Sustainable Energy & Fuels最新文献

{"title":"An integrated techno-economic-environmental-policy assessment of supercritical biodiesel production: pathway to competitiveness","authors":"Jon Selimi, Abdullah H. Albin Saad, Essra R. Altahir, Mayasem A. Alsuhami, Mohd A. Khan, Rashed M. Aleisa, Christian P. Hulteberg and Omar Y. Abdelaziz","doi":"10.1039/D5SE01694K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SE01694K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Despite its promise, biodiesel production <em>via</em> the supercritical methanol (SCM) process has stalled due to limited understanding of interactions among key operating parameters and process-modeling gaps, resulting in contradictory techno-economic (TEA) and life-cycle carbon footprint assessments. In the present study, we integrate experimental optimization with techno-economic, carbon footprint, and policy analyses to identify the path to economic competitiveness for SCM biodiesel production from waste cooking oil (WCO). Response surface modeling based on experimental data was used to quantify interactions among operating parameters and develop a predictive yield model. Under optimal conditions (282.8 °C, 125 bar, methanol-to-oil ratio of 39.17, and reaction time of 43.3 min), biodiesel yield exceeded 92%, and a detailed process flowsheet was developed in Aspen Plus® to quantify material and energy requirements. TEA results indicate that under optimized conditions, SCM biodiesel remains economically challenged, with levelized production costs of 0.9–1.4 $ per kg-biodiesel, depending on plant scale. These costs are driven primarily by high WCO consumption (0.99 kg kg<small>⁻¹</small>-biodiesel) and high-pressure steam demand (3 kg kg<small>⁻¹</small>-biodiesel), required for stoichiometric conversion and energy-intensive distillation, respectively. In contrast, life cycle carbon footprint analysis demonstrates a strong environmental advantage: under renewable electricity and heat supply, SCM biodiesel achieves a carbon intensity of ∼0.28–0.30 kgCO<small>_2eq</small> per kg-biodiesel, substantially lower than fossil diesel (∼4 kgCO<small>_2eq</small> per kg-diesel). Finally, yet most importantly, by quantitatively linking process performance, economics, emissions, and policy, this study identifies carbon pricing (∼100 $ per t-CO<small>₂</small>) and scale-up as critical levers to reconcile the environmental benefits of SCM biodiesel with commercially viable deployment.</p>","PeriodicalId":104,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy & Fuels","volume":" 10","pages":" 2548-2562"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/se/d5se01694k?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147967877","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Sustainable future strategies towards the reuse and recycling of lithium-ion batteries: a concise account of materials and methods","authors":"Inmbisat Altaf, Shokat Hussain, Raheela Akhter and Shrikant S. Maktedar","doi":"10.1039/D5SE01218J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SE01218J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The unprecedented accumulation of battery waste originating from diverse lithium-ion battery (LIB) sources such as electric vehicles (EVs), portable gadgets, and renewable energy storage systems has created serious problems in terms of resource sustainability, the economy, and the environment. This study critically evaluates the existing state of LIB recycling and reuse of end-of-life EV-batteries, with a special focus on pyrometallurgical, hydrometallurgical, and direct recycling techniques. Hydrometallurgy offers greater recovery rates but has difficulties managing chemical waste. Pyrometallurgy, despite being commercially established, suffers from excessive energy consumption and loss of vital materials such as lithium. Although scalability is still an issue, direct recycling is an inventive method that maintains the integrity of the cathode structure and provides a financially viable and ecologically friendly substitute. Furthermore, second-life applications of EV batteries prior to recycling provide a promising path for grid storage and renewable energy integration. This review addresses important issues in battery disassembly, safety, and material purity while highlighting current developments in sustainable binder materials, innovative electrolyte compositions, and selective lithium recovery. In order to promote a circular battery economy, the economic and environmental effects of LIB waste are examined closely, highlighting the pressing need for closed-loop recycling infrastructure and legislative frameworks. This work offers a road map for sustainable LIB management by integrating state-of-the-art recycling technology with second-life uses, striking a balance between resource recovery, environmental preservation, and financial feasibility as we move towards a green energy future.</p>","PeriodicalId":104,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy & Fuels","volume":" 11","pages":" 2619-2656"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148141593","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Improved reverse water–gas shift chemical looping performance of Co–In-based oxygen carriers supported on ceria","authors":"Takuma Higo, Shuhei Ishizaki, Kenji Ichizuka and Yasushi Sekine","doi":"10.1039/D6SE00152A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D6SE00152A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Indium-based oxygen carriers supported on various oxides were evaluated for the reverse water–gas shift chemical looping (RWGS-CL) at 773 K. Among the materials investigated, 20 wt% CoIn<small>₂</small>/CeO<small>₂</small> showed superior performance, achieving high CO yield and space-time yield, and stable cyclic operation. Comparative studies revealed that, under RWGS-CL conditions, In species supported on CeO<small>₂</small> exhibited spontaneous dispersion, a behaviour not observed on other oxide supports (γ-Al<small>₂</small>O<small>₃</small>, rutile-TiO<small>₂</small>, anatase-TiO<small>₂</small>, and SiO<small>₂</small>). This dispersion led to the formation of a highly dispersed In surface during operation, which is associated with enhanced CO formation through improved contact with CO<small>₂</small>. Furthermore, Co was found to accelerate the reduction kinetics of In species, likely by promoting H<small>₂</small> dissociation and hydrogen spillover, while exerting little influence on oxidation kinetics. These results demonstrate that support-dependent structural changes play a key role in determining RWGS-CL performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":104,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy & Fuels","volume":" 12","pages":" 2918-2927"},"PeriodicalIF":4.6,"publicationDate":"2026-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/se/d6se00152a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148261600","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Decarbonization pathways for liquid fuels: a multi-sector energy system perspective","authors":"Jun Wen Law, Bryan K. Mignone and Dharik S. Mallapragada","doi":"10.1039/D5SE01654A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SE01654A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Low-carbon liquid fuels play a key role in energy system decarbonization scenarios. This study uses a multi-sector capacity expansion model of the contiguous United States to examine liquid fuels production in deeply decarbonized energy systems, using representations of multiple liquid fuel pathways with harmonized carbon and energy balances to enable consistent system-level comparison across technologies. Our analysis evaluates how the shares of biofuels, synthetic fuels, and fossil liquid fuels change under varying assumptions about resource constraints (biomass and CO<small>₂</small> sequestration availability), fuel demand distributions, and supply flexibility to produce different fuel products. Across all scenarios examined, biofuels provide a substantial share of liquid fuel supply, while synthetic fuels deploy only when biomass or CO<small>₂</small> sequestration is assumed to be more limited. Fossil liquid fuels remain in all scenarios examined, primarily driven by the extent to which their emissions can be offset with removals. Limiting biomass increases biogenic CO<small>₂</small> capture within biofuel pathways, while limiting sequestration availability increases the share of captured atmospheric (including biogenic) carbon directed toward utilization for synthetic fuel production. While varying assumptions about liquid fuel demand distributions and fuel product supply flexibility alter competition among individual fuel production technologies, broader energy system outcomes are robust to these assumptions. Biomass and CO<small>₂</small> sequestration availability are key drivers of energy system outcomes in deeply decarbonized energy systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":104,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy & Fuels","volume":" 10","pages":" 2495-2514"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2026/se/d5se01654a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147967873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Triboelectric charge-enhanced rolling-structured triboelectric nanogenerator via ternary triboelectric interface for wave energy harvesting and marine sensing","authors":"Yuwei Ma, Mengfan Li, Ying Lou, Jiaxi Hu, Guangli Zhang, Yaya Xu, Aifang Yu and Junyi Zhai","doi":"10.1039/D6SE00117C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D6SE00117C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Rolling-structured triboelectric nanogenerators (RS-TENGs) hold great potential for marine wave energy harvesting owing to their structural simplicity, low-threshold driving capability, and suitability for mass production. To overcome charge density limitations in conventional binary interfaces, this work proposes a triboelectric charge-enhanced RS-TENG (TCE-TENG) by introducing a polyoxymethylene (POM) sidewall friction layer to construct a ternary triboelectric interface. Benefiting from the enhanced triboelectric polarity of POM, this design significantly boosts surface charge density, achieving an average volumetric power density of 21.3 W m<small>⁻³</small> in controlled tests. To address the impedance mismatch between the TENG's high internal impedance and practical electronic loads, a compact power management circuit (PMC) is developed, dramatically improving capacitor charging efficiency. Under water wave conditions, the TCE-TENG maintains a robust average power density of 8.1 W m<small>⁻³</small>. When integrated with the PMC, it successfully powers an array of ten thermo-hygrometers; furthermore, it sustains a wireless water level alarm system in intermittent operation mode. This research offers a scalable technological foundation for advancing triboelectric nanogenerators in wave energy harvesting and self-powered marine sensing.</p>","PeriodicalId":104,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy & Fuels","volume":" 10","pages":" 2467-2477"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147967856","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Mimicking natural photosynthesis: converting sunlight into solar fuel via a sustained photo-enzymatic catalytic system based on BT-NCOF architecture","authors":"Anurag Rai, Rajesh K. Yadav, Vitthal L. Gole, Kanchan Sharma, Shaifali Mishra, Rehana Shahin and Jin Ook Baeg","doi":"10.1039/D6SE00151C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D6SE00151C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The photocatalytic reduction of carbon dioxide into energy-rich compounds has attracted much attention. However, it is still a challenge to convert CO<small>₂</small> into value-added chemicals by utilizing solar energy. This work reports benzene-1,3,5-tricarbaldehyde (B) coupled with multi-amine linkers (4,4′,4′′-(benzene-1,3,5-triyltris(ethyne-2,1-diyl))trianiline (T)) as a nitrogen-rich covalent organic framework (BT-NCOF). BT-NCOF is afforded as a photocatalyst with highly ordered channels and abundant coordination active sites for small molecule activation. Under solar light irradiation, BT-NCOF acts as an efficient heterogeneous photosystem, utilizing its extended conjugation to use solar photons and drive the selective reduction of CO<small>₂</small> to formic acid while simultaneously promoting NADH regeneration. The optimized BT-NCOF delivers remarkable solar to chemical conversion, achieving NADH regeneration with a yield of 60.34% and a formic acid yield of 157.56 µM. This study demonstrates that nitrogen-rich BT-NCOF can blend light-harvesting, charge-separation, and catalytic functions within a single modular scaffold, offering a robust platform for artificial photosynthesis and sustainable CO<small>₂</small> conversion into solar fuels.</p>","PeriodicalId":104,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy & Fuels","volume":" 11","pages":" 2809-2816"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148141618","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Integrated cell engineering and scale-up of a non-PGM bifunctional electrocatalyst for durable AEM water electrolysis","authors":"Kailash Singh, T. Kavitha and Kaliaperumal Selvaraj","doi":"10.1039/D6SE00050A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D6SE00050A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Developing a scalable and sustainable non-Platinum Group Metal (non-PGM) bifunctional electrocatalyst for Anion Exchange Membrane (AEM) water electrolyzers remains a significant challenge, particularly at industrially relevant scales. Most reported non-PGM catalysts are demonstrated on small electrode areas (typically ≤2 cm<small>²</small>), making scalability a major bottleneck. Issues such as achieving uniform catalyst coating, maintaining similar structural morphology, and preventing activity loss due to leaching become increasingly prominent at larger scales. Therefore, a Nickel Copper Phosphide–Nickel Sulphide (NCP–NS) catalyst was developed and successfully scaled-up to &gt;10 cm<small>²</small> electrode active area, and its performance was evaluated in an electrolyzer cell. A larger 13 cm<small>²</small> AEM cell was developed by addressing key parameters: (i) electrode design (mass loading density), (ii) assembly conditions (torque and gasket thickness), (iii) operational parameters (flow rate and temperature), and (iv) engineering aspect measurements (Fujifilm pressure distribution and interfacial contact resistance). These optimizations resulted in a high current density of 1012 mA cm<small>⁻²</small> at 2 V, with the stack maintaining 98% of its performance after 100 hours of continuous operation. The electrocatalysts delivered 55.96 kWh kg<small>⁻¹</small> energy efficiency at 2 V. This work demonstrates how systematic scale-up and cell engineering can bridge the gap between lab-scale innovation and commercial application.</p>","PeriodicalId":104,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy & Fuels","volume":" 10","pages":" 2524-2535"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147967875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"From PV waste to battery anodes: a roadmap for upcycling silicon via battery-grade purification and carbon-source engineering","authors":"Kaifu Feng, Jiacheng Li, Xiaoxiang Jiang, Feihong Guo, Wensheng Xu, Zijun Zhang, Ximing Zhang, Gong Chen and Daobijie Li","doi":"10.1039/D5SE01713K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SE01713K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >End-of-life (EoL) photovoltaic (PV) modules are generating a rapidly expanding reservoir of silicon that could be upcycled into lithium-ion battery anodes. This review advocates for and delineates a high-value upcycling pathway, transforming EoL photovoltaic silicon into high-performance silicon–carbon (Si–C) anodes for lithium-ion batteries. Adopting a materials-to-electrode perspective, we first establish that the key to this transformation lies in defining and achieving “battery-grade” quality for the recovered silicon. We synthesize specific benchmarks from PV-derived feedstocks (modules, diamond-wire sawing slurry, deposition wastes), including suppression of metallic impurities (Fe, Ni) to near-background levels, early removal of refractory TiO<small>₂</small>, controlled surface oxide, reproducible particle size/surface area, and explicit reporting of dopant type. These benchmarks are directly linked to purification strategies (<em>e.g.</em>, HF-free leaching, “acid-first, milling-later” sequences) and inform the selection of four scalable Si–C architectures: conformal core–shell Si@C, carbon-matrix composites, porous Si–C hybrids, and mechanically alloyed composites. We identify carbon-source engineering—encompassing graphitic carbons, hard/soft carbons, nanoscale networks (CNTs, graphene), and polymer-derived functional carbons—as the key design lever controlling electronic conductivity, mechanical stress buffering, SEI stability, and rate performance. In doing so, we incorporate mechanistic insights into impurity/dopant effects into practical guidelines. Further, we synthesize life-cycle and techno-economic analyses into viable process flowsheets that balance silicon purity, co-metal recovery, and sustainability. Concluding the review, we provide a foresighted roadmap connecting the state of EoL PV silicon to purification choices and carbon engineering to reconcile performance, cost, and circular economy aspirations for upcycled PV-silicon-derived Si–C anodes.</p>","PeriodicalId":104,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy & Fuels","volume":" 10","pages":" 2415-2439"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147967853","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Push–pull electronic effects of a three-component two-heterojunction electrocatalyst for directional carrier transport in bifunctional water electrolysis","authors":"Ankit Sharma, Nitul Kalita and Mohammad Qureshi","doi":"10.1039/D6SE00237D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D6SE00237D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Developing earth-abundant electrocatalysts with accelerated kinetics for water splitting is pivotal yet challenging due to the sluggish nature of multi-electron transfer processes. Herein, we report the strategic design of a hierarchical ternary heterostructure, Ni<small>₃</small>(PO<small>₄</small>)<small>₂</small>/NiCo<small>₂</small>S<small>₄</small>/NiCo(OH)<small>₂</small> (NiPi/NCS/NCOH), based on a “push–pull” electronic modulation mechanism. By integrating electron-donating sulfide (“push”) and electron-withdrawing phosphate groups (“pull”), we tune the electronic density at the metal centers. Mott–Schottky analysis confirms the establishment of a dual n–n–p heterojunction, which induces a built-in electric field that drives directional carrier transport, channelling holes to the NCOH component for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) and electrons to the NCS component for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Consequently, this optimised interface delivers improved bifunctional performance in alkaline media as compared to its bare counterparts, achieving low overpotentials of 290 mV for the OER and 95 mV for the HER to reach 10 mA cm<small>⁻²</small>, accompanied by better kinetics (Tafel slopes of 65 and 78 mV dec<small>⁻¹</small>, respectively for the OER and HER). The hierarchical assembly significantly expands the electrochemically active surface area (<em>C</em><small>_dl</small> of 35.2 µF cm<small>⁻²</small>) and enhances intrinsic activity, yielding a 3.7-fold improvement in turnover frequency (0.9 s<small>⁻¹</small>) over its bare counterpart. Furthermore, Distribution of Relaxation Time (DRT) analysis reveals a shortened relaxation time (<em>τ</em> ≈ 0.1 s), validating that the dual-junction design effectively minimizes energy barriers and accelerates interfacial charge transfer kinetics.</p>","PeriodicalId":104,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy & Fuels","volume":" 10","pages":" 2515-2523"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147967874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In situ constructed Ni3S2/CoMo2S4 heterointerface on nickel foam for efficient bifunctional water splitting","authors":"Baoling Zou, Fozia Sultana, Qiurong Wang, Renkun Li, Ting Xiao, Xiaojing Liu, Tongtong Li and Renhong Li","doi":"10.1039/D6SE00273K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D6SE00273K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Developing high-performance bifunctional electrocatalysts for overall water splitting is crucial for sustainable hydrogen production. In this work, a hierarchical Ni<small>₃</small>S<small>₂</small>/CoMo<small>₂</small>S<small>₄</small> heterostructure is engineered <em>in situ</em> on nickel foam (NF) through a simple two-step immersion–hydrothermal sulfidation method. The resulting nanowire-interwoven three-dimensional network provides abundant exposed active sites, large electrochemically active surface area, and efficient charge/mass transport pathways. Strong interfacial electronic coupling between Ni<small>₃</small>S<small>₂</small> and CoMo<small>₂</small>S<small>₄</small> optimizes intermediate adsorption and enhances intrinsic catalytic activity toward both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). In alkaline electrolyte, the catalyst delivers low overpotentials of 78 mV at 10 mA cm<small>⁻²</small> for the HER and 202 mV at 100 mA cm<small>⁻²</small> for the OER. When configured as both the anode and cathode, the electrolyzer requires only 1.68 V to reach 100 mA cm<small>⁻²</small> and operates stably for over 12 h. Density functional theory calculations and post-reaction analysis reveal that interfacial synergy promotes charge redistribution and facilitates the formation of catalytically active species. This work demonstrates an efficient noble-metal-free heterostructured electrode with practical potential for cost-effective alkaline water electrolysis.</p>","PeriodicalId":104,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy & Fuels","volume":" 10","pages":" 2536-2547"},"PeriodicalIF":4.1,"publicationDate":"2026-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147967876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}