José María Ribé-Viñes, José Gutiérrez-Maldonado, Zahra Zabolipour, Miriam Aguilar-Gil, Marta Ferrer-Garcia
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Specifically, it compares the levels of SP and anxiety experienced in multisensory (i.e., visual, auditory and tactile stimulation) versus bisensory (i.e., visual and auditory stimulation) virtual environments and examines the associations between SP and individual characteristics.</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Methods</h3>\n \n <p>A total of 162 participants were randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions: bisensory virtual reality exposure (B-VRE; <i>n</i> = 85) and multisensory virtual reality exposure (M-VRE; <i>n</i> = 77). Differences in anxiety and SP between the two conditions were assessed using Student's <i>t</i>-tests. In addition, correlation, mediation and moderation analyses were conducted to explore the relationships between SP, anxiety, technological features and individual characteristics.</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Results</h3>\n \n <p>Correlation analyses revealed statistically significant relationships between SP and anxiety during VR exposure, as well as between SP and participants' demographic and personality characteristics. Furthermore, SP partially mediated the relationship between participants' baseline FoH and the anxiety they experienced in the VR environment. Finally, the addition of multisensory cues increased the SP experienced in the virtual scenario but did not significantly impact reported anxiety levels.</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Conclusions</h3>\n \n <p>Incorporating multisensory feedback to enhance SP during VRET should be considered when designing VR systems for therapeutic use.</p>\n </section>\n \n <section>\n \n <h3> Summary</h3>\n \n <div>\n \n <ul>\n \n \n <li>Adding multisensory cues enhances users’ sense of presence in virtual environments.</li>\n \n \n <li>Sense of presence partially mediates the link between fear of heights and anxiety during VR exposure.</li>\n \n \n <li>Incorporating multisensory elements can improve the effectiveness of VR-based therapy.</li>\n </ul>\n </div>\n </section>\n </div>","PeriodicalId":10460,"journal":{"name":"Clinical psychology & psychotherapy","volume":"32 4","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":3.2000,"publicationDate":"2025-06-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"The Impact of Adding Multisensory Stimulation to a Fear of Heights Virtual Reality Experience\",\"authors\":\"José María Ribé-Viñes, José Gutiérrez-Maldonado, Zahra Zabolipour, Miriam Aguilar-Gil, Marta Ferrer-Garcia\",\"doi\":\"10.1002/cpp.70107\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<div>\\n \\n \\n <section>\\n \\n <h3> Introduction</h3>\\n \\n <p>The sense of presence (SP) is a critical factor in eliciting emotional responses during virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) for treating anxiety disorders. 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The Impact of Adding Multisensory Stimulation to a Fear of Heights Virtual Reality Experience
Introduction
The sense of presence (SP) is a critical factor in eliciting emotional responses during virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) for treating anxiety disorders. Multisensory stimulation has been suggested as an effective method to enhance the SP in VR environments.
Objective
This study aims to investigate the relationship between SP and anxiety in a VR environment designed to simulate fear of heights (FoH). Specifically, it compares the levels of SP and anxiety experienced in multisensory (i.e., visual, auditory and tactile stimulation) versus bisensory (i.e., visual and auditory stimulation) virtual environments and examines the associations between SP and individual characteristics.
Methods
A total of 162 participants were randomly assigned to one of two experimental conditions: bisensory virtual reality exposure (B-VRE; n = 85) and multisensory virtual reality exposure (M-VRE; n = 77). Differences in anxiety and SP between the two conditions were assessed using Student's t-tests. In addition, correlation, mediation and moderation analyses were conducted to explore the relationships between SP, anxiety, technological features and individual characteristics.
Results
Correlation analyses revealed statistically significant relationships between SP and anxiety during VR exposure, as well as between SP and participants' demographic and personality characteristics. Furthermore, SP partially mediated the relationship between participants' baseline FoH and the anxiety they experienced in the VR environment. Finally, the addition of multisensory cues increased the SP experienced in the virtual scenario but did not significantly impact reported anxiety levels.
Conclusions
Incorporating multisensory feedback to enhance SP during VRET should be considered when designing VR systems for therapeutic use.
Summary
Adding multisensory cues enhances users’ sense of presence in virtual environments.
Sense of presence partially mediates the link between fear of heights and anxiety during VR exposure.
Incorporating multisensory elements can improve the effectiveness of VR-based therapy.
期刊介绍：
Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy aims to keep clinical psychologists and psychotherapists up to date with new developments in their fields. The Journal will provide an integrative impetus both between theory and practice and between different orientations within clinical psychology and psychotherapy. Clinical Psychology & Psychotherapy will be a forum in which practitioners can present their wealth of expertise and innovations in order to make these available to a wider audience. Equally, the Journal will contain reports from researchers who want to address a larger clinical audience with clinically relevant issues and clinically valid research.
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