Arianna Teti, Gianluca Lo Coco, Omar Carlo Gioacchino Gelo, Gloria Lagetto, Giorgio Tasca, Salvatore Gullo
{"title":"The Use of Routine Outcome Monitoring in Clinical Supervision: A Scoping Review of Empirical Evidence","authors":"Arianna Teti, Gianluca Lo Coco, Omar Carlo Gioacchino Gelo, Gloria Lagetto, Giorgio Tasca, Salvatore Gullo","doi":"10.1002/cpp.70314","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpp.70314","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Routine outcome monitoring (ROM) has been recognized for its potential to enhance treatment outcomes and support decision-making. This scoping review aimed to systematically map the empirical literature on the use of ROM in clinical and/or training supervision contexts, to summarize the main findings and to identify research gaps. This scoping review also aimed to provide recommendations for future research. Following PRISMA-ScR guidelines, a systematic search of electronic databases (Scopus, PsycINFO, PubMed, MedLine and Embase) was conducted in March 2025. Studies were included if they reported empirical data on the use of patient-reported outcome or process measures within supervision. No restrictions were placed on population or methodology. A narrative synthesis was adopted due to heterogeneity among studies. Seventeen studies met the inclusion criteria, varying in methodology, sample and focus. Four key thematic areas emerged: Experiences and Perceived Benefits to Using ROM in Clinical Supervision; Barriers to Using ROM in Clinical Supervision; Effects of ROM on Clinical Outcomes; and Supervisor Training in the use of ROM. While the use of ROM in supervision is promising, current empirical evidence remains fragmented. Key research priorities to inform clinical training and supervisory practice are discussed.</p>","PeriodicalId":10460,"journal":{"name":"Clinical psychology & psychotherapy","volume":"33 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cpp.70314","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148911064","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Banafsheh Mohajerin, Richard Howard, Aaron L. Pincus
{"title":"A Response to Dimaggio et al.'s Commentary on Mohajerin et al. (2026)","authors":"Banafsheh Mohajerin, Richard Howard, Aaron L. Pincus","doi":"10.1002/cpp.70332","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpp.70332","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Our randomized controlled trial comparing Unified Protocol (UP) and Schema-Focused Therapy (SFT) for grandiose and vulnerable presentations of narcissism has recently been critiqued in a commentary by Dimaggio et al. (2026). These authors raised concerns regarding the study's recruitment and subgroup classification, gender distribution, treatment response patterns, absence of dropouts, randomization, screening and recruitment procedures, trial registration, outcome assessment, supervision and treatment fidelity, treatment dose and duration, and disclosure of the NPD diagnosis. In this response, we clarify these methodological and procedural issues and provide additional information that was not fully described in the original article. We maintain that while both treatments were effective in ameliorating symptoms of narcissism, SFT was more effective in treating grandiose features, while UP was more effective in treating vulnerable features.</p>\u0000 <p><b>Trial Registration:</b> Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials identifier: IRCT20231106059970N3</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10460,"journal":{"name":"Clinical psychology & psychotherapy","volume":"33 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148911050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Diana Burychka, Marta Miragall, Maite Zapata, Judith Alvarez-Borillo, Rosa M. Baños
{"title":"Virtual Reality Mood Induction and Body Image Disturbance in Adolescents With Eating Disorders: An Experimental Study","authors":"Diana Burychka, Marta Miragall, Maite Zapata, Judith Alvarez-Borillo, Rosa M. Baños","doi":"10.1002/cpp.70328","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpp.70328","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Eating disorders (EDs) are severe psychiatric conditions characterized by body image disturbance, yet the role of affective states in the maintenance of body image symptoms among adolescents remains poorly understood. Virtual reality–based mood induction procedures (VR-MIPs) offer a controlled method for examining how experimentally induced affect influences body image outcomes. This within-subjects experimental study tested the hypotheses that a positive-MIP would improve, and negative MIP would worsen, body image disturbance indices in female adolescents with EDs. Forty-two female adolescents diagnosed with an ED, predominantly anorexia nervosa (92.85%), (Age: <i>M</i> = 15.88, <i>SD</i> = 1.40, BMI: <i>M</i> = 18.30, <i>SD</i> <i>=</i> 2.60) completed two experimental sessions involving positive and negative VR-MIPs. Assessments included perceived and ideal body size estimation, depressive symptoms, state affect and body satisfaction. The positive-MIP successfully induced the intended affective changes and produced increases in ideal body size estimation and reductions in body dissatisfaction. Although these effects did not survive conservative correction for multiple comparisons, the converging effect-size and Bayesian estimates provide preliminary evidence that should be examined in adequately powered samples. In contrast, the negative-MIP did not produce significant body image-related changes, and the manipulation check did not confirm the intended mood induction, limiting the interpretability of findings for this condition. These findings point to the potential value of incorporating positive affect induction strategies within body image interventions for female adolescents with EDs. Replication in larger, diagnostically diverse samples and inclusion of male and non-binary adolescents are needed to consolidate these preliminary findings.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Trial Registration</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: NCT04617886</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10460,"journal":{"name":"Clinical psychology & psychotherapy","volume":"33 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13550956/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148905283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Intra-Interpersonal Vulnerability Model for Understanding Trauma Conditions: Factors in the Development and Maintenance of PTSD and Complex PTSD","authors":"Reuben Kindred, Maja Nedeljkovic, Glen Bates","doi":"10.1002/cpp.70333","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpp.70333","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Adverse childhood events and insecure attachment lead to difficulties in emotion regulation and social support, predisposing individuals to post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and complex PTSD (CPTSD) when exposed to potentially traumatic events. However, the field lacks an integrated account of how these risk and protective factors combine, including the pathways through which attachment-related vulnerability contributes to trauma symptoms. This study tested a proposed intra-interpersonal vulnerability model using structural equation modelling with a sample of 706 participants (<i>M</i> = 30.64 years, SD = 11.00). Model fit was strong for symptoms of ICD-11 PTSD (CFI = 0.969; SRMR = 0.055) and ICD-11 CPTSD (CFI = 0.976; SRMR = 0.056). The model explained 35% of variance in PTSD symptoms and 75.7% of variance in CPTSD symptoms. Cross-validation supported the generalisability of the model, with the overall pattern of effects also replicated among participants with elevated PTSD/CPTSD symptoms. As expected, adverse childhood events were linked to attachment insecurity (e.g., <i>β</i> = 0.29), which influenced emotional identification, emotion dysregulation and social connectedness (<i>β</i> = 0.24 to <i>β</i> = −0.69). Contrary to expectations attachment insecurity did not impact either PTSD or CPTSD trauma symptoms directly. Emotion dysregulation was significantly associated with both PTSD and CPTSD symptoms, whereas social connectedness was associated with CPTSD but not PTSD symptoms. Overall, the results indicate that risk and protective factors build upon each other, reinforcing the importance of developmental aspects in the emergence of post-traumatic stress. Limitations include a community sample and cross-sectional data, suggesting a need for longitudinal research.</p>","PeriodicalId":10460,"journal":{"name":"Clinical psychology & psychotherapy","volume":"33 5","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13533850/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"148873363","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Samy Egli, Theresa Badenbach, Arnold van Emmerik, Angelika Stefan, Johannes Kopf-Beck
{"title":"Mechanisms of Change in the Treatment of Depression: On the Role of Attachment, Reappraisal and Suppression.","authors":"Samy Egli, Theresa Badenbach, Arnold van Emmerik, Angelika Stefan, Johannes Kopf-Beck","doi":"10.1002/cpp.70345","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.70345","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Identifying mechanisms of change in psychotherapy is imperative to optimize treatment effectiveness for depression. Research has identified specific mechanisms, primarily in outpatient pathology. However, the transdiagnostic robustness of these mechanisms remains to be quantified in more severely affected populations. This study aims to delineate the role of anxious and avoidant attachment, expressive suppression and cognitive reappraisal as within-person mechanisms of change in inpatient schema therapy and cognitive behaviour therapy for patients acutely and severely affected by major depressive disorder. A secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial in an intensive multimodal inpatient and day-clinic setting with 198 patients was conducted. To differentiate stable between-person traits from therapeutic within-person shifts, Bayesian random-intercept cross-lagged panel models were employed. The data provided evidence that schema therapy and cognitive behaviour therapy do not differentially affect the mechanisms of change, that these mechanisms do not predict subsequent symptom change and that they do not mediate treatment effects on depressive symptoms. In contrast, a significant reverse association was identified: Symptom reduction was associated with subsequent improvements in cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression. This temporal precedence suggests that alterations in cognitive reappraisal and expressive suppression are consequences of change in depressive symptoms rather than its primary drivers. These insights could guide researchers and clinicians in future investigations towards precision psychotherapy, directing attention not only to what interventions are performed but also to when they are performed.</p>","PeriodicalId":10460,"journal":{"name":"Clinical psychology & psychotherapy","volume":"33 5","pages":"e70345"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13626740/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149105025","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Lingfeng Xue, Virginia Chi Tong Chau, Anokhi Mehra, Rachel Woodham, Gabrielle Sheehan, Valentina Lorenzetti, Michal W S Ong, Muzzammil Hussain, Anna J Lawes, Ramesh Muthuswamy, Cynthia H Y Fu
{"title":"Attachment Styles in Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Lingfeng Xue, Virginia Chi Tong Chau, Anokhi Mehra, Rachel Woodham, Gabrielle Sheehan, Valentina Lorenzetti, Michal W S Ong, Muzzammil Hussain, Anna J Lawes, Ramesh Muthuswamy, Cynthia H Y Fu","doi":"10.1002/cpp.70343","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.70343","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Major depressive disorder (MDD), a leading cause of disability, is associated with difficulties in close relationships. Attachment theory links early caregiving to internal working models shaping emotion regulation, interpersonal functioning and depression vulnerability. Attachment patterns in clinically diagnosed MDD have not been synthesised. Following PRISMA (PROSPERO: CRD42017068580), we searched for studies of adults with standardised diagnoses of MDD or postpartum depression (PPD) and attachment measures. Random-effects meta-analyses expressed categorical outcomes as odds ratios (ORs) and continuous outcomes as Hedges' g. As a result, 61 studies met inclusion criteria: 33 case-control and 28 depression-only, of which five provided qualitative data only. Categorically, MDD/PPD showed lower secure (OR = 0.20, 95% CI 0.15-0.26, p < 0.001) and higher anxious (OR = 2.46, 1.66-3.64, p < 0.001), avoidant (OR = 1.42, 1.04-1.95, p = 0.027) and fearful attachment (OR = 3.00, 1.97-4.54, p < 0.001) than healthy controls. On continuous measures, secure attachment was lower (g = -0.46, p = 0.003) and anxious (g = 0.63, p < 0.001) and avoidant (g = 0.41, p = 0.011) higher; fearful was not significant (g = 0.35, p = 0.062) until an outlier was removed. Single-arm prevalence meta-analyses found secure attachment in 24.1%, fearful in 26.9%, avoidant in 23.7% and anxious in 23.0%, with secure more prevalent in PPD than MDD (31.9% versus 21.3%, p = 0.009). In conclusion, MDD and PPD show lower secure and higher anxious, fearful and avoidant attachment than healthy controls. About three in four patients show insecure attachment, supporting attachment-informed assessment and treatment planning.</p>","PeriodicalId":10460,"journal":{"name":"Clinical psychology & psychotherapy","volume":"33 5","pages":"e70343"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13626741/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149105072","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Duygu Kinay Ermis, Efruz Pirdoğan Aydın, Nurdan Kasar, Omca Güney
{"title":"Social Anxiety Symptoms and Body-Focused Repetitive Behaviour Severity in Adolescents: A Serial Mediation Analysis of Shame and Emotion Regulation Difficulties.","authors":"Duygu Kinay Ermis, Efruz Pirdoğan Aydın, Nurdan Kasar, Omca Güney","doi":"10.1002/cpp.70350","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpp.70350","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Body-focused repetitive behaviour disorders (BFRBDs), including trichotillomania (TTM) and skin-picking disorder (SPD), typically emerge during adolescence. These disorders have been conceptualized within emotion regulation models, in which body-focused repetitive behaviours (BFRBs) may function as attempts to regulate aversive emotional states. Although anxiety frequently co-occurs with BFRBDs, its association with BFRB severity is generally modest, highlighting the need to examine affective and regulatory processes. This cross-sectional study examined the associations among social anxiety, shame-proneness, emotion regulation difficulties and BFRB severity using a serial mediation model. Participants were 107 adolescents aged 12-18 years (80.4% female) who met DSM-5 criteria for TTM or SPD and were recruited from a tertiary child and adolescent psychiatry clinic. Diagnoses were established using semi-structured clinical interviews. The analysis controlled for age and sex. Social anxiety was positively correlated with shame, emotion regulation difficulties and BFRB severity (r = 0.28-0.31, all p < 0.01). In the serial model, social anxiety was associated with greater shame, which was associated with greater emotion regulation difficulties; in turn, emotion regulation difficulties were associated with greater BFRB severity. The total indirect effect (B = 0.162, 95% CI [0.038, 0.337]) and the serial indirect effect through both mediators (B = 0.117, 95% CI [0.040, 0.257]) were significant, whereas neither single-mediator indirect effect was significant. The direct association remained significant (B = 0.302, p = 0.022), consistent with partial statistical mediation. These findings support the proposed theory-based model but do not establish temporal or causal ordering.</p>","PeriodicalId":10460,"journal":{"name":"Clinical psychology & psychotherapy","volume":"33 5","pages":"e70350"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149147357","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Phoebe R Joshua, Susan Simpson, Vivienne Lewis, Sally F Kelty
{"title":"Addressing Schemas, Modes and Interoceptive Disconnection in Chronic Binge Eating Disorder: A Temperament-Informed Schema Therapy Case Series.","authors":"Phoebe R Joshua, Susan Simpson, Vivienne Lewis, Sally F Kelty","doi":"10.1002/cpp.70348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cpp.70348","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Binge eating disorder (BED) is often chronic and accompanied by trauma, comorbidity and neurodiversity, for whom existing treatments can be less effective. This study examined a manualised, temperament-informed schema therapy protocol (ST-BED-TI) targeting early maladaptive schemas (EMS), schema modes and interoception in adults with complex BED. A prospective case series was conducted with five adult women with long-standing BED and high clinical complexity, who received between 25 and 35 sessions of ST-BED-TI in outpatient services in Australia and the United Kingdom. Individual change was evaluated with reliable change indices and clinical significance for global eating disorder (ED) symptom scores. This trial was pre-registered on the Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Register (ID: ACTRN12623001259639). Four of five participants showed reliable and clinically significant improvement in global ED symptoms at post-treatment; three of the four measured at 6-month follow-up maintained these gains. All participants reported reductions in binge eating frequency. Most demonstrated reliable improvements in key EMS, schema modes and at least one interoceptive awareness domain, with one case showing marked interoceptive gains despite limited measurable EMS or mode change. Within the limits of a small uncontrolled case series, ST-BED-TI appears acceptable, clinically manageable and promising in this pilot context. These preliminary findings warrant larger controlled and mechanism-focused studies.</p>","PeriodicalId":10460,"journal":{"name":"Clinical psychology & psychotherapy","volume":"33 5","pages":"e70348"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13629275/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149105014","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Georgie Paulik, Caitlin Reddyhough, Christopher W Lee
{"title":"Schema Therapy for Voice Hearers: A Case Series Study.","authors":"Georgie Paulik, Caitlin Reddyhough, Christopher W Lee","doi":"10.1002/cpp.70349","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpp.70349","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Distressing voice-hearing experiences are frequently characterised by hostility, criticism and abuse and emerging evidence suggests that these experiences may reflect internalised dysfunctional schema modes, particularly the Punitive Parent mode. Yet no research has evaluated a schema therapy intervention explicitly targeting schema modes. This naturalistic case series evaluated schema therapy for voices (STv) within a routine specialist psychology service. Twenty transdiagnostic voice hearers started formulation-driven STv comprising approximately 20-30 individual sessions integrating chair-work, imagery rescripting and schema mode work. Fifteen participants completed treatment. Primary outcome was voice-related distress. Secondary outcomes included voice severity, voice content, negative affect, emotion regulation difficulties and schema modes. Feasibility indicators were encouraging, with 83.3% of eligible clients selecting STv and 75.0% completing treatment. Participants demonstrated a significant and large reduction in voice-related distress (d = 1.18). Significant improvements were also observed in negative affect, emotion regulation difficulties and Punitive Parent mode. Changes in voice severity, negative voice content and Vulnerable Child mode were in the expected direction but did not reach statistical significance, while Healthy Adult mode showed little change. STv appears feasible to deliver within routine clinical practice and associated with meaningful reductions in voice-related distress. The pattern of findings provides preliminary support for a schema mode conceptualisation of distressing voices and suggests that directly targeting Punitive Parent, Vulnerable Child and Healthy Adult modes may represent a promising therapeutic approach. Controlled trials are now required to establish efficacy and investigate proposed mechanisms of change.</p>","PeriodicalId":10460,"journal":{"name":"Clinical psychology & psychotherapy","volume":"33 5","pages":"e70349"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13646041/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149126988","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Effectiveness of Emotion-Focused Therapy for Self-Criticism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.","authors":"Yi Wang, Conor Douris, Ladislav Timulak","doi":"10.1002/cpp.70346","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cpp.70346","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Problematic self-criticism has been widely recognised as a transdiagnostic factor associated with a range of mental health disorders. Emotion-focused therapy (EFT) targets self-criticism primarily via two-chair dialogue for self-criticism, a core intervention within the approach. An increasing number of pre-post studies and randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have examined the effectiveness of EFT in reducing self-criticism. The present meta-analysis synthesised existing quantitative studies utilising EFT to reduce self-criticism and evaluated its overall effectiveness across study designs. Four pre-post studies and seven RCTs were identified through a systematic literature search. Effect sizes were calculated separately for 11 within-group pre-post EFT intervention groups (four single-arm pre-post studies and seven RCT intervention groups) and seven between-group RCT comparisons. Study quality, risk of bias and sensitivity analyses were conducted. Using random-effects models, the pooled within-group effect size (Hedges' g) was -0.86, and the pooled between-group effect size in RCTs was -0.73, indicating moderate to large effects of EFT in reducing self-criticism. Leave-one-out sensitivity analyses showed that these effects remained robust after the removal of outliers. This meta-analysis provides the first quantitative synthesis of EFT for self-criticism and offers preliminary evidence supporting its effectiveness in addressing this transdiagnostic factor linked to the number of mental health difficulties.</p>","PeriodicalId":10460,"journal":{"name":"Clinical psychology & psychotherapy","volume":"33 5","pages":"e70346"},"PeriodicalIF":2.9,"publicationDate":"2026-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC13634925/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"149105104","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"心理学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}