Sustainable Energy & Fuels最新文献

{"title":"Modified g-C3N4 photocatalysts for clean energy and environmental applications: a review","authors":"Hafiz Muhammad Tofil, Rizwana Ghazi, Fadhil A. Ghaib, Rebwar Nasir Dara, Imen Kebaili, Imed Boukhris, He Ding and Ziaur Rehman","doi":"10.1039/D4SE01620C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SE01620C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The exponential growth in human population presents significant challenges to the long-term sustainability of civilization through escalating global energy crises and environmental issues. Governments and researchers are actively investigating green and clean technologies as potential solutions to these problems. Moreover, water pollution has become a critical concern, with industrial effluents and anthropogenic activities contaminating potable water sources, resulting in severe health risks. Simultaneously, CO<small>₂</small> emissions from fossil fuel combustion contribute to global warming, necessitating immediate intervention. In this context, semiconductor-based photocatalysis has emerged as a cost-effective, renewable, clean, and secure technology distinguished by its demonstrable advantages. Graphitic carbon nitride (g-C<small>₃</small>N<small>₄</small>) is noteworthy among the photocatalysts for its affordability, high thermal and chemical stability, suitable bandgap, and appropriate band positions. Nevertheless, the photocatalytic performance of g-C<small>₃</small>N<small>₄</small> is affected by its weak light response and high rate of photoinduced charge recombination. This article outlines the synthesis methods and different approaches for improving g-C<small>₃</small>N<small>₄</small>-based photocatalysis to broaden its use in renewable energy generation and environmental cleanup.</p>","PeriodicalId":104,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy & Fuels","volume":" 11","pages":" 2900-2927"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144148281","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Process simulation of the integration of molecular distillation with fast pyrolysis of biomass for sustainable fuel production†","authors":"Pamela Iwube, Jun Li and Edward Brightman","doi":"10.1039/D4SE01077A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SE01077A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Biofuel produced from the fast pyrolysis of biomass waste can be used both to replace depleting fossil fuels and reduce environmental pollution. To improve biofuel properties, bio-oil produced by pyrolysis is fractionated using molecular distillation, which removes oxygen and converts the heavier components into lighter hydrocarbons appropriate for transportation fuels. Molecular distillation is a highly efficient separation technique widely used in industries requiring high-purity products. An increase in temperature generally enhances recovery rates but may reduce purity due to thermal degradation, while higher pressure improves purity by minimizing volatile losses but can slightly lower recovery rates. Here for the first time, we have investigated the integration of molecular distillation with fast pyrolysis of biomass as a promising route to upgrading bio-oil using process simulations to determine the optimal operating conditions that enhance product yield, purity, and recovery of specific chemicals of interest. A fast pyrolysis model was integrated with molecular distillation using ASPEN Plus software V12. The complex fast pyrolysis reactive system was analyzed and valuable insights into optimizing fast pyrolysis operating parameters and selectively isolating specific valuable chemicals was achieved. The effect of the temperature, pressure, and biomass types on the pyrolysis product yields and bio-oil compounds was also studied. Purity of up to 99.45% and recovery of 98.72% was achieved at the optimal operating conditions for levoglucosan. The molecular distillation unit selectively separated valuable bio-oil compounds of interest including levoglucosan, 4-vinyphenol, and <em>p</em>-hydroquinone. The mean free paths of the isolated compounds decreased with an increase in pressure and molecular diameter but increased slightly with temperature. By integrating biomass-fast pyrolysis with molecular distillation, there is an increase in process efficiency and selective prediction of the final product's yield. Moreover, it permits more precise isolation of chosen bio-oil compounds for different biomass waste and facilitates personalization in response to market needs.</p>","PeriodicalId":104,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy & Fuels","volume":" 9","pages":" 2564-2580"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/se/d4se01077a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143888485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Study on the discharge behavior of spent lithium-ion batteries under externally assisted conditions†","authors":"Qiao Yu and Rao Zhonghao","doi":"10.1039/D5SE00084J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SE00084J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) market continues to expand with the global energy mix transition and the electrification of transportation. Due to limitations in service life and complex operating conditions, a large number of spent LIBs have been generated. Unpredictable residual charge may exist in spent LIBs, which can lead to potential threats such as short circuits, fires, and even explosions during transportation, storage, and disposal. Discharge treatment can release the residual charge in spent LIBs and reduce safety risks. In this paper, chemical methods were employed to discharge spent LIBs, and the effects of different solution systems and solution concentrations on the discharge behavior are investigated. In addition, the influence and mechanism of changes in external parameters of the solvent system (magnetic stirring, ultrasonic oscillation) on the discharge behavior are also studied. The discharge time of spent LIBs in the used solutions is in the order of NaNO<small>₃</small> &gt; LiCl &gt; Na<small>₂</small>SO<small>₄</small> &gt; NaCl &gt; FeSO<small>₄</small> at the same concentration. The time required for complete discharge under magnetic stirring and ultrasonic oscillation conditions was 60 minutes and 40 minutes, respectively. This study can provide a reference for the discharge of spent LIBs in solution.</p>","PeriodicalId":104,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy & Fuels","volume":" 9","pages":" 2410-2420"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143888458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Constructing a homojunction of Fe–Ni3S2 as a highly efficient electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction†","authors":"Mingyi Shi, Zihao Wan, Lu Liu, Xiaoguang Wang, Zizai Ma and Jianping Du","doi":"10.1039/D5SE00171D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SE00171D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Nickel sulfide (Ni<small>₃</small>S<small>₂</small>) is a promising candidate as an electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, improving the intrinsic activity and stability of Ni<small>₃</small>S<small>₂</small> material remains a challenge. Herein, we regulated multi-crystal planes of Ni<small>₃</small>S<small>₂</small> and constructed homojunction structures to improve its OER performance. This Ni<small>₃</small>S<small>₂</small> material was successfully fabricated on nickel foam (NF) using a solvothermal reaction and modified by incorporation of an Fe atom <em>via</em> a gas-phase cation-exchange strategy. The crystal planes and electron structures could be efficiently regulated, and homojunctions were also formed between different crystal planes, which promoted electron transfer across the crystal interfaces. Additionally, modulation of the electron structures changed the electron cloud density by the incorporation of the Fe atom, leading to the transfer of outer electrons from S to Ni. As a result, the optimized d-band center improved the adsorption and desorption capacity of the oxygen-containing intermediates. The electrocatalytic tests demonstrated that the as-prepared Fe–Ni<small>₃</small>S<small>₂</small> material exhibited excellent OER performance in alkaline solution, with overpotentials of 230 and 287 mV at current densities of 10 and 100 mA cm<small>⁻²</small>, respectively, outperforming RuO<small>₂</small> and other reported materials. The Fe–Ni<small>₃</small>S<small>₂</small> material displayed a comparable stability of more than 100 h. This research provides a feasible strategy for preparing crystal plane- and electron structure-controlled Ni<small>₃</small>S<small>₂</small> materials for the OER and other electrocatalytic reactions.</p>","PeriodicalId":104,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy & Fuels","volume":" 9","pages":" 2500-2509"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143888478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Trends and developments in flexible solar cells: insights from a bibliometric analysis†","authors":"Thiago F. Santos, Bruno R. Carvalho, Elisama V. Santos, Rui F. P. Pereira, Domingos F. S. Souza and Jose H. O. Nascimento","doi":"10.1039/D4SE01537A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SE01537A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >This review comprehensively analyzes the development, efficiency, and applications of flexible solar cells (F-SCs) over the past four decades. F-SCs, including flexible-dye-sensitized solar cells (Flexible-DSSCs), flexible-organic solar cells (Flexible-OSCs), flexible-perovskite solar cells (Flexible-PeSCs), and flexible-thin-film SCs (CIGS, CdTe, and a-Si), offer significant advantages over traditional rigid solar cells, such as mechanical flexibility, lightweight, and potential for large-area and low-cost production. This review focuses on advancements in materials and fabrication techniques of F-SCs, highlighting their impact on performance and market expansion. Notably, flexible-PeSCs have achieved high power-conversion efficiencies (PCEs), making them a focal point of current research. The integration of F-SCs into diverse applications, such as portable electronics, wearables, and building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPVs), underscores their versatility and potential to meet the growing demand for renewable energy solutions. This review explores the influence of different substrates, electrodes, and material structures on the PCE and stability of F-SCs and highlights the progress in manufacturing techniques, such as inkjet printing and screen printing. The findings emphasize interdisciplinary collaboration in advancing F-SC technologies for overcoming technical and economic barriers, concluding that continuous research and global cooperation are vital for maximizing their potential and implementation, paving the way for a sustainable energy future.</p>","PeriodicalId":104,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy & Fuels","volume":" 10","pages":" 2591-2624"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944161","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Crystalline sulfur-doped poly(heptazine imide) for enhanced photocatalytic H2 evolution under visible-light irradiation†","authors":"Cheng Cheng, Wenze Luo, Binjiang Zhai, Li Tian, Jinwen Shi, Zhifu Zhou, Fei Chen and Xiangjiu Guan","doi":"10.1039/D4SE01777C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SE01777C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Poly(heptazine imide) (PHI) is a representative crystalline carbon nitride material widely utilized as a photocatalyst for hydrogen production. However, the practical photocatalysis performance of PHI is restricted by its limited crystallinity and low photo-generated charge-carrier utilization efficiency. To solve these problems, herein, we report a highly crystalline sulfur-doped PHI (S-PHI) synthesized using the sulfur-containing compound 1<em>H</em>-1,2,4-triazole-3-thiol as a precursor. The introduction of sulfur during synthesis promotes polymerization and enhances the crystallinity of PHI, with sulfur incorporated into the framework of PHI as a form of sulfur doping. Consequently, S-PHI exhibits improved light utilization, an enlarged surface area, and enhanced charge-carrier separation and migration efficiency compared to PHI synthesized from melamine, with apparent quantum yield (AQY) of photocatalytic H<small>₂</small> evolution achieving 13.6% at 420 nm and impressive value of 2.8% at 520 nm.</p>","PeriodicalId":104,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy & Fuels","volume":" 9","pages":" 2327-2332"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143888450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"In Situ metal exsolution induced structural transformation enhances activity of the Pd–Sn catalyst for electrocatalytic ethanol oxidation†","authors":"Ashly P. Chandran, Sundar Pavan, Soumi Mondal, Mahesh B. V and Anand B","doi":"10.1039/D5SE00261C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SE00261C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Pd–Sn intermetallic nanoparticles with the composition Pd<small>_1.5</small>Sn<small>_0.5</small> were synthesized using a one pot solvothermal process. The structure, composition, and morphology of Pd<small>_1.5</small>Sn<small>_0.5</small> were characterized by Powder X-ray Diffraction (pXRD), X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), High-Resolution Transmission Electron Spectroscopy (HRTEM) and X-ray Absorption Spectroscopy (XAS). The electrochemical activity towards the ethanol oxidation reaction (EOR) and durability of the catalyst were tested in an alkaline medium using cyclic voltammetry measurements. The catalyst demonstrated a gradual increase in activity over successive reaction cycles and exhibited better durability compared to the commercial 20 wt% Pd/C catalyst. Post EOR analysis revealed a structural transformation of the catalyst, attributed to the exsolution of Sn atoms from the lattice during the electrochemical process. This process regenerated the Pd-rich catalyst in each cycle, significantly improving its activity and durability, enabling stable performance over 1000 continuous reaction cycles.</p>","PeriodicalId":104,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy & Fuels","volume":" 9","pages":" 2491-2499"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143888477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Conversion of wood waste into nitrogen-doped graphite-like multiporous carbon with high specific surface area and electrical conductivity for high-voltage supercapacitors†","authors":"Shu-Sian Wang, Chun-Han Hsu, Cheng-Ta Tsai, Hong-Ping Lin, Che-Wei Yan, Jeng-Kuei Chang, Tzu-Hsien Hsieh, Cheng-Wei Huang and Cheng-Hsien Lee","doi":"10.1039/D4SE01603C","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SE01603C","url":null,"abstract":"<p >A novel synthesis method is proposed for preparing nitrogen-doped graphite-like multiporous carbon (N-GMPC) from wood biochar using oyster shell powder as an activating agent without using inert gas. The proposed method is demonstrated using three different biochar precursors: <em>Acacia confusa</em>, <em>Leucaena leucocephala</em>, and a mixture of scrap wood. The N-GMPC derived from <em>Acacia confusa</em> exhibits a large specific surface area of 1638 m<small>²</small> g<small>⁻¹</small>, a high nitrogen content of 4.2 wt%, and a good electrical conductivity of 9.37 S cm<small>⁻¹</small>. In addition, organic supercapacitor applications with 1.0 M TEABF<small>₄</small>/PC electrolyte demonstrate a specific capacitance of 129 F g<small>⁻¹</small> and a capacitance retention rate of 90% in the high voltage range of 2.3 to 2.7 V after 30 000 cycles. In contrast, commercial porous carbon shows a capacitance retention rate of just 29% under equivalent conditions. Notably, the N-GMPC overcomes many limitations of traditional porous carbon materials in supercapacitors, such as an amorphous structure and poor conductivity, which hinder its rate performance and cycle life. Even without conductive additive (Super P), the N-GMPC maintains a similar performance. In other words, the N-GMPC has good intrinsic conductivity. In high-voltage electrolytes up to 4.0 V (1.0 M SBPBF<small>₄</small>/ADN), the N-GPMC maintains an impressive performance, with a specific capacitance of 164 F g<small>⁻¹</small>, an energy density of 61.19 W h kg<small>⁻¹</small>, a power density of 23.22 kW kg<small>⁻¹</small>, and a capacitance retention of 80% after 10 000 cycles. Overall, the synthesis strategy proposed in this study offers a novel pathway for deriving sustainable energy storage materials from natural waste biomass resources.</p>","PeriodicalId":104,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy & Fuels","volume":" 9","pages":" 2355-2368"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/se/d4se01603c?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143888453","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Alumina-supported bimetallic catalysts with ruthenium and CoNi for enhanced ammonia decomposition†","authors":"Afnan M. Ajeebi, Ahsan Ali, Omar Mohammad AlAmoudi, Mohammed A. Sanhoob, Mohammad Mozahar Hossain, Huda S. Alghamdi, Mohammad Usman, Md. Hasan Zahir and M. Nasiruzzaman Shaikh","doi":"10.1039/D5SE00122F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SE00122F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Ammonia, which comprises 17.6 wt% hydrogen, has potential as a hydrogen storage medium. Catalysts made from cost-effective transition metals such as cobalt (Co) and nickel (Ni), supported on Al<small>₂</small>O<small>₃</small>, are favored as substitutes for ruthenium in the process of ammonia decomposition for hydrogen generation at the point of use. A series of catalysts with the composition <em>x</em>%CoNi/Al<small>₂</small>O<small>₃</small> (where <em>x</em> = 5, 10, 20, 30, and 50 wt%; and Co : Ni = 1 : 1) were synthesized using the dry mixing technique, and their activity was evaluated against analogous catalysts containing a trace amount of Ru (0.5%Ru/<em>x</em>%CoNi/Al<small>₂</small>O<small>₃</small>). The catalysts were analyzed through SEM, EDS, mapping, TEM, BET, and TPR techniques. However, they show highly agglomerated spherical particles, a trend seen from Ni/Al<small>₂</small>O<small>₃</small> to CoNi/Al<small>₂</small>O<small>₃</small>, potentially affecting catalyst performance. The 5%CoNi bimetallic catalyst supported on Al<small>₂</small>O<small>₃</small> (5%CoNi/Al<small>₂</small>O<small>₃</small>) demonstrated superior reactivity for ammonia decomposition (95%) at 674 °C, in contrast to its monometallic counterparts, Co/Al<small>₂</small>O<small>₃</small> (691 °C) and Ni/Al<small>₂</small>O<small>₃</small> (677 °C), at a gas hourly space velocity (GHSV) of 20 400 mL g<small>_cat</small><small>⁻¹</small> h<small>⁻¹</small> based on total feed. Increasing the bimetallic content to 50% on Al<small>₂</small>O<small>₃</small> sustained 95% ammonia decomposition at 500 °C, with a minor enhancement (498 °C) noted for 0.5%Ru–50%CoNi/Al<small>₂</small>O<small>₃</small>. The improved low-temperature ammonia cracking efficiency of the CoNi bimetallic system results from the synergistic interaction between Co and Ni, which promotes effective engagement with NH<small>₂</small><small>⁻</small> species and establishes a balanced basic character of the bimetal on the Al<small>₂</small>O<small>₃</small> support. The established reactivity trend is Co &lt; Ni &lt; CoNi ≈ 0.5%Ru/CoNi on Al<small>₂</small>O<small>₃</small> under identical reaction conditions. Both 50%CoNi/Al<small>₂</small>O<small>₃</small> and 0.5%Ru/50%CoNi/Al<small>₂</small>O<small>₃</small> maintained their decomposition activity for 65 hours without any deterioration.</p>","PeriodicalId":104,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy & Fuels","volume":" 9","pages":" 2396-2409"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143888457","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A ligand-specific bimetallic electrocatalyst for efficient oxygen evolution reaction at higher current density†","authors":"Varsha K., Kiran G. K., Sutar Rani Ananda, Lokesh Koodlur Sannegowda and Shambhulinga Aralekallu","doi":"10.1039/D4SE01656D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SE01656D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is a critical and bottleneck process in electrochemical energy applications. This study presents a straightforward hydrothermal method for preparing a NiCo bimetallic organic framework (NiCo-MOF) with three unique ligands. The NiCo-trimesic acid-based MOF on carbon cloth (NiCo-t-MOF/CC) can sustain the industrially relevant current density of 100 mA cm<small>⁻²</small> for over 62 hours despite the observed gradual increase in potential in 1 M KOH without replacing the electrolyte. The NiCo-t-MOF/CC electrocatalyst achieved a significantly lower overpotential of 440 mV to reach a current density of 100 mA cm<small>⁻²</small>, outperforming the benchmark RuO<small>₂</small> catalyst, which required 581 mV. A Tafel slope of 83 mV dec<small>⁻¹</small> at NiCo-t-MOF/CC indicates faster oxygen evolution kinetics than at RuO<small>₂</small>/CC (97 mV dec<small>⁻¹</small>). Interestingly, NiCo-t-MOF/CC||Pt–C/CC exhibited a relatively diminished cell voltage of 1.54 V to deliver a current density of 10 mA cm<small>⁻²</small>, which is close to the thermodynamic water splitting energy of 1.23 V. The performance of NiCo-t-MOF/CC is promising at higher current densities for industrial applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":104,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy & Fuels","volume":" 9","pages":" 2287-2293"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143888502","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}