Color Research and Application最新文献

{"title":"Perceived Saturation in Normal and Red–Green Color-Deficient Observers","authors":"Miyoshi Ayama,&nbsp;Kota Kanari,&nbsp;Tomoharu Ishikawa","doi":"10.1002/col.70065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/col.70065","url":null,"abstract":"<p>To directly compare the strength of perceived saturation between color-normal observers (CNOs) and congenital red–green color-deficient observers (CDOs), the perceived saturation differences of 11 test pairs were evaluated by CNOs, protans, and deutans using a grayscale method. Three experiments were conducted. First, the commonality of lightness-difference evaluation on the grayscale was examined. Results for three color vision types were nearly identical, indicating the effectiveness of the method. Second, to individually prepare equal-brightness stimuli for each of the four hue series (Red, Green, Yellow, and Blue), a brightness-matching experiment was conducted. CDOs showed the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch effect similar to CNOs, except for the Red series, where the effect was weaker than CNOs. Third, the perceived saturation difference of the test pair with different chroma but nearly the same hue and brightness was evaluated. It increased with the Δ<i>E</i>₀₀ of the test pair similarly in all hues in individual observers and thus fitted by a linear equation. The mean slopes for CNOs, protans, and deutans were 1.01, 0.79, and 0.60, respectively, reflecting the relative strength of perceived saturation difference. On the other hand, the group data showed hue dependency that the decrease of perceived saturation difference relative to CNOs was larger in Red and Green than Yellow and Blue, indicating greater reduction in the red-green mechanism than the yellow-blue. No significant difference was found between protans and deutans, or between dichromats and anomalous trichromats in this study, but that requires further investigation.</p>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/col.70065","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147569187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Measuring Absolute Radiance by Calibrating a Hyperspectral Camera Economically","authors":"Xiangzhen Kong,&nbsp;Ching-Wei Lin,&nbsp;Peter Hanselaer","doi":"10.1002/col.70043","DOIUrl":"10.1002/col.70043","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Hyperspectral imaging has become popular for a vast number of applications. It allows the analysis of the spectral radiometric, photometric, and colorimetric properties of images on a pixel-by-pixel level. To measure the pixel-level absolute spectral radiance of images, researchers have proposed several absolute radiometric calibration methods of hyperspectral cameras, but these methods are challenging to apply. This paper demonstrates a method to characterize and calibrate an economical commercial hyperspectral camera (Specim IQ) using affordable instruments: a factory-calibrated spectroradiometer, a Helium lamp, and a stable broadband light source. The dark signal is stable and uniform; no flat-field correction is needed if a 2% error can be tolerated. However, a 1.88 nm wavelength correction must be applied. Through this method, the camera, which is designed to measure spectral reflectance, can be used to measure the absolute spectral radiance of a scene by a simple equation. The calibration result was validated by comparing the reconstructed spectra of an OLED panel and a Macbeth ColorChecker with the spectroradiometer. The camera can achieve an average accuracy of about 4% in radiance, 4% in luminance, Δ_{<i>u′</i>, <i>v′</i>} 0.005 in chromaticity, and a total color difference of 2.5 Δ<i>E</i>*_ab. This performance is comparable with a factory-calibrated colorimetric camera. The paper demonstrates that hyperspectral imaging can be done with reasonable accuracy and affordability, and it can be a powerful tool in lighting and visual perception research.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147320919","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Quantifying Skin Color Appearance in Human Faces and Textured Skin Patches","authors":"Yan Lu,&nbsp;Kaida Xiao,&nbsp;Yoko Mizokami","doi":"10.1002/col.70064","DOIUrl":"10.1002/col.70064","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Accurate quantification of skin color appearance is essential across diverse domains, yet it remains unclear how perceived facial color relates to corresponding colorimetric values. This study investigated how observers perceive and match the overall color appearance of facial images and textured skin patches, and how this appearance depends on viewing context and ethnicity. Seventy-six Caucasian and Chinese observers participated in asymmetric color-matching experiments in CIELAB space, with separate observer groups matching facial images or textured skin patches from a stimulus set of 80 Caucasian and 80 Chinese faces. Mean matches and color shifts from the colorimetric average (Δ<i>L</i>*, Δ<i>a</i>*, Δ<i>b</i>*) were analyzed as a function of stimulus type and ethnicity. Perceived appearance systematically deviated from the colorimetric average: facial matches were lighter and less chromatic, whereas skin patch matches were slightly lighter and more chromatic (Δ<i>E</i>*_ab = 3.14 for faces; 1.66 for patches). Interestingly, stimulus type significantly affected chromatic shifts, and ethnicity effects emerged only for faces: Caucasian observers produced larger lightness increases, whereas Chinese observers produced greater reductions in chromaticity. Despite these shifts, simple linear models based on CIELAB means explained over 95% of the variance in matched colors. The results clarify the relationship between measured and perceived skin color and provide a practical, image-based framework for quantifying facial color appearance in scientific and technological applications.</p>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/col.70064","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147300033","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Chromaticity-Based Warm-Cool Model Integrated With the Neutral White Locus","authors":"Jung-En Chang,&nbsp;Li-Chen Ou","doi":"10.1002/col.70063","DOIUrl":"10.1002/col.70063","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study aimed to develop a chromaticity-based warm-cool model to predict perceived warmth in both chromatic and near-white colors. Two psychophysical experiments were conducted using the paired comparison method in a dark room, with equal-luminance stimuli presented on a calibrated LCD. Experiment 1 examined 15 chromatic stimuli spanning a broad range of chromaticities, while Experiment 2 involved 25 near-white stimuli across various CCT and Duv values. Thirty observers, including 15 males and 15 females, participated in each experiment, performing paired comparisons by selecting the stimulus that appeared “warmer” in each trial. Based on the experimental results, a new warm-cool model was developed as a linear function of the CIE 1976 <i>u'</i> and <i>v'</i> chromaticity coordinates, allowing warm-cool predictions without the need for perceptual attributes such as hue angle. In this model, the warmth perception is defined by the signed distance to a “reference line” in the <i>u'v'</i> chromaticity diagram, which passes through CIE Illuminant D75, previously identified as the most neutral white. Building on this, the study introduces a warm-cool scale (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>W</mi>\u0000 <mi>n</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ {W}_n $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>), which offers significantly improved perceptual uniformity over CCT. The integration of the <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>W</mi>\u0000 <mi>n</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ {W}_n $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math> scale with the previously established neutral white locus offers a perceptual alternative to the Planckian locus and CCT.</p>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/col.70063","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146217123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The International Color Association Honors José Luis Caivano With Its Inaugural Sphere Award","authors":"Verena M. Schindler","doi":"10.1002/col.70062","DOIUrl":"10.1002/col.70062","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The biannual Sphere Award recognizes individuals, teams, or groups for their significant and long-lasting dedication to and impact on the success of the International Colour Association (AIC). This newly introduced award pays tribute to those who have gone above and beyond to advance the AIC's mission and the interests of its members, reflecting the association's core values of collaboration, innovation, and service. The first recipient of the AIC Sphere Award is José Luis Caivano, Ph.D., a professor at the University of Buenos Aires in Argentina, who was honored at the AIC Congress in Taipei in 2025.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146217008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Color and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): Evidence for the Effects of Value on Color Preferences in Depression","authors":"Fatemeh Akrami,&nbsp;Amirhossein Ghaderi","doi":"10.1002/col.70061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/col.70061","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study examines how major depressive disorder (MDD) influences color value/lightness preferences. It explores whether differences in value/lightness selection between MDD and nondepressed (ND) may serve as a potential psychological marker for mood-related disorders and their implications for therapeutic design.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A 3D-modeled healthcare environment was presented to 37 ND and 20 participants with MDD. Participants selected wall colors by adjusting the value component in the RGB-HSV color space for 10 hues at maximum saturation, in response to four questions: preferred consulting room color, favorite color, color evoking happiness, and color evoking sadness. To enhance perceptual accuracy, the data were also converted to the CIELAB color space for analysis. Data analysis included repeated-measures ANOVA, Spearman correlation, and machine learning (ML) classification.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The most significant differences in both HSV value and CIELAB lightness were observed in sadness-related color choices, indicating that individuals with MDD and ND differ more strongly in this emotional context. Participants with MDD associated higher-value blue and green with sadness. They also preferred a higher-value red for happiness but chose a lower-value orange as their favorite and the one they preferred to use in their consulting room. Spearman correlation analysis showed significant correlations between Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores and value/lightness selections. Moreover, ML classification achieved 78.9% accuracy in distinguishing MDD from ND individuals.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Color preferences, particularly those tied to emotional responses, may serve as nonverbal psychological markers for mood disorders. MDD participants' choices suggest a preference for colors that reinforce negative emotional states. Future research should explore the generalizability of these findings.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Application</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Integrating color preferences into therapeutic design could enhance emotional well-being in healthcare settings. ML-based color analysis may offer a noninvasive tool for mood assessment in clinical psychology, pending further validation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146216209","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Color and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD): Evidence for the Effects of Value on Color Preferences in Depression","authors":"Fatemeh Akrami,&nbsp;Amirhossein Ghaderi","doi":"10.1002/col.70061","DOIUrl":"10.1002/col.70061","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Objective</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study examines how major depressive disorder (MDD) influences color value/lightness preferences. It explores whether differences in value/lightness selection between MDD and nondepressed (ND) may serve as a potential psychological marker for mood-related disorders and their implications for therapeutic design.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Method</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>A 3D-modeled healthcare environment was presented to 37 ND and 20 participants with MDD. Participants selected wall colors by adjusting the value component in the RGB-HSV color space for 10 hues at maximum saturation, in response to four questions: preferred consulting room color, favorite color, color evoking happiness, and color evoking sadness. To enhance perceptual accuracy, the data were also converted to the CIELAB color space for analysis. Data analysis included repeated-measures ANOVA, Spearman correlation, and machine learning (ML) classification.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The most significant differences in both HSV value and CIELAB lightness were observed in sadness-related color choices, indicating that individuals with MDD and ND differ more strongly in this emotional context. Participants with MDD associated higher-value blue and green with sadness. They also preferred a higher-value red for happiness but chose a lower-value orange as their favorite and the one they preferred to use in their consulting room. Spearman correlation analysis showed significant correlations between Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) scores and value/lightness selections. Moreover, ML classification achieved 78.9% accuracy in distinguishing MDD from ND individuals.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Color preferences, particularly those tied to emotional responses, may serve as nonverbal psychological markers for mood disorders. MDD participants' choices suggest a preference for colors that reinforce negative emotional states. Future research should explore the generalizability of these findings.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Application</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Integrating color preferences into therapeutic design could enhance emotional well-being in healthcare settings. ML-based color analysis may offer a noninvasive tool for mood assessment in clinical psychology, pending further validation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146216208","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Correction to “Time Course of Color Appearance Under the Abrupt Decrease in Background Luminance”","authors":"","doi":"10.1002/col.70058","DOIUrl":"10.1002/col.70058","url":null,"abstract":"<p>M. Son and T. Nagai, “Time Course of Color Appearance Under the Abrupt Decrease in Background Luminance,” <i>Color Research &amp; Application</i> 51, no. 1 (2026): e70042, https://doi.org/10.1002/col.70042.</p><p>In the originally published version of this Article, funding information was incomplete. The following funding source has been added.</p><p>This work was supported by JSPA KAKENHI 25K22816 and 24H00702.</p><p>We apologize for this error.</p>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/col.70058","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146216737","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"AIC Cade Award Citation for Berit Bergström","authors":"Kennet Vrågård,&nbsp;Eva-Lena Bäckström","doi":"10.1002/col.70049","DOIUrl":"10.1002/col.70049","url":null,"abstract":"<p>AIC CADE Award citation for Berit Bergström.\u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure></p>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146216876","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A Review of Image-Based Fabric Color Measurement: Methods, Challenges, and Future Prospects","authors":"Tuan Anh Nguyen","doi":"10.1002/col.70060","DOIUrl":"10.1002/col.70060","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Color is a crucial factor in the textile industry, directly affecting product quality and customer satisfaction. Traditionally, fabric color measurement has primarily relied on spectroscopic methods and colorimeters, which require direct contact with the fabric samples and often involve high costs. With the innovations of image processing technology, image-based color measurement (IBCM) methods have provided new possibilities thanks to their flexibility and automation potential. This paper provides an overview of IBCM approaches, including multispectral imaging systems, hyperspectral imaging, digital cameras, and scanners. Recent studies have shown that the application of artificial intelligence (AI) and computer vision in color measurement can enhance measurement accuracy and stability. However, this method still faces many challenges, such as the influence of ambient lighting, camera angles, fabric materials, and discrepancies among measuring devices. In addition, the work discusses color correction techniques aimed at improving the IBCM's accuracy, including spectral reflectance reconstruction, color balancing, and machine learning algorithms. Furthermore, the paper analyzes the applicability of IBCM technology in industrial textile quality control, and proposes future research directions, such as developing advanced AI algorithms, integrating Internet of Things (IoT) technology, and establishing standards for IBCM. The findings suggest that, despite remaining challenges, IBCM is emerging as a promising solution to replace or complement traditional color measurement methods in the textile industry.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146215893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}