) and ternary mixtures containing B[a]P were assessed for their ability to activate the Keap1-Nrf2-ARE pathway in human keratinocytes. The concentration addition model and additive index were used to predict and analyse mixture effects.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Among the individual PAHs, B[k]F demonstrated the most potent activation of the pathway, exhibiting a 34-fold higher potency relative to B[a]P. B[b]F, chrysene and B[a]P also exhibited significant activation, while the remaining PAHs displayed negligible or weak activation. Notably, PAH mixtures exhibited synergistic effects, except for those composed solely of potent sensitizers.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusions</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study provides the first assessment of the skin sensitization potential of these PAHs. The findings suggest that B[k]F, B[b]F and chrysene may pose a higher risk of skin sensitisation than previously thought. Additionally, the synergistic effects observed in mixtures highlight the importance of considering combined exposures when assessing PAH exposure risk.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10527,"journal":{"name":"Contact Dermatitis","volume":"93 1","pages":"31-38"},"PeriodicalIF":4.8,"publicationDate":"2025-03-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/cod.14792","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143633730","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}