Color Research and Application最新文献

{"title":"Acceptable Color Differences for Printed Color Samples","authors":"Min Huang,&nbsp;Xiaoyu Shang,&nbsp;Xuping Gong,&nbsp;Minchen Wei,&nbsp;Dan Wang,&nbsp;Yu Liu,&nbsp;Xiu Li","doi":"10.1002/col.22988","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/col.22988","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Three experiments were carried out to investigate how different parameters affected the color difference evaluations. In each experiment, 450 pairs of printed samples, with the chromaticities surrounding nine CIE recommended color centers, were prepared, and the color difference of each pair was evaluated by a group of observers. The results suggested that the experienced observers were more sensitive to color differences, and the observers were more sensitive to color differences in the standard viewing booth with the directional illumination. The performance of two widely used color difference metrics (i.e., CIELAB and CIEDE2000) was evaluated using the experiment results, and optimizations were then performed on the <i>k</i>\u0000 _L, <i>k</i>\u0000 _C, and <i>k</i>\u0000 _H factors, respectively. It was found that an optimized value of <i>k</i>\u0000 _H in the CIELAB formula and those of <i>k</i>\u0000 _L and <i>k</i>\u0000 _H in the CIEDE2000 formula can significantly improve the performance, suggesting that the observers were much more sensitive to differences in the hue dimension. Threshold values for color difference and hue difference were proposed based on the experiment results.</p>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"50 5","pages":"508-518"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/col.22988","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144915279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"How Do I Look? The Impact of Unique and Intermediate Hues on Perceived Attractiveness","authors":"Renzo Shamey,&nbsp;Zhenhua Luo","doi":"10.1002/col.22987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/col.22987","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Hering's unique hues (uHs) are hypothesized to exhibit enhanced perceptual salience due to their role in the opponent-process theory of color vision, which posits that human color perception is structured around two opposing pairs: red–green and yellow–blue. This perceptual distinctiveness may influence aesthetic judgments, particularly in social contexts such as clothing attractiveness. Two experiments, involving 78 and 40 participants, respectively, assessed the influence of uHs and intermediate hues (iHs) on attractiveness ratings of computer-generated models. These models were created by averaging photographs of real individuals and were presented against neutral gray backgrounds. Results demonstrated significantly higher attractiveness ratings for models dressed in uHs compared to iHs, with unique red (uR) showing particularly strong effects (<i>p</i> &lt; 0.0001, Cohen's <i>d</i> = 0.72–0.83). However, findings do not confirm superior perceptual salience of uHs relative to iHs. While the study provides valuable insights into the understanding of color perception in social contexts and its potential implications for clothing design, its findings are limited by the use of averaged uHs, a restricted sample of models, and controlled laboratory conditions, which may impact generalizability to diverse populations and real-world settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"50 5","pages":"499-507"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/col.22987","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144915012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Unveiling the Materiality of 19th Century's Color Spaces","authors":"Aurore Malmert,&nbsp;Oulfa Belhadj,&nbsp;Christine Andraud,&nbsp;Emeline Pouyet","doi":"10.1002/col.22982","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/col.22982","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Several color theories flourished during the 19th century, marked by experiments on the distinction between color-light and color-matter. This study aims to compare the color plates designed to illustrate three of these color theories, namely M.E. Chevreul's chromatic circle (1861), O. Rood's frontispiece (1879), and C. Henry's color circle (1889). These printed plates played a key role in disseminating their respective theory to a broad public. However, the question of their design remains relatively unknown. A non-invasive multimodal approach was applied, combining visible and near-infrared reflectance imaging, x-ray fluorescence, Raman, and mid-infrared Fourier transform spectroscopies to characterize the materials and printing techniques used to depict the different color theories. It provided new information on the visual appearance of these plates, as well as a deeper understanding of the design of each unique color space and how it relates to their theoretical conceptualization. Analysis of the materials revealed a number of pigments common to all three color spaces, such as red lake pigment, chromate lead, Prussian blue, minium, and vermilion. The use of these pigments and their positioning in the color space illustrate that the choices of the three scientists are guided by the theory they wish to illustrate. Their objectives are not the same: M.E. Chevreul proposed a chromatic circle to illustrate his contrast of simultaneous colors, whereas O. Rood differentiated between a mixture of colored light and a mixture of colored matter. Finally, C. Henry appears as their heir, representing both color-light and color-matter on the same circle while following his esthetic rules of color placement.</p>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"50 5","pages":"487-498"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/col.22982","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144915091","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Classifying the Natural Tooth Color Spaces of Different Ethnic Groups","authors":"Omnia Saleh,&nbsp;Sascha Hein,&nbsp;Stephen Westland,&nbsp;Mayumi Maesako,&nbsp;Akimasa Tsujimoto,&nbsp;Konstantinos Michalakis","doi":"10.1002/col.22986","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/col.22986","url":null,"abstract":"<p>This study aimed to classify the natural tooth color spaces of various ethnic groups and assess the coverage error (CE) of the Vita 3D-Master shade guide. A sample of 490 volunteers from five ethnic backgrounds participated, with inclusion criteria set for adults aged 20– to 45 with healthy, correctly aligned natural teeth free of restorations. Teeth showing caries, restorations, or substantial staining were excluded. Tooth color was measured through a standardized photographic method, employing a gray reference card and cross-polarized filters. Color differences were computed using the CIEDE2000 formula, and CE was determined. Examiner reliability was verified, and data were analyzed in R software, with significance set at <i>p</i> &lt; 0.05. The results indicated significant disparities in tooth color parameters among ethnic groups. Lightness levels varied significantly, with African teeth presenting the highest values and Caucasians the lowest. While redness and yellowness values overlapped among some groups, African, Middle Eastern, and South Asian teeth showed higher redness, whereas East Asian and South Asian teeth were more yellowish. The mean CE of the Vita 3D-Master shade guide was 5.1 ∆<i>E</i>\u0000 ₀₀ across all ethnicities, exceeding the acceptable threshold (AT ≤ 1.8). The Southeastern group had the lowest CE at 2.8 ∆<i>E</i>\u0000 ₀₀, while the African group had the highest at 6.3 ∆<i>E</i>\u0000 ₀₀. These findings reveal that the color gamut of natural teeth extends beyond the coverage of existing shade guides, with notable variations across ethnicities. This underscores the necessity for enhanced shade guides to achieve reliable color matching in clinical settings.</p>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"50 5","pages":"478-486"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/col.22986","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144914871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"To Perform White Balance Using Skin Memory Color","authors":"Liqing Wang,&nbsp;Xiaoxuan Liu,&nbsp;Ming Ronnier Luo,&nbsp;Yuechen Zhu","doi":"10.1002/col.22985","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/col.22985","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>In the imaging industry, color reproduction is a critical aspect, and white balance plays a pivotal role in ensuring color reproduction. In this research, an automatic white balance algorithm based on the known color center from a color target, such as the Preferred Memory Color Chart was developed to achieve preferred color reproduction. First, a target detection algorithm YOLOv5 based on CNN was implemented to identify the face region in the image. The skin color ellipsoid was then used to create a skin mask to perform illumination estimation based on the skin color. Finally, the chromatic adaptation transform, the CIECAT16 model, was used to render the image to D65. Additionally, an image dataset was accumulated to evaluate the effectiveness of the algorithm. During the testing process, it was observed that the different colors of the background in images had a significant impact on the light source estimation. In response to this, a simple linear model was developed to mitigate the interference caused by background colors to some extent.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"50 5","pages":"469-477"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144914941","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"The CIECAM16-Based Lightness Model Incorporating the Helmholtz–Kohlrausch (H–K) Effect Using Heterochromatic Brightness Matching Data","authors":"Garam Seong,&nbsp;Youngshin Kwak,&nbsp;Hyosun Kim","doi":"10.1002/col.22984","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/col.22984","url":null,"abstract":"<p>The heterochromatic brightness matching experiment was conducted by adjusting the luminance of the achromatic color to have the same brightness as the chromatic colors. There were eight different sessions with different background and stimulus luminance levels. Twenty observers participated in each session. Four factors affecting the H–K effect were analyzed: saturation, test color luminance, background luminance, and hue angle. As the saturation of test colors increases, the matched luminance also shows a corresponding increase. The matched luminance ratio decreases as the test color luminance increases. The background luminance does not affect the matched luminance significantly. In the hue effect, there is a slightly stronger H–K effect in only the green region and no effect in another region. A new lightness model based on CIECAM16 is proposed. The proposed model considers the various conditions and can accurately predict the lightness, including the H–K effect.</p>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"50 5","pages":"456-468"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/col.22984","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144915050","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Aging and Color Vision: A Model Using the Farnsworth-MUNSELL 100-Hue Test","authors":"Victor Opoku-Yamoah,&nbsp;Stephen J. Dain,&nbsp;Jeffery K. Hovis","doi":"10.1002/col.22983","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/col.22983","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Introduction</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>This study examined the theoretical changes in the FM100 Hue scores induced by age-related changes in the ocular media transmittance. These changes were analyzed with and without a von Kries-type chromatic adaptation to determine the role of this adaptation process on age-related changes in hue discrimination.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Methods</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>We calculated the CIECAM02 chromaticity coordinates of the FM100 Hue caps for 32- and 74-year-old ideal observers. The chromaticity coordinates were calculated using the CIE D65 illuminant, the individual caps' spectral reflectances, and the CIE 1931 2° color matching functions. We modified the spectral distribution of the D65 light source using the model of Pokorny et al. and the van de Kraats-van Norren model of media transmittance to account for the age-related changes by 74 years. We accounted for the decrease in retinal illuminance due to pupil miosis and ocular media spectral transmittance in the old observers. The predicted ordering of the FM100 Hue caps was based on the minimum color differences (Δ<i>E</i>) between nearby caps, calculated using the CIECAM02 model.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Results</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Reported outcomes were obtained for specific model parameters: adapting luminance (31.9 cd/m²); illuminance (500 lx); stimulus diameter (20°); surface reflectance 20%; CIE illuminant D65; CIE 1931 2° color-matching functions/XYZ-values; pupil size (4.35 mm for young observer and 3.46 mm for old observer models). The total error score (TES) increased from 8 for the 32-year-old observer to 12 for both 74-year-old observer models when complete and partial adaptation factors were applied. The increase in <i>TES</i> for the 74-year-old observer models was in the blue–blue-purple band, which was along the red-green axis. Without any adaptation for the old observer models, the error scores increased further. The increase was in the red–green score for the van de Kraats–van Norren model, whereas the increase for the Pokorny et al. model was in both the red–green and blue–yellow error scores. Overall, the mean color differences for the old observer models decreased uniformly under complete and partial adaptation.</p>\u0000 </section>\u0000 \u0000 <section>\u0000 \u0000 <h3> Conclusion</h3>\u0000 \u0000 <p>The predicted effect of age-related changes in media transmittances on the FM100 Hue test showed an increase in the <i>TES</i>; however, the increase was primarily due to an increase in the red–green error score. This disagrees with the psychophysical data, which show a greater increa","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"50 5","pages":"443-455"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/col.22983","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144915094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"“Dazzling” and “Snow White”: Light Sources for Film Projection in Germany, 1909–1929","authors":"Isabel Krek","doi":"10.1002/col.22973","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/col.22973","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>During the silent film era, various light sources for film projection were available on the market. The choice of illuminant was determined on the one hand by the screening context and its infrastructure (e.g., electrification of the venue, etc.), and on the other hand by its optical and esthetical properties—luminosity, luminance, color hue, and so on—which could be more or less ideal for film projection. These properties could be inherent to the light source but could also be related to factors associated with the projection environment (e.g., diligence of the projectionist, distance to the screen, etc.). The present article highlights the esthetic properties—and problems—of different light sources and their usage context in Germany between 1909 and 1929, a period in which light technology was constantly subject to a desire for development and improvement, and thus to change. By means of the technological discourse that accompanied these developments in projection technology—for example, specialist literature, publications and advertisements by the manufacturers, as well as trade journals—, the carbon arc lamp, gas lights, and incandescent light sources are analyzed regarding the characteristics attributed to them within the discourse. In doing so, we aim to identify objectives of quality that were or were not explicitly or implicitly regarded as critical by professionals, and the extent to which color played a role in these considerations. The findings show that there was a wide variety of factors determining the visual properties of any film projection, and that their interactions need to be taken into account when restoring films and recreating historical projection formats, thus relativizing restoration policies such as wanting “the film to look as it did when it was first shown in cinemas […]” (While this particular quote was taken from Jørgen Christiansen, project manager at the Danish Film Institute, in a documentary about their archive, his words are representative of a recurring discourse that can be found among many film archives/film restorers, for example on the occasion of the Restauration Talks at the annual festival Il Cinema Ritrovato in Bologna [IT]).</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"50 5","pages":"433-442"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144914874","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Dimensional Approach for Using Color in Social Robot Emotion Communication","authors":"Christopher A. Thorstenson,&nbsp;Yuan Tian","doi":"10.1002/col.22981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/col.22981","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Social robots are designed to communicate and interact with humans in a socio-emotional capacity, including the expression of emotions. Among the various ways that can be employed by robots to convey emotion information, the current study investigates color as a useful tool for emotion expression in social robots. Color is a flexible, inexpensive, and practical channel to convey emotional meaning in social robots, likely due to a robust network of color-emotion associations existing in human cognition. The current study tests how perceptions of the emotions happiness, sadness, and anger are influenced by social robots displaying a range of colored lights. The results show that color can meaningfully influence the perceptions of these robot emotions. Further, these results show that independent color dimensions (i.e., lightness, chroma, hue) impact emotion evaluation to differing extents, depending on the particular emotion. Additionally, we tested the influence of color on emotion perception for robots that varied in their anthropomorphic appearance, finding some nuanced differences in how their appearance modified their emotion expressions. We discuss the implications with respect to designing emotion-communicative social robots, dimensional approaches to understanding color-emotion associations more broadly, and the role of context in color meaning. The current work aims to facilitate the design of social robots and promote more meaningful human-robot social interactions.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"50 5","pages":"424-432"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144915129","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Extending CIECAM16 to Account for Simultaneous Contrast","authors":"Eddie Pei,&nbsp;Susan Farnand,&nbsp;Mark D. Fairchild","doi":"10.1002/col.22980","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/col.22980","url":null,"abstract":"<div>\u0000 \u0000 <p>Simultaneous contrast is the phenomenon in which the background influences perceived color. Existing color appearance models (CAMs) are inadequate in fully capturing this effect. This research aims to provide a deeper understanding of the simultaneous contrast effect and to extend the state-of-the-art color appearance model, CIECAM16, to better account for this phenomenon. By conducting three experiments, we empirically assessed the effects of simultaneous contrast on chroma, hue, and lightness. The findings revealed that a stimulus's perceived color attributes changed significantly depending on the color properties of the background. Based on these results, we extended CIECAM16 to account for the simultaneous contrast effect. The results demonstrated that the extended CIECAM16 model significantly improved the ability to predict color appearance while accounting for simultaneous contrast and offered closer alignment with observed findings and visual mechanisms. This research enhances the understanding of simultaneous contrast and contributes to improving the CIECAM16 model.</p>\u0000 </div>","PeriodicalId":10459,"journal":{"name":"Color Research and Application","volume":"50 5","pages":"406-423"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144915142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}