Color Research and Application最新文献

{"title":"Physical Features for Reproducing Images With Perceived Gloss Equivalent to Real Glossy Objects","authors":"Midori Tanaka,&nbsp;Hideyuki Ajiki,&nbsp;Takahiko Horiuchi","doi":"10.1002/col.70086","DOIUrl":"10.1002/col.70086","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study investigates the fidelity of high-resolution, colorimetrically reproduced digital images in rendering the perceived gloss of real-world objects. The methodology employed two psychophysical experiments using 24 stimuli consisting of glass, metal, and stone. The first was a direct comparison of the perceived gloss between the real objects and their initial colorimetrically reproduced images. The second was a selection task where participants matched the gloss of the real objects to a set of algorithmically processed images. The findings reveal two key results: (1) The direct comparison demonstrated that digital colorimetric reproduction significantly reduced the perceived gloss compared to the real objects. (2) The subsequent image selection experiment indicated that the contrast component of gray level co-occurrence matrix (GLCM) features is a significant predictor of the accuracy in reproducing the real objects' gloss. These results suggest that accurate gloss reproduction in digital displays is not solely dependent on colorimetric fidelity, but can be effectively achieved through the modulation of image contrast.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147668439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Beyond Angular Error: Rethinking Metric for White Balance and Its Effect on Image Color Appearance","authors":"Minchen Wei,&nbsp;Ruikai He,&nbsp;Jinzhao Yue","doi":"10.1002/col.70084","DOIUrl":"10.1002/col.70084","url":null,"abstract":"<p>White balance, which adjusts image colors based on the estimated illuminant color, has attracted significant attention in both academia and industry. Considerable efforts have been devoted to developing methods that more accurately estimate the illuminant color, typically aiming to minimize the angular error between the ground-truth and estimated illuminants. The results of this study suggest that focusing solely on reducing angular error may not be optimal, given the practical variations in ground-truth illuminants and the mismatch between angular error magnitude and the overall perceived color appearance of the processed image. Instead, minimizing the chromaticity shift between the estimated and ground-truth illuminants perpendicular to the blackbody locus appears to be a more effective alternative to angular error.</p>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/col.70084","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147668260","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Scaling Lightness and Chroma for Highlight Stimuli in HDR Scenes","authors":"Yuetong Shen,&nbsp;Jiamin Guo,&nbsp;Minchen Wei","doi":"10.1002/col.70083","DOIUrl":"10.1002/col.70083","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Lightness and chroma, which are the key elements in uniform color spaces (UCS) and color appearance models (CAM), play critical roles in color characterization, specification, and reproduction. With the development of HDR display and imaging technologies, the characterization of the perceptual attributes of highlight stimuli with the luminance beyond the diffuse white luminance is becoming important. None of the existing UCS or CAM (i.e., CIELAB, CIECAM02, CAM02-UCS, IPT, ICtCp, and hdr-CIELAB), however, was developed for such purposes. In this study, we carefully designed three experiments to investigate the lightness and chroma scales of highlight stimuli in HDR scenes. The results clearly suggested the poor performance of these models, especially the overestimation of the chroma for highlight stimuli. CIECAM02 can be considered relatively better among the six models for color grading on an HDR display with a diffuse white luminance of 203 cd/m² and a peak luminance of 1000 cd/m².</p>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/col.70083","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147668259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Black in Impressionism and Post-Impressionism: Art, Color Vision, and Psychophysics","authors":"John S. Werner","doi":"10.1002/col.70074","DOIUrl":"10.1002/col.70074","url":null,"abstract":"<p>From Paleolithic cave art to modern abstraction, artists have used black not merely as a neutral tone, but as a powerful perceptual tool. Among the earliest paintings, simple black outlines on cave walls prefigured a long tradition in which black provided structure, contrast, and expressive force. Impressionists and Post-Impressionists took divergent approaches: Renoir championed black as the “Queen of Colors” for its ability to intensify adjacent hues, while Divisionists such as Pissarro avoided it to encourage optical mixing. Van Gogh used black contours to define and energize forms by enhancing hue and saturation, and Malevich's <i>Black Square</i> made achromatic contrast itself the subject of painting. These artistic choices can be understood through contemporary vision science. Black is not the absence of light, but the result of active neural contrast mechanisms that require preceding or surrounding illumination. Black and white form a unique achromatic axis, behave differently from chromatic colors, and are processed through parallel channels in the visual system. Dark borders—whether painted contours or physical frames surrounding an entire canvas—shape color appearance by preventing color spreading and isolating the artwork from its environment. By integrating art history with vision science, we show that Impressionist and Post-Impressionist artists have harnessed the same principles that vision research has described psychophysically.</p>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/col.70074","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147668445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Perceived Lightness Differences in Complex Scenes","authors":"Jiaying Wu,&nbsp;Renzo Shamey","doi":"10.1002/col.70079","DOIUrl":"10.1002/col.70079","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Psychophysical experiments were conducted to quantify perceived lightness differences between stimuli presented on three background types: a checkerboard pattern, a color-averaged version of the checkerboard, and a uniform gray background. Color normal observers reported perceived differences between paired stimuli positioned either adjacent or separated by 3° or 8° visual angle. Significant effects of both background type and spatial separation were observed. The gray background produced noticeably smaller perceived lightness differences than either the checkerboard or color-averaged backgrounds. Moreover, for the gray background, placing the stimuli at a larger distance substantially decreased perceived differences. This gap effect was less pronounced for the checkerboard or color-averaged backgrounds, likely due to simultaneous contrast effects. The ability of several color difference models to predict the perceptual data was assessed using the Standardized Residual Sum of Squares (STRESS) index. All evaluated models yielded relatively high STRESS values (33.12–45.10, on a scale of 0–100), indicating limited agreement with observer judgments and underscoring the need for improved predictive models for complex visual scenes.</p>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/col.70079","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147668211","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Color Idioms of Estonian, Swedish, and Turkish: A Comparative Analysis Based on Empirical Data","authors":"Merle Oguz","doi":"10.1002/col.70085","DOIUrl":"10.1002/col.70085","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Research on Estonian, Turkish, and Swedish color idioms suggests a prevalence of similarities over differences in the figurative usage of colors in these languages. Previous studies have looked at data collected from dictionaries and web corpora. Grounded in conceptual metaphor theory, the current study extends these findings through an empirical approach, employing a free-listing task where native speakers of Estonian, Swedish, and Turkish were asked to list color idioms in their language. This empirical approach provides nuanced insights into speakers' mental representations of the world. Directly engaging native speakers helps capture idioms that might be absent from dictionaries, revealing their cognitive salience. The results showed that Estonian and Swedish color idioms share significantly more similarities with each other than either does with Turkish. The finding reflects that while the human experience is largely universal, the cultural experience can be distinct and varied.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147668035","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Interaction of Luminous Color and Interior Surface in Multifunctional Workspaces With Different Task Types","authors":"E. Mochizuki","doi":"10.1002/col.70081","DOIUrl":"10.1002/col.70081","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Recent trends in telecommuting have increased the need for workspaces that support multiple task types within a single physical environment. Lighting design plays an important role not only in ensuring visual performance but also in supporting occupants' comfort and well-being. This study conducted a subjective experiment to investigate the potential of luminous color, in interaction with interior surface conditions, as a means of gently differentiating zones within a multifunctional workspace. Fourteen lighting conditions were evaluated by combining four luminous colors with two wall-surface finishes. Task performance, subjective evaluations, and physiological responses were measured. Although the results should be regarded as exploratory rather than conclusive, subjective evaluations indicated that certain lighting and wall-surface combinations influenced perceived workspace suitability. In particular, white light combined with low-reflectance woodgrain-pattern textiles was consistently rated as suitable for both individual tasks and group discussions. These findings suggest that luminous color may influence perceived workspace quality through interaction with interior surface properties, even though its effects on objective performance measures were limited under the present experimental conditions. Further research in larger and more realistic office environments is required.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147668125","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Michael Henry Brill","authors":"Ellen C. Carter,&nbsp;Jack A. Ladson,&nbsp;Robert C. Carter","doi":"10.1002/col.70071","DOIUrl":"10.1002/col.70071","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Michael H. Brill generously shared his knowledge, understanding and friendship. (photo credit to Datacolor Inc.) \u0000 <figure>\u0000 <div><picture>\u0000 <source></source></picture><p></p>\u0000 </div>\u0000 </figure></p>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147668054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Deep Learning–Based Modeling of Angular Color Variations on Surfaces Using RGB-D Imaging","authors":"Wei-Chun Hung,&nbsp;Pei-Li Sun","doi":"10.1002/col.70080","DOIUrl":"10.1002/col.70080","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study presents a deep learning–based framework for modeling angular color variations on three-dimensional surfaces under a standard lightbox using low-cost RGB-D imaging. A multilayer perceptron (MLP) model is employed to address multi-angle color inconsistency by integrating nine-dimensional feature information, including RGB sensor responses, spatial coordinates and surface normal to infer the CIE <i>L</i>*<i>a</i>*<i>b</i>* values of the color samples under nearly 0°:45° measurement geometry. The proposed method effectively captures high-dimensional, nonlinear reflection behavior that cannot be fully predicted by traditional polynomial regression (PR) models. Experimental results demonstrate that the MLP forward model achieves an average color difference of 0.81 <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>∆</mo>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>E</mi>\u0000 <mn>00</mn>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ Delta {E}_{00} $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>, significantly outperforming the PR model, which exhibits an average color difference of 6.39 <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>∆</mo>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>E</mi>\u0000 <mn>00</mn>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ Delta {E}_{00} $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>. The inverse model, which predicts object color variations under the lightbox by using 0°:45° colorimetric data as input, achieves an average color difference of 1.02 <span></span><math>\u0000 <semantics>\u0000 <mrow>\u0000 <mo>∆</mo>\u0000 <msub>\u0000 <mi>E</mi>\u0000 <mn>00</mn>\u0000 </msub>\u0000 </mrow>\u0000 <annotation>$$ Delta {E}_{00} $$</annotation>\u0000 </semantics></math>. The proposed framework demonstrates robust performance under extreme measuring geometries and shows strong potential for applications that require simultaneous and accurate color measurement across multiple local regions of a 3D object.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147668843","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Italian Basic Terms Blu and Azzurro: Semantic Power Assessed in the Stroop Task","authors":"Galina V. Paramei,&nbsp;Giulia Paggetti,&nbsp;Dan P. A. Clark,&nbsp;Gloria Menegaz","doi":"10.1002/col.70068","DOIUrl":"10.1002/col.70068","url":null,"abstract":"<p>We explored the semantic power of two Italian basic “blue” terms, <i>blu</i> “dark blue” and <i>azzurro</i> “light/medium blue,” using the Stroop task. Across three experiments with Italian speakers, color word sets and ink colors varied; in a control condition, “X” strings were presented. Experiment 1 employed words ROSSO “red,” GIALLO “yellow,” BLU, and VIOLA “purple” presented in six ink colors, including both dark blue and light blue inks. In Experiment 2, six color words, including BLU and AZZURRO, as well as ROSA “pink” were displayed in six corresponding ink colors. Response speed (absolute RTs) was found to be significantly longer for BLU—light blue ink and AZZURRO—dark blue ink combinations compared to congruent combinations. However, BLU revealed no significant Stroop effects (related to control RTs). In contrast, AZZURRO showed strong Stroop interference (195 ms) and facilitation (46 ms). In Experiment 3, to probe the lightness effect of the ink, BLU was replaced by VERDE “green” rendered in dark green and light green ink: no Stroop effects were found. Projected to the “blue”-pairings, this implies no perceptual factor in the AZZURRO Stroop effects. In addition, across Experiments 1–3, response speed was examined in (in)congruent “red”-pairings, for ROSSO and ROSA: similarly to the “blue”-pairings, these differ in lightness of their denotata and, also, in the terms' basic status (primary vs. secondary). Stroop interference was demonstrated for ROSSO—pink ink combination only, when ROSA was part of the word set (Experiment 2), indicating that informational conflict is amplified due to the response set membership effect. For the two “Italian blues,” the Stroop effects revealed an asymmetry of their semantic power: although <i>blu</i> is a primary term and has higher frequency in modern Standard Italian, <i>azzurro</i> (Italian “blue” <i>arcilessema</i>), revealed greater interference manifesting its stronger ideation and greater processing automaticity, which conceivably reflect its deep entrenchment in Italian.</p>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"51 3","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2026-03-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/col.70068","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"147668729","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}