{"title":"A Review of Image-Based Fabric Color Measurement: Methods, Challenges, and Future Prospects","authors":"Tuan Anh Nguyen","doi":"10.1002/col.70060","DOIUrl":"10.1002/col.70060","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Color is a crucial factor in the textile industry, directly affecting product quality and customer satisfaction. Traditionally, fabric color measurement has primarily relied on spectroscopic methods and colorimeters, which require direct contact with the fabric samples and often involve high costs. With the innovations of image processing technology, image-based color measurement (IBCM) methods have provided new possibilities thanks to their flexibility and automation potential. This paper provides an overview of IBCM approaches, including multispectral imaging systems, hyperspectral imaging, digital cameras, and scanners. Recent studies have shown that the application of artificial intelligence (AI) and computer vision in color measurement can enhance measurement accuracy and stability. However, this method still faces many challenges, such as the influence of ambient lighting, camera angles, fabric materials, and discrepancies among measuring devices. In addition, the work discusses color correction techniques aimed at improving the IBCM's accuracy, including spectral reflectance reconstruction, color balancing, and machine learning algorithms. Furthermore, the paper analyzes the applicability of IBCM technology in industrial textile quality control, and proposes future research directions, such as developing advanced AI algorithms, integrating Internet of Things (IoT) technology, and establishing standards for IBCM. The findings suggest that, despite remaining challenges, IBCM is emerging as a promising solution to replace or complement traditional color measurement methods in the textile industry.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146216875","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"An Investigation Into the Bimodal Hue Dependency of the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch Effect","authors":"Molin Li, Lihao Xu, Ming Ronnier Luo","doi":"10.1002/col.70057","DOIUrl":"10.1002/col.70057","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Recent investigations into the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch (H–K) effect on modern displays have reported a complex, bimodal hue dependency that deviates from classical sinusoidal models. It has been hypothesized that this complexity might be an artifact of CIELAB non-uniformities rather than a genuine perceptual phenomenon. This study addresses this ambiguity through a comprehensive psychophysical experiment, with results analyzed in parallel using both CIELAB and the more uniform CAM16-UCS. The analysis reveals that the bimodal signature—characterized by distinct peaks in the cyan–blue and red–magenta regions—persists in CAM16-UCS, supporting its validity as a perceptual attribute for highly saturated stimuli. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the eccentricity factor (<span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>e</mi>\u0000 <mi>t</mi>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ {e}_t $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>) within CAM16-UCS inherently captures the primary hue-dependent trend of the H–K effect. Leveraging this finding, two application-dependent models are proposed: a hue-invariant Simplified model suitable for general engineering workflows, and a Fourier model for high-precision applications requiring characterization of the secondary red–magenta peak. Both models are validated against eight datasets, demonstrating robust performance and offering a practical framework for lightness prediction in modern applications.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146135865","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"A Methodology for Matching Colors in Product Design Using Gradient Colors and a New Aesthetic Measurement Method","authors":"Shih-Wen Hsiao, Po-Hsiang Peng","doi":"10.1002/col.70050","DOIUrl":"10.1002/col.70050","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In recent years, gradient color products have gained popularity for their vibrant and eye-catching appeal, becoming a key visual trend across various design fields such as packaging, fashion, and furniture. Spearheaded by Pantone, these color schemes must harmonize with evolving public aesthetics and product design trends. Gradient-color products, compared to single-color ones, attract more consumer attention. However, designing effective gradient color schemes presents challenges, as they must quickly align with public preferences. This study proposes a gradient-color matching method tailored to these preferences, supported by an innovative aesthetic measurement formula. RGB and Pantone models, integrated with the Munsell color system, were used to create gradient color strips through arithmetic progression. Eye-tracking experiments identified visual hotspots in these strips, which informed the calculation of aesthetic values. Representative color points served as initial points for performing tricolor aesthetic measurements, thereby eliminating color schemes with insufficient aesthetic values. Running shoes served as design cases to apply and test the method. Public perception was evaluated through an aesthetic questionnaire, and Pearson correlation validated the results, showing a strong alignment with public aesthetics. The proposed method can assist future designers in developing gradient color recommendations for various products.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146135854","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Exploring Aesthetic Evaluation Through Color Matching in Mechanical Product Design","authors":"Lin Li, Xinxiong Liu","doi":"10.1002/col.70053","DOIUrl":"10.1002/col.70053","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Color matching is a key element in product design that forms visual harmony, emotional connection, and spatial perception. As perfect balance between aesthetic value and perceptual continuity is still difficult to attain in view of differences in individual perception of color, this research seeks to provide a systematic and quantifiable approach to understanding how combinations of colors affect emotional expression and visual beauty in mechanical product design. The research uses the Aesthetic Measurement Model (AMM) with Markov decision-making theory to analyze 125 color palettes that fully cover the applied color coordinate system. The aesthetic measure theory is used to identify the unity and coherence of color aesthetics, and Markov decision theory is used to identify the connection among mechanical product images and color combinations, which results in five symbolic color variations from two representative samples. Statistical verification enhances the reliability and stability of results, validating the method connecting quantitative and qualitative color ratings. The AMM-Markov decision-making theory achieved a predictive accuracy of 96.5%, surpassing existing analyses and demonstrating improved capability in assessing product aesthetic quality. The research advances color-based design methods by integrating aesthetic measurement with decision-theoretic modeling, enhancing emotional appeal, visual beauty, and overall design quality of mechanical products.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146135927","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Color as A Narrative Device in Illustration: A Systematic Review","authors":"Lidia Jiménez-Duarte, María-José Terrón-López, Guillermo Castilla-Cebrián","doi":"10.1002/col.70056","DOIUrl":"10.1002/col.70056","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Picture books are a central medium through which children learn to interpret stories, emotions, and symbols, yet the role of color in these narratives remains underexplored and theoretically fragmented. This systematic review investigates how color in picture book illustrations has been reported to influence or appear to contribute to children's narrative comprehension and cognitive development, addressing persistent gaps in methodology and theory. Following PRISMA guidelines, four databases were systematically searched (2000–October 2024), identifying 78 eligible studies from an initial pool of 717 records. Studies were thematically categorized into four domains: the impact of color on emotional perception, cognitive processing and recognition, narrative function in storytelling, and experimental applications. Across these domains, findings demonstrate that color functions simultaneously as a representational code, a cognitive scaffold, and an affective cue—shaping emotional engagement, guiding attention and memory, structuring narrative coherence, and enabling transfer of learning in experimental contexts. This review demonstrates that color in picture book illustration is not a decorative feature but a multimodal narrative device that modulates emotional tone, scaffolds cognitive processing, and structures story coherence, supporting theories such as Dual Coding and multimodal discourse. While evidence confirms systematic links between color choices, comprehension, and engagement, significant gaps remain, particularly the lack of longitudinal and cross-cultural studies, the absence of a unified terminology, and limited integration across disciplines. The review concludes with a call for interdisciplinary, technologically informed, and developmentally sensitive research to advance a comprehensive theoretical model of color in visual storytelling.</p>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-02-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/col.70056","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146139284","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Liangzhuang Wei, Wei Cheng, Xiangwei Yi, Jiajing Cai, Kangfu Zhou, Feifei Wang, Yanyun Ma, Yandan Lin
{"title":"Modeling the Color Preference of Liquid Foundation: The Individual Skin Tone Matters","authors":"Liangzhuang Wei, Wei Cheng, Xiangwei Yi, Jiajing Cai, Kangfu Zhou, Feifei Wang, Yanyun Ma, Yandan Lin","doi":"10.1002/col.70054","DOIUrl":"10.1002/col.70054","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Modeling the quantitative relationship between physical measurements and human perception offers a research-driven guide for mass customization and personalization of products. In China, individuals often select liquid foundation to improve skin whiteness when applying makeup, but there is currently no quantitative research on this preference for whiteness. The aim of this study is to investigate the quantitative impact of the whiteness index on the color preference of liquid foundation and to examine the relationship between individual skin tone and color preference evaluation. A total of 495 women, aged 18–40, from Shanghai, were included in this study. Ten popular liquid foundation colors were formulated by professional colorists from cosmetics companies. Facial skin color was measured using VISIA 7, and the results of subjective color evaluations across different skin tone groups were statistically analyzed to explore the influence of individual skin tone on color preference. The findings revealed that the whiteness scale of liquid foundation and subjective preference evaluation achieved the highest fitting result (<i>R</i><sup>2</sup> = 0.97 for nonlinear fitting), suggesting that the whiteness index is the optimal metric for evaluating the color preference of foundation. Meanwhile, variations in color preference evaluation results for liquid foundation were observed across different skin tone groups. Finally, a color preference evaluation model based on individual skin tone grouping was established, with an <i>R</i><sup>2</sup> value of 0.93.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146155255","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Blending Designer Insights With Predicted Crowd-Based Color Compatibility in Interior Color Design","authors":"Semin Jin, Kyung Hoon Hyun","doi":"10.1002/col.70055","DOIUrl":"10.1002/col.70055","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Harmonious color combinations define the quality and atmosphere of interior spaces. Designers refine schemes through iteration to meet client requirements, often relying on existing color design tools. However, these tools have two key limitations: they do not account for colors applied to specific objects, nor do they reflect aesthetic preferences. To address this, we developed a vision-language augmented Image Color Aesthetic Assessment model that predicts color compatibility for objects in interior design images. Moreover, this model powers the crowd-based Image Color Combination Evaluation system, enabling designers to prototype, evaluate, and generate new color combinations in real time. A user study with 16 designers revealed that 81% found the predicted color compatibility scores aligned with aesthetic principles with which they were familiar, aiding them in integrating these scores into their designs. The proposed system helps designers explore harmonious color combinations, avoid personal bias, and foster trust by leveraging predicted crowd-based color compatibility.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 2","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146155254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"On the Utility of Mathematical Spaces for Representing Color Stimuli and Color Perceptions","authors":"Jan Henrik Wold, Ivar Farup","doi":"10.1002/col.70028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/col.70028","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Fairchild has argued that color spaces are of questionable utility for understanding perception. Here, we go through various concepts of mathematical spaces, ranging from abstract topological spaces to Euclidean ones, and discuss how color stimuli, color matches, and color perceptions can be adequately represented by means of some of these spaces. In particular, we argue that the set of color perceptions can be represented as a metric space that is homeomorphic to a neither open nor closed convex cone in an <i>n</i>-dimensional Banach space of equivalence classes of “generalized metamers.” Finally, for higher color metrics, we sketch how Riemannian geometry can be used to create a unified representation of color stimuli and color perceptions.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146057882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Masahiko Yamakawa, Katsunori Okajima, John S. Werner
{"title":"Melanopsin Stimulation Modulates Blackness Induction","authors":"Masahiko Yamakawa, Katsunori Okajima, John S. Werner","doi":"10.1002/col.70051","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/col.70051","url":null,"abstract":"<p>A central field will become darker with increasing intensity of a surrounding annulus until it appears uniformly black. We investigated the relation between blackness induction of a central field and the stimulation of melanopsin cells in a surrounding field. Silent substitution was used to selectively modulate melanopsin cells while the tristimulus values were kept constant (melanopic/photopic ratio = 0.51–1.21). Eight participants judged the perceived blackness of the center field using a pairwise comparison method for all visual stimulus combinations. Stimuli were presented monocularly for 0.5 or 5 s with 2-s inter-stimulus intervals. Statistical analysis was performed using Scheffé's pairwise comparison method (Nakaya variation). The results showed that perceived blackness of the center decreased significantly under the 5-s presentation condition with increasing stimulation of melanopsin cells in the surround, although perceived blackness of the center increased with increasing luminance in the surround. In contrast, under the 0.5-s presentation condition, no significant difference in perceived blackness of the center with stimulus intensity to melanopsin cells was found. These results demonstrate that the stimulation of melanopsin cells of the surround modulates blackness induction of the center at longer stimulus durations.</p>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/col.70051","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146096372","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Step Size and Uniformity of Six Color Atlases by Adjacent Pair Comparisons","authors":"Jingjing Zhang, Hongying Yang, Wanzi Xie, Shilong Zhao, Xueling Xiong, Zhongzhe Xu, Zhiping Mao","doi":"10.1002/col.70048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/col.70048","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Color systems and atlases are critical tools for defining, organizing, and communicating colors across industrial, scientific, and artistic domains. While widely adopted systems—including Munsell, Natural Color System (NCS), DIN, Coloro, Pantone Fashion, Home + Interiors numbering system (Pantone FHI), and Sino Color Book (SCB)—leverage distinct organizational principles and application-specific advantages, their step sizes (spacing between adjacent chips) and uniformity (consistency of spacing) have not been compared. This study evaluates these metrics using four color difference formulas (CIELAB, CMC, CIEDE2000, and CAM16-UCS) to quantify step sizes and the coefficient of variation (CV) to assess uniformity. In terms of step size, key findings reveal that Coloro achieves the smallest median step size (with CIELAB values of 2.2, 1.6, and 1.8 in the Hue, Lightness, and Chroma attributes, respectively), but contains only a limited number of adjacent pairs. SCB ranks second (with CIELAB values of 2.0, 3.0, and 2.2 in the Hue, Depth, and Chroma attributes, respectively), yet it comprises a substantially larger number of pairs. In terms of uniformity, SCB exhibits superior uniformity in the Hue attribute. Both Munsell and DIN excel in uniformity in the Value/Darkness attribute. NCS leads in uniformity for the Chroma attribute. Crucially, no single system and atlas optimize across all attributes. These findings clarify system-specific strengths and highlight the challenge of integrating these strengths into a unified color system, while providing a foundation for future research in color order systems.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146057827","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}