Sustainable Energy & Fuels最新文献

{"title":"Engineering active intermetallic Pt–Zn sites via vapour–solid synthesis for photocatalytic hydrogen production†","authors":"Daniel Garstenauer, Stephen Nagaraju Myakala, Pablo Ayala, Hannah Rabl-Wolff, Ondrej Zobač, Franz Jirsa, Dominik Eder, Alexey Cherevan and Klaus W. Richter","doi":"10.1039/D5SE00487J","DOIUrl":"10.1039/D5SE00487J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Intermetallic compounds hold great potential owing to the possibility of fine tuning their structure- and composition-dependent catalytic properties. Herein, a series of intermetallic Pt–Zn nanoparticles decorated on a TiO<small>₂</small> support was designed <em>via</em> a novel and facile direct vapour–solid synthesis approach, and their co-catalytic performance towards the light-driven hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) was investigated. The intrinsic activity of Pt/TiO<small>₂</small> was almost doubled <em>via</em> the addition of Zn and the formation of Pt<small>₂₇</small>–Zn<small>₇₃</small>/TiO<small>₂</small>, achieving a substantial increase in the apparent quantum yield (AQY) values up to 10.3%. In contrast to Pt–Zn intermetallic co-catalysts generally exhibiting higher HER rates, the interaction of Zn with surface defects of TiO<small>₂</small> enhanced the catalyst stability, resulting in strongly suppressed deactivation. This work introduces intermetallic cocatalysts as promising systems, highlighting the influence of composition and structure on catalyst activity and providing future research directions.</p>","PeriodicalId":104,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy & Fuels","volume":" 12","pages":" 3283-3292"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12087443/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144118412","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Graphene oxide conformally wrapped FeOOH/graphite composite anodes for lithium-ion batteries†","authors":"Periyasamy Anushkkaran, Yu Lim Lee, Seong Hui Kim, Su Hyeon Ahn, Du Hyun Lim, Hyun Gyu Kim and Jum Suk Jang","doi":"10.1039/D5SE00202H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SE00202H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >β-FeOOH is among the most prevalent anode materials used in lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) due to its high theoretical specific capacity. However, the practical use of such anodes is severely constrained by their limited electrical conductivity and mechanical damage resulting from volume changes during electrochemical cycling. Herein, to circumvent these issues, an environmentally benign synthesis of FeOOH nanorods on graphite sheets encapsulated in a graphene oxide (GO) layer was designed. Graphite mitigated the agglomeration of FeOOH nanorods and provided a conductive network. In addition, GO alleviated volume expansion and established a denser solid-electrolyte interface during the initial cycle, which prevents excessive consumption of Li-ions and maintains cycle life and capacity. The resultant GO@Gr-FeOOH anode demonstrated outstanding electrochemical properties, with an extended lifespan and superior Li-ion diffusion coefficient. Accordingly, the GO@Gr-FeOOH sample retained a capacity of 716 mAh g<small>⁻¹</small> at 0.2 C after 50 cycles and 428.7 mAh g<small>⁻¹</small> at 0.5 C after 150 cycles. Therefore, this study presents an effective and practical approach to address the constraints of FeOOH-based anode materials using hybridization with diverse carbon component strategies.</p>","PeriodicalId":104,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy & Fuels","volume":" 12","pages":" 3404-3411"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144244072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Synergistic effect of multi-transition metal co-substitution in high cycle life performance of NaxCo0.5Fe0.25Mn0.25O2 cathode for sodium-ion batteries†","authors":"Jena Akash Kumar Satrughna, Archana R. Kanwade and Parasharam M. Shirage","doi":"10.1039/D5SE00107B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SE00107B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >In this work, multi-transition metal co-substituted Na<small>_<em>x</em></small>Co<small>_0.5</small>Fe<small>_0.25</small>Mn<small>_0.25</small>O<small>₂</small> is synthesized through a solid-state method using a two-step heating approach and its physicochemical and electrochemical features as a cathode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) are studied. Various advanced physicochemical characterization studies reveal the P3 structure of the as-prepared Na<small>_<em>x</em></small>Co<small>_0.5</small>Fe<small>_0.25</small>Mn<small>_0.25</small>O<small>₂</small> possessing multiple crystal symmetries with high-order crystallinity, suitable for enhanced Na<small>⁺</small>-ion intercalation and deintercalation. Its electrochemical performances are investigated with the fabricated Na/1 M-NaClO<small>₄</small>/Na<small>_<em>x</em></small>Co<small>_0.5</small>Fe<small>_0.25</small>Mn<small>_0.25</small>O<small>₂</small> coin cells. The cyclic voltammetry study reveals that the redox process of the cathode material is due to the M<small>³⁺</small>/M<small>⁴⁺</small> (where M = Co<small>_0.5</small>Fe<small>_0.25</small>Mn<small>_0.25</small>) redox couple with excellent structural reversibility during the charging/discharging process. The electrochemical impedance spectroscopy analysis suggests excellent compatibility of the electrolyte with the cathode, showing a good state of health, a low value of resistance offered to the cell, and a very negligible value of double-layer capacitance. The galvanostatic charge–discharge interpretations reveal that Na<small>_<em>x</em></small>Co<small>_0.5</small>Fe<small>_0.25</small>Mn<small>_0.25</small>O<small>₂</small> delivers significant rate capability and a high discharge capacity of 94.22 mA h g<small>⁻¹</small> at 0.05C by maintaining stable performance across a range of C-rates. The material exhibits high coulombic efficiency and impressive energy densities, with a maximum discharge energy density of 279.82 W h kg<small>⁻¹</small> at 0.05C. Notably, Na<small>_<em>x</em></small>Co<small>_0.5</small>Fe<small>_0.25</small>Mn<small>_0.25</small>O<small>₂</small> demonstrates excellent cycle life, retaining 92.2, 78.4, 53.9, 39.4, and 28.3% of the initial discharge capacity at the 100<small>^th</small>, 200<small>^th</small>, 300<small>^th</small>, 400<small>^th</small>, and 500<small>^th</small> cycles, respectively, owing to the synergistic effect of co-substituted multi-transition metals.</p>","PeriodicalId":104,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy & Fuels","volume":" 12","pages":" 3354-3373"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144244069","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Multifaceted DFT analysis of defect chalcopyrite-type semiconductor ZnGa2S4: dynamic stability and thermoelectric efficiency","authors":"Sambit Jena, Aiswarya Priyambada, Singdha Sagarika Behera and Priyadarshini Parida","doi":"10.1039/D4SE01740D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SE01740D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The drive to transform heat into electricity with peak efficiency is an essential impulse in the quest for next-generation renewable energy technologies. Defect chalcopyrite semiconductors are spearheading this research due to their exceptional heat conduction properties and promising potential as thermoelectric materials for energy conversion applications. This study offers an in-depth analysis of the structural, electronic, mechanical, and thermoelectric properties of the defect chalcopyrite-type semiconductor ZnGa<small>₂</small>S<small>₄</small>, utilizing first principles density functional theory coupled with semi-classical Boltzmann transport theory. With a direct bandgap of 2.34 eV, the band structure analysis of the optimized structure confirms that the compound exhibits intrinsic semiconducting behavior. A detailed mechanical analysis, including the elastic stiffness constants, suggests that ZnGa<small>₂</small>S<small>₄</small> is mechanically stable, but brittle. Phonon dispersion calculations confirm the dynamic stability of the compound. The melting temperature is calculated to be 953.663 K. Additionally, the electronic thermoelectric properties are analyzed using the constant relaxation time approximation (CRTA) within the framework of Boltzmann transport theory. The analysis indicates significantly high Seebeck coefficients at increased temperatures. The lowest lattice thermal conductivity is determined to be 2.529 W m<small>⁻¹</small> K<small>⁻¹</small> at 900 K. The figure of merit (<em>ZT</em>) is found to have a peak value of 0.97 at 900 K for a hole concentration of 10<small>¹⁸</small> cm<small>⁻³</small>. These results highlights ZnGa<small>₂</small>S<small>₄</small> as a potential thermoelectric material, particularly suited for high-temperature applications, offering a balance between structural stability and favorable thermoelectric performance.</p>","PeriodicalId":104,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy & Fuels","volume":" 12","pages":" 3343-3353"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144244087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A facile approach to deposit high performance electrocatalyst high entropy oxide coatings using a novel plasma spray route for efficient water splitting in an alkaline medium†","authors":"Amarnath Pasupathi, Praveen Kandasamy, Ranjith Kumar Dharman, Sivakumar Govindarajan, Tae Hwan Oh, Min Wook Lee and Yugeswaran Subramaniam","doi":"10.1039/D5SE00479A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SE00479A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Electrocatalytic water splitting is a promising technique for producing sustainable hydrogen, but its effectiveness depends on the development of cost-effective and high-performance electrodes. In this work, phase-pure high entropy oxide (HEO) (Ni, Fe, Co, Cu, Mn)<small>₃</small>O<small>₄</small> nanostructured coating electrodes were fabricated using a solution precursor plasma spray coating technique under optimized conditions with two different molar concentrations (1 M and 2 M) of solution precursors. This process enables precise deposition of a porous catalyst coating on stainless steel substrates, with an average thickness of 30 micrometers. The as-deposited coating shows a spinel structure, and its degree of crystallinity increases with higher molar concentrations of the solution precursors. The HEO coating electrodes demonstrate excellent activity in alkaline media for both the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and the oxygen evolution reaction (OER), with low overpotentials of 129 mV and 220 mV, respectively, at a current density of 10 mA cm<small>⁻²</small>. A two-electrode device was fabricated, and the results reveal that the required overall potential to achieve a current density of 10 mA cm<small>⁻²</small> is 1.47 V only. This work highlights the potential of solution precursor plasma spray coating as a versatile and scalable approach for producing phase-pure HEO-based water-splitting electrodes, paving the way for large-scale hydrogen generation in sustainable energy systems.</p>","PeriodicalId":104,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy & Fuels","volume":" 12","pages":" 3323-3334"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144244085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Three decades of hydrogen energy research: a bibliometric analysis on the evolution of green hydrogen technologies","authors":"Siti Hasanah Osman, Nurul Syazrah Mat Yatim, Omar Syah Jehan Elham, Norazuwana Shaari and Zulfirdaus Zakaria","doi":"10.1039/D5SE00254K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SE00254K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Hydrogen energy is a crucial enabler of a low-carbon future, playing a significant role in sustainable energy transitions and contributing to SDG 7 (Affordable and Clean Energy) and SDG 13 (Climate Action). As the global energy landscape shifts towards decarbonization, green hydrogen—produced through renewable energy-powered electrolysis—has emerged as a key solution to mitigate carbon emissions and reduce dependency on fossil fuels. However, challenges such as high production costs, energy-intensive processes, and the need for efficient storage and transportation infrastructure continue to hinder its widespread adoption. This bibliometric review systematically examines three decades of hydrogen energy research, with a particular emphasis on the evolution of green hydrogen technologies. Unlike previous studies, this work integrates bibliometric analysis with thematic clustering to provide a comprehensive perspective on research trends, technological advancements, and interdisciplinary collaborations within the field. Drawing from SCIE and SCOPUS databases (1990–2023), a total of 6536 publications were analyzed using key bibliometric indicators, including Impact Factor (IF), <em>h</em>-index, Total Citations (TC), and Citations per Article (CPA). The study identifies leading research hubs, key contributors, and emerging research themes, highlighting the role of renewable energy-driven hydrogen production, advancements in hydrogen storage, and the growing intersection between biohydrogen and sustainable energy solutions. Our findings reveal a significant rise in research on green hydrogen technologies, driven by policy incentives, technological breakthroughs, and global sustainability commitments. Despite these advancements, critical gaps remain in improving cost efficiency, scaling up production, and enhancing storage solutions for green hydrogen integration into energy systems. This review provides strategic insights for addressing these challenges by fostering global research collaboration, interdisciplinary approaches, and policy-driven technological development. Ultimately, the study serves as a valuable roadmap for accelerating the transition towards a green hydrogen economy, reinforcing its role in shaping a sustainable and decarbonized future.</p>","PeriodicalId":104,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy & Fuels","volume":" 12","pages":" 3182-3202"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144244060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Simulated annealing, spin-coating, and poling: in silico fabrication of ferroelectric polyvinylidene fluoride polymers on graphene as a model of a low-energy-consumption switching device","authors":"Yun Hee Jang, Taekhee Ryu and Yves Lansac","doi":"10.1039/D4SE01009D","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SE01009D","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Ferroelectric polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), particularly its β-phase crystals with well-aligned all-<em>trans</em> polymer chains and prominent polarization in composites with other organic or inorganic materials, has attracted great attention in various areas of energy harvesting, storage, and saving. However, since the β phase is not the most stable polymorph of PVDF, a simple solution casting at a low temperature produces a PVDF film with a limited β-phase content, low crystallinity, and/or high porosity. Additional thermal, mechanical, and electrical controls such as annealing, stretching, spin-coating, and poling are required to maximize both the β-phase content and crystallinity of the PVDF film. Herein, the amorphous-to-β-phase crystallization achieved by such processes is mimicked <em>in silico</em> at the molecular level, revealing the effect of each process on the quality of the processed film. The content of the β-phase crystal, which is negligible after the simulated annealing beyond the melting temperature (300 K to 500 K and back to 300 K), increases to 80% after the SLLOD simulations at a shear velocity of 5.5 m s<small>⁻¹</small> (<em>i.e.</em>, by the simulated spin coating of approximately 3000–5000 rpm) and increases further to 100% when combined with a high electric field of 0.18 GV m<small>⁻¹</small> (<em>i.e.</em>, by the simulated electric poling). The perfectly polarized dipole moments of such β-phase PVDF thin films, when deposited on graphene, can induce electrostatic doping (<em>i.e.</em>, create charge carriers) in the underlying graphene, even in a zero electric field, resolving the zero-bandgap (<em>i.e.</em>, no-OFF-state) issues of graphene while maintaining its high carrier mobility and low-power operation. Indeed, the current–voltage (<em>I</em>–<em>V</em>) curves mimicked by non-equilibrium Green's function calculations on a model device of a field-effect transistor show a modulation of the doping level and in turn the conductance of graphene, virtually achieving an <em>I</em><small>_ON</small>/<em>I</em><small>_OFF</small> ratio of up to 20, when the orientation of the PVDF polarization is flipped by a bias gate voltage sweep. We envision that such devices can eventually lead to low-power-consumption high-ON/OFF-ratio graphene-channel field-effect transistors and non-volatile memories.</p>","PeriodicalId":104,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy & Fuels","volume":" 12","pages":" 3225-3236"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144244062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Grain boundary passivation as an optimal strategy for perovskite solar cells with improved stability†","authors":"Yin Li, Hongbo Mo, Jingbo Wang, Zhengtian Yuan, Yanling He, Tao Zhu, Xiaoxue Fan, Gang Li, Jasminka Popović and Aleksandra. B. Djurišić","doi":"10.1039/D5SE00426H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SE00426H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >High performance perovskite solar cells have been obtained using a variety of perovskite compositions. Here, we investigate the stability of different perovskite compositions that can yield efficient solar cells under exposure to different stressors: illumination (with oxygen or humidity) and elevated temperature. The sensitivity of the perovskite to different stress factors was strongly dependent on its composition, and stability–composition–efficiency relationships were complex. Nevertheless, MA-free perovskite clearly exhibits superior thermal stability and stability under illumination in oxygen, but it shows sensitivity to moisture. We then investigate the effect of common strategies for stability improvement, namely additives for defect passivation, hydrophobic additives, and cross-linking additives, on the stability of MA-free perovskite and achieved significant enhancement of stability with cross-linking additives. As cross-linking additives can hinder both ion migration under illumination and moisture ingress into the perovskite, they can facilitate superior stability compared to simple hydrophobicity enhancement. While all the additives resulted in similar efficiencies (∼22%), cross-linking additives resulted in an ∼1.7 times increase in <em>T</em><small>₈₀</small> compared to control devices during open circuit stability tests in ambient air with 70% relative humidity.</p>","PeriodicalId":104,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy & Fuels","volume":" 11","pages":" 3078-3087"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144148207","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Enhanced SnO2 electron transport layers by Eu3+ doping for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells†","authors":"Danxia Wu, Huilin Yan, Xing Zhao, Yujie Qiu, Yuqing Yang, Yuanxi Zhang, Bingbing Fan, Peng Cui, Xin Sun, Pengjun Zhao and Meicheng Li","doi":"10.1039/D5SE00128E","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SE00128E","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Chemical bath deposition (CBD) is a promising way to fabricate SnO<small>₂</small> electron transport layers (ETLs) for efficient and stable perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, europium chloride hexahydrate (EuCl<small>₃</small>·6H<small>₂</small>O) was introduced into the CBD process to optimize the properties of SnO<small>₂</small> for high-efficiency and stable PSCs. The incorporation of Eu<small>³⁺</small> ions into the SnO<small>₂</small> lattice effectively enhances its electrical properties, mitigates surface trap defects, and reduces interfacial non-radiative recombination. More importantly, Eu<small>³⁺</small> ions serve as effective protectants, improving the UV resistance of perovskite films. As a result, the PSCs based on the Eu-SnO<small>₂</small> ETL exhibit a notable improvement in power conversion efficiency (PCE), increasing from 22.02% to 24.50%. Additionally, the devices demonstrate excellent stability, retaining 96.9% and 86% of their initial efficiency after 2600 h in ambient air and 130 h under continuous UV illumination, respectively. This strategy provides a valuable approach for further improving the film quality of SnO<small>₂</small>, offering great potential for high-efficiency and stable PSCs.</p>","PeriodicalId":104,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy & Fuels","volume":" 12","pages":" 3271-3277"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144244066","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying mining requirement and waste for energy sustainability","authors":"Dinara Ermakova, Drishti Sen, Haruko Wainwright, Jin Whan Bae, Lisha Chen and Jasmina Vujic","doi":"10.1039/D4SE01484G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SE01484G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >This study demonstrates the life-cycle assessment of different energy sources-coal, natural gas, solar, wind, nuclear, and hydro-particularly focused on mining activities and waste per given electricity capacity and generation. It also includes carbon dioxide emissions generated during the transportation of raw materials to build and operate electricity generating systems and their environmental impacts in the US from 2023 to 2050. We identify the raw material and metal requirements for the U.S.-based typical systems in each energy type and synthesize datasets on typical ore fraction and material recycling factors, while taking into account the capacity factor of the power plants. We then compute the total mass and volume of material requirements and waste mass and volume for the front-end (<em>i.e.</em>, mining, material needed for construction), operation (<em>i.e.</em>, fuel, maintenance), and back-end (<em>i.e.</em>, decommissioning) activities. The key findings are that (1) the energy transition from fossil fuel to low-carbon energy sources would reduce mining waste as well as the shipping carbon footprint; (2) the difference in capacity and actual electricity generation is significant for the life-cycle assessment due to low capacity factors of solar and wind energy; (3) several key metals with low abundance or high requirements dominate mining waste, which highlights the need for recycling and establishing a circular economy; (4) mining of critical minerals becomes important during the clean energy transition and (5) nuclear energy generates least waste and contributes least to shipping emissions among the low-carbon sources due to the high energy density and capacity factor and the small mass of materials it requires. Although the waste mass may not necessarily be equal to the environmental impact due to different waste isolation technologies, we aim to highlight the importance of considering mining and decommissioning waste, which are often ignored but important for accounting for the environmental impacts and addressing energy justice issues.</p>","PeriodicalId":104,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy & Fuels","volume":" 11","pages":" 3120-3140"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-05-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/se/d4se01484g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144148211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}