Sustainable Energy & Fuels最新文献

{"title":"Ba0.6Sr0.4TiO3 ferroelectric filler-reinforced poly(vinylidene fluoride) polymer electrolytes for dendrite-free solid-state Li metal batteries†","authors":"Chen Yang, Hongjian Zhang, Mingtao Zhu, Ping Li, Hao Wu, Qiushi Wang and Yong Zhang","doi":"10.1039/D5SE00285K","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SE00285K","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-based electrolytes have attracted significant attention for their potential use in solid-state lithium batteries (SSLBs) due to their superior electrochemical performance and safety. However, their low ionic conductivity and uneven lithium deposition hinder the further application of PVDF-based electrolytes. Herein, this work focuses on incorporating Ba<small>_0.6</small>Sr<small>_0.4</small>TiO<small>₃</small> (BST) ferroelectric ceramics into PVDF to form composite solid-state electrolytes (CSEs). The BST ferroelectric ceramics can create an intrinsic electric field that facilitates lithium-ion transport and enables uniform Li deposition. In addition, benefiting from the high dielectric constant of BST and dipoles generated from the asymmetric structure, PVDF–BST CSEs achieve a high ionic conductivity (1.79 × 10<small>⁻⁴</small> S cm<small>⁻¹</small>) due to more free lithium ions, a wide electrochemical window of 4.8 V (<em>vs.</em> Li/Li<small>⁺</small>) and a high Li<small>⁺</small> transference number (0.37). The assembled Li|PVDF–BST|Li symmetrical cells can steadily cycle for 1100 h at 0.1 mA cm<small>⁻²</small> at 25 °C. The assembled Li|PVDF–BST|LiFePO<small>₄</small> cells show long-term cycling stability with a capacity retention of 85.6% after 100 cycles at 0.5C and a capacity retention of 81.4% after 200 cycles at 1C. This work provides a new strategy for improving the performance of the PVDF-based electrolytes by incorporating ferroelectric ceramics.</p>","PeriodicalId":104,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy & Fuels","volume":" 10","pages":" 2782-2791"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944000","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Vacancy enhanced Li, Na, and K clustering on graphene†","authors":"Jonathon Cottom, Qiong Cai and Emilia Olsson","doi":"10.1039/D5SE00130G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SE00130G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The formation of metallic dendrites during battery cycling is a persistent challenge for alkali metal-ion batteries, reducing cycle life and posing safety risks. Although surface defects are often implicated in inhomogeneous metal nucleation, the atomic-scale mechanisms by which they promote metal clustering and subsequent dendrite formation remain poorly understood. Here, we use first-principles calculations to investigate how carbon monovacancies (V<small>_C</small>) influence the clustering behaviour of alkali metals (Li, Na, and K) on graphene – a common basal-plane motif in graphite, hard carbons, and graphene-based anodes. Clusters of Li, Na, and K of varying size (M<small>_<em>n</em></small> for <em>n</em> ∈ {1–12}) are characterised on pristine and defective graphene to understand their stability. On pristine graphene, cluster formation is hindered for Li due to the instability of small clusters (<em>n</em> ≤ 3) and significant Li–Li repulsion, and suppressed for K due to weak K–K binding and its larger ionic radius. In contrast, Na exhibits spontaneous clustering, suggesting a higher propensity for dendrite formation even in the absence of defects. The introduction of a V<small>_C</small> dramatically alters these trends: it stabilises small (<em>n</em> ≤ 3) clusters across all three metals by enhancing binding strength with the surface and modifying charge localisation. For Li, the vacancy overcomes the barrier to early-stage nucleation; for Na, it promotes growth at even lower metal loadings; and for K, clustering becomes locally favoured albeit only for the smallest cluster sizes (<em>n</em> ≤ 3). These results clarify the defect-facilitated pathways to metal clustering, offering atomistic insight that can inform the development of more dendrite-resistant carbon architectures.</p>","PeriodicalId":104,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy & Fuels","volume":" 10","pages":" 2813-2826"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/se/d5se00130g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Advantages of ordered catalyst layers in PEMFCs: theoretical perspectives and future development","authors":"Muhammad Yusro and Viktor Hacker","doi":"10.1039/D5SE00028A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SE00028A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The catalyst layer in Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs) is crucial for facilitating electrochemical reactions. These layers required meticulously engineered structures to optimize the accessibility of catalyst sites to reactants and to enhance electron and proton transport. The advancement of patterned ordered catalyst layers has attracted significant attention, as this arrangement is thought to resolve essential challenges relative to conventional catalyst layer structures in fuel cells. The theoretical foundation for the usage of ordered catalyst layers and their superior performance has not yet been documented. This article addresses the implications of shifting from conventional catalyst layers (CCLs) to ordered catalyst layers (OCLs) in PEMFC applications. The discussion will address important aspects, including mass transfer, reaction rates, platinum utilization, water management, and the generation of electricity, which are essential for interpreting the performance of PEMFCs. Future directions involve modeling, manufacturing scalability, inventive structural designs, and the dissemination of developments, providing insights into enhancing the performance and practicality of PEMFCs.</p>","PeriodicalId":104,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy & Fuels","volume":" 10","pages":" 2625-2650"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/se/d5se00028a?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944162","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Ammonia synthesis from water and nitrogen using electricity with a hydrogen-permeable membrane electrochemical cell with Ru catalysts and molten hydroxide electrolyte: integration with ammonia separation and unreacted gas recirculation†","authors":"Raisei Sagara, Eriko Watanabe and Jun Kubota","doi":"10.1039/D5SE00348B","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SE00348B","url":null,"abstract":"<p >There is considerable interest in synthesizing NH<small>₃</small> directly from abundant H<small>₂</small>O and N<small>₂</small> using electricity from renewable energy sources, for applications such as synthetic fuels, artificial fertilizers, and raw materials for plastics. NH<small>₃</small> synthesis from N<small>₂</small> and H<small>₂</small>O was investigated using an electrochemical setup featuring Ru/Cs<small>⁺</small>/C catalysts, Pd alloy membrane cathodes, NaOH–KOH molten electrolytes, and Ni anodes operated at 250 °C and 1.0 MPa (absolute). This electrochemical setup was integrated with a refrigerated gas/liquid separator at −75 °C to concentrate NH<small>₃</small> and a recirculation pump for unreacted H<small>₂</small> and N<small>₂</small>. As a single-pass reactor, if NH<small>₃</small> separation and unreacted gas recirculation were not used, this electrochemical device produced NH<small>₃</small> at 1.0 MPa and 250 °C, with an apparent current efficiency of 32–20% at 10–100 mA cm<small>⁻²</small>. This efficiency was limited by the chemical equilibrium, which is calculated to be 36%. The study achieved a 90% apparent current efficiency, with a 320 nmol s<small>⁻¹</small> cm<small>⁻²</small> production rate of NH<small>₃</small> at 100 mA cm<small>⁻²</small>, 250 °C, and 1.0 MPa with NH<small>₃</small> separation and unreacted gas recirculation. The remaining 10% of the apparent current efficiency was used for H<small>₂</small> production. The reaction kinetic properties and scalability of the present system were discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":104,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy & Fuels","volume":" 10","pages":" 2658-2669"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/se/d5se00348b?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944164","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Chloride-improved crystallization in sequentially vacuum-deposited perovskites for p–i–n perovskite solar cells†","authors":"Jin Yan, Jasmeen Nespoli, Reinder K. Boekhoff, Haoxu Wang, Timo Gort, Martijn Tijssen, Bernardus Zijlstra, Arjan Houtepen, Tom J. Savenije, Olindo Isabella and Luana Mazzarella","doi":"10.1039/D4SE01744G","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SE01744G","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Sequential thermal evaporation is an emerging technique for obtaining perovskite (PVK) photoactive materials for solar cell applications. Advantages include solvent-free processing, accurate stoichiometry control, and scalable processing. Nevertheless, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of PVK solar cells (PSCs) fabricated by evaporation still lags behind that of solution-processed PSCs. Here, based on multi-cycle sequential thermal evaporation, we systematically investigate the effects of the post-deposition annealing temperature on the PVK properties in terms of surface morphology, opto-electronic properties, and device performance. We find that the average grain size increases to almost 1 μm and charge carrier mobilities exceed 50 cm<small>²</small> V<small>⁻¹</small> s<small>⁻¹</small> when the annealing temperature is increased to 170 °C. We introduce a trace of PbCl<small>₂</small> to the multi-cycle sequential deposition to improve the absorber crystallinity at a lower annealing temperature of 150 °C, as evidenced by the XRD and PL analyses. The resulting PSC in a p–i–n structure yields a PCE of 18.5% with a cell area of 0.09 cm<small>²</small>. With the same deposition parameters, the cell area is scaled up to 0.36 cm<small>²</small>, achieving champion PCEs of 17.06%. This indicates the great potential of this technology for the commercialization of PSCs in the future.</p>","PeriodicalId":104,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy & Fuels","volume":" 10","pages":" 2729-2737"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlepdf/2025/se/d4se01744g?page=search","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143943991","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Environmentally sustainable fabrication of organic solar cells: preserving the power conversion efficiency while reducing the material footprint†","authors":"Ushasri Mukherjee and Samarendra P. Singh","doi":"10.1039/D5SE00413F","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SE00413F","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Organic solar cells (OSCs) have attracted significant interest due to their utilization of a solution-based approach, which allows for easier fabrication procedures. In recent years, OSCs have successfully reached more than 19.0% of power conversion efficiency (PCE). Most of these interesting developments commonly utilized halogenated solvents such as chlorobenzene (CB), chloroform (CF), 1,2-dichlorobenzene (ODCB), <em>etc</em>. These halogenated solvents are harmful to human health as well as the environment. Therefore, the utilization of harmful solvents limits its capability as an environmentally friendly technology. With an aim to employ eco-friendly solvents for OSC fabrication, we present our research on the fabrication of PTB7-Th:PC<small>₇₁</small>BM-based organic solar cells (OSCs) using a combination of non-halogenated and relatively eco-friendly solvents. The combination of 2-methylanisole (MA) and mesitylene (MY) in a specific ratio (7 : 3) has been identified as a suitable substitute solvent. By employing these solvents, we were able to reach a maximum PCE of 7.32% for the OSCs with an inverted device architecture ITO/ZnO/PTB7-Th:PC<small>₇₁</small>BM/MoO<small>_<em>x</em></small>/Ag, which is comparable to the PCE of OSCs processed using ODCB solvent. Furthermore, we established the universality of a relatively non-toxic solvent combination (MA : MY) for eco-friendly OSCs by achieving a PCE of 11.05% for the ternary device architecture ITO/ZnO/PTB7-Th:Y7:IT-M/MoO<small>_<em>x</em></small>/Ag.</p>","PeriodicalId":104,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy & Fuels","volume":" 10","pages":" 2792-2804"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944001","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Additive passivation strategies to improve properties of evaporation-spray coating perovskite solar cells†","authors":"Yuxin Zhang, Cong Geng, Chunyang Zheng, Huiren Zheng, Xin Zhao, Mingwei Zhu, Yong Peng and Yi-Bing Cheng","doi":"10.1039/D5SE00143A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SE00143A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >The evaporation-spray coating process has been applied in the field of perovskites. However, perovskite solar cells fabricated using the evaporation-spray coating process often exhibit significant hysteresis, which is attributed to the ease of ion migration and interface recombination in the perovskite produced by this method. To address this issue, we introduced butylamine additives containing different halide ions (I<small>⁻</small>, Br<small>⁻</small>, Cl<small>⁻</small>) into the spray process. After comparing the results, it was found that butylamine iodide (BAI) can effectively passivate lead and iodide-related defects in the perovskite by interacting with uncoordinated lead and iodide ions, thereby suppressing non-radiative recombination. Additionally, BAI promotes the transformation of PbI<small>₂</small> during the evaporation-spray coating process, reducing the residual lead iodide in the perovskite. The wide-bandgap perovskite solar cells (energy gap (<em>E</em><small>_g</small>), <em>E</em><small>_g</small> ≈ 1.68 eV) fabricated using this method achieved a champion device photovoltaic conversion efficiency (PCE) increase from 16.61% to 19.91%. Furthermore, the unencapsulated devices demonstrated excellent stability, maintaining 80% of their initial efficiency after 450 hours of thermal aging at 60 °C.</p>","PeriodicalId":104,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy & Fuels","volume":" 10","pages":" 2670-2677"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944165","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dopant-free hydrophobic fluorene-based hole transport materials: impact of methoxy-substituted triphenylamine and carbazole peripheral groups on the performance of perovskite solar cells†","authors":"Vighneshwar Ganesh Bhat, Kavya S. Keremane, Subramanya K. S., Archana S., Akash Hegde, Ivy M. Asuo, Bed Poudel and Udaya Kumar Dalimba","doi":"10.1039/D5SE00120J","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SE00120J","url":null,"abstract":"<p >Hole-transporting materials (HTMs) are crucial for charge separation in perovskite solar cells (PVSCs). Besides possessing suitable HOMO/LUMO energies, HTMs should ideally be hydrophobic to protect the perovskites from atmospheric moisture to enhance device stability. We designed two fluorene-core D–π–D-type organic HTMs (<strong>V1</strong> and <strong>V2</strong>), consisting of either 4,4′-methoxy triphenylamine (<strong>V1</strong>) or <em>N</em>-phenyl-3,6-methoxy carbazole (<strong>V2</strong>) as the peripheral donor moiety. Optoelectronic characterization and density functional theory calculations confirmed the intramolecular charge transfer within these new HTMs. UPS and REELS analyses revealed favorable HOMO–LUMO energy level alignment of <strong>V1</strong> and <strong>V2</strong> with the work functions of MAPbI<small>₃</small> and gold electrode for effective charge extraction. TRPL and transient absorption studies commendably explained better quenching of perovskite's luminescence by <strong>V1</strong> over <strong>V2</strong>, suggesting a better interfacial contact of <strong>V1</strong> with the perovskite layer. Accordingly, the PVSCs with <strong>V1</strong> and <strong>V2</strong> as HTMs in an architecture ITO/SnO<small>₂</small>/MAPbI<small>₃</small>/HTM(<strong>V1</strong> or <strong>V2</strong>)/Au demonstrated power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 14.05% and 12.73% respectively. Also, the device with <strong>V1</strong> retains 75% of its initial efficiency for more than 480 hours. The contact angle measurements revealed the strong hydrophobicity of both alkylated fluorene molecules (<strong>V1</strong> and <strong>V2</strong>), and impedance spectroscopy measurements further revealed higher <em>R</em><small>_rec</small> values for these HTMs, indicating improved charge transport and reduced recombination losses. These findings demonstrate the potential of the newly developed hydrophobic fluorene-based HTMs for achieving long-lasting performance in PVSCs.</p>","PeriodicalId":104,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy & Fuels","volume":" 10","pages":" 2769-2781"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143943999","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Pushing the boundaries: enhancing TiO2 performance for hydrogen evolution under visible light photocatalysis by incorporating RuO2†","authors":"Moses D. Ashie, Gayani Pathiraja, Shobha Mantripragada and Bishnu P. Bastakoti","doi":"10.1039/D5SE00040H","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D5SE00040H","url":null,"abstract":"<p >A highly efficient and porous TiO<small>₂</small>–RuO<small>₂</small> nanocomposite was fabricated <em>via</em> a one-pot solvothermal route. Varying the ruthenium content in the synthesis revealed the importance of modifying synthesis conditions in achieving a highly porous and effective photocatalytic material. The results from the study show that an optimal weight of 20% ruthenium precursor in the TiO<small>₂</small>–RuO<small>₂</small> nanocomposite demonstrated enhanced photocatalytic properties compared to other compositions. The nanocomposite exhibited high performance in the H<small>₂</small> gas evolution reaction due to the synergistic effect of TiO<small>₂</small> and RuO<small>₂</small>, enhancing charge transfer and improving light absorption. The TiO<small>₂</small>–RuO<small>₂</small>-20 exhibited double reduction potential and low solution resistance. As a result of the reduced band gap, improved light absorption capability, and low electron–hole recombination, TiO<small>₂</small>–RuO<small>₂</small>-20 yielded a significant amount of hydrogen gas, 1794.8 μmol g<small>⁻¹</small> h<small>⁻¹</small>, over 3 h of activity under visible light. This amount far exceeded the yield observed for RuO<small>₂</small> alone (21.9 μmol g<small>⁻¹</small> h<small>⁻¹</small>) and the commercially available TiO<small>₂</small> (246.4 μmol g<small>⁻¹</small> h<small>⁻¹</small>). This confirms the contribution and effectiveness of a low amount of ruthenium required in fabricating highly effective TiO<small>₂</small>–RuO<small>₂</small> catalysts for photocatalytic hydrogen evolution. The single-step, low-cost solvothermal method offers a significant advantage in obtaining cost-effective materials for efficient hydrogen generation.</p>","PeriodicalId":104,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy & Fuels","volume":" 10","pages":" 2707-2717"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143944169","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Evaluation of environmental impacts of a perovskite solar cell with a p-i-n meso-superstructured architecture through life cycle assessment†","authors":"Camilo Andrés Valderrama Benítez, Francisco José Molina Pérez, Juan Felipe Montoya Arango, Diana Catalina Rodríguez, Aída Luz Villa and Jaume-Adrià Alberola-Borràs","doi":"10.1039/D4SE01571A","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1039/D4SE01571A","url":null,"abstract":"<p >This study analyzes the environmental impacts of a 1 cm<small>²</small> perovskite solar cell (PSC) with a <em>meso</em>-superstructured p-i-n configuration, fabricated in Colombia. Using life cycle assessment (LCA), we evaluated impacts from cradle to gate, excluding assembly, transportation, and waste treatment. The results were compared with another PSC. When comparing to commercial solar cells, the functional unit was converted to 1 kW h for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The PSC exhibited the lowest environmental impacts, attributed to lower energy requirements for its layers and reduced use of contaminating materials. Notably, substituting fluorine-doped tin oxide (FTO) with indium tin oxide (ITO) and using silver instead of gold for the top electrode significantly reduced impacts. Lead in the perovskite layer showed an insignificant contribution to key environmental categories, including human carcinogenic toxicity and ecotoxicity in water. The energy analysis indicates that manufacturing energy consumption varies by location, suggesting the PSC could be competitive with commercial solar cells in terms of GHG emissions if its lifetime exceeds ten years. Further reductions in impact could be achieved through material modifications and improved disposal techniques.</p>","PeriodicalId":104,"journal":{"name":"Sustainable Energy & Fuels","volume":" 10","pages":" 2753-2768"},"PeriodicalIF":5.0,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143943998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"材料科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}